Part2 Georesources GF

Energy and Resources - Technology and Systems
Geo-resources & Geo-storage
Prof. Dr. Gioia Falcone

Structure
Geo-resources
X-over Geo-Energy
Geo-storage
Geo-resources | Prof. Dr. Gioia Falcone | Sustainable Energy and Resources Technologies and Systems
Page 3
Structure
Geo-resources
X-over Geo-Energy
Geo-storage
Page 4 Quelle:
Nomenclature
1. Geo-resources
2. Geo-energy
3. Geo-storage
4. Geo-materials
…often, the boundaries are not clear
Page 5
Mineral Resources
1. Fossil Fuels
• Coal (anthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite)
• Crude Oil
• Natural Gas
… also fall under geo-energy resources
2. Non-fuel Minerals:
• Metallic (e.g. gold, silver, tin, copper)
• Non-metallic (e.g. sand, gypsum, halite)
Page 6
Groundwater Resources
1. Aquifers
2. Geothermal resources (??)
…however, in some countries/states, geothermal resources
fall within the comprehensive term “mineral“
…and geothermal energy also falls under ‘geo-energy’
…and geothermal fluids can be sources of valuable
minerals and metals
Page 7
The Earth
• Earth is composed of 3 basic layers: core, mantle, crust.
• Latter most important to petroleum geologists, who

distinguish between oceanic crust & continental crust.
• Oceanic crust: lies under the oceans, thin (5-7 miles or

8-11 km), primarily heavy rock formed as molten rock
(magma) cools.
• Continental crust: thick (10-30 miles or 16-48 km),

relatively lighter rock. Continuously changing & moving
due to 2 major forces of nature; orogeny &
weathering/erosion.
• Orogeny, or mountain building, is a process in which the layers of the crust are folded & pushed
upward by such processes as plate tectonics & volcanism.
• Weathering & Erosion are the opposing forces in which the sediments are broken down &
transported.
Page 8
Weathering & Erosion
2 types of weathering:
1. Physical: rock is fragmented by

physical processes that do not
change the rock’s chemical
composition. Processes include wind
(aeolian forces), water (freezing,
flowing, wave action), heat, & glacial
movement.
2. Chemical: minerals in a rock are

chemically altered or dissolved.
Weathering & erosion are closely interrelated geological processes. As a rock weathers, it
becomes subject to erosion, i.e. the removal of weathered debris.
These & other processes & pressures have created subsurface geological formations in
which geo-resources are found.
Page 9
Earth‘s crust: 3 Basic Rock Types
1.Igneous rocks: formed from crystallization of molten rock from within

the earth’s mantle.
– granite & basalt.
2.Metamorphic rocks: formed from pre-existing rocks by mineralogical,

chemical &/or structural changes due to shifts in temperature, pressure,
shearing stress, & chemical environment. These changes generally
take place deep within the earth’s crust.
– slate & marble.
3.Sedimentary rocks: formed as sediments, either from eroded

fragments of older rocks or chemical precipitates. Sediments are
lithified by compaction & cemention after burial under additional layers
of sediment. Typically deposited in horizontal layers, or strata, at the
bottom of rivers, oceans, & deltas.
– limestone, sandstone & clay.
Page 10
The Rock Cycle
▪ Igneous, metamorphic, & sedimentary

rocks are related by the rock cycle.
▪ The circular process by which each is

formed from the others.
▪ Rocks are weathered to form

sediment, which is then buried.
▪ During deeper & deeper burial, the

rocks undergo metamorphism &/or
melting.
▪ Later, they are deformed & uplifted

into mountain chains, only to be
weathered again & recycled.
Page 11
Video: the Rock Cycle
https://youtu.be/cMOrgTex108
(stop at 5 min 33 secs)
Page 12
Correlation of Strata
▪ Correlation: process of relating rocks at one site with those at another site.
▪ By combining faunal succession & stratigraphic sequences, geologists can correlate

formations in a local area or around the world.
Page 13
Geological
Time Scale
Page 14
Videos – Coal, Oil , Gas
▪ https://youtu.be/iN6LvH_4Q3g (2 mins 49 secs)

▪ https://youtu.be/UPAqfTNiais (2 mins 16 secs)
▪ https://youtu.be/-njmj0diWu8 (3 mins 38 secs)
Page 15
Structure
Geo-resources
X-over Geo-Energy
Geo-storage
Page 16
Examples
▪ Re-using/re-purposing oil & gas wells

▪ Geothermal energy from abandoned mines
▪ CO2-Plume Geothermal Systems
Page 17
The opportunity
➢Mature hydrocarbon fields co-produce large volumes of water
➢Water production increases with time, oil production decreases
➢Temperature of co-produced water is typically 65 – 150 °C
➢Combination of moderate temperature and large volumes can be

favourable for generating electricity or for heating & cooling
Page 18
Operator‘s interest
Delay decommissioning!!
• Power generation
• Combined heat & power
• Direct heat uses
Page 19
Geothermal + Legacy Assets: Minewater
(Boesten et al., 2019)
36,000,000TWh of estimated heat storage capacity in the UK’s abandoned coal mines (Gluyas
et al., 2019) – compared to the UK’s total electricity consumption in 2019 of 295 TWh!
With China having just made a surprise ‘net-zero by 2060’ announcement, and China being
the largest producer and consumer of coal in the world, minewater may prove to be the game
changer to decarbonise heating and cooling.
Page 20 Source: Boesten et al (2019); Gluyas et al (2019).
Worldwide examples
Page 21 Source: Ramos et al (2015).
CO2-Plume Geothermal Systems
Page 22 Source: Saar & Randolph (2012)
Structure
Geo-resources
X-over Geo-Energy
Geo-storage
Page 23
Underground storage / disposal of
1. Gas
2. Hydrogen
3. Compressed air
4. Carbon dioxide
5. Nuclear waste
…and potentially more!
Page 24
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
Why is it important?
- Fossil fuels will continue to be the major source of energy for the
foreseeable future
- Without CCS it will be difficult ot meet emissions reduction targets of 50
to 80% by 2050
How much sequestration capacity is available?

- Estimates indicate sufficient capacity for sequestring emissions for over
the next century
- Experience and research will improve reliability
-
Will it leak back to the atmosphere and how will we know?
- Seals providing a permeability and capillary barrier can retain buoyant
fluids for geologic time scale
- Careful site selection and operations with regulatory oversight
- Many monitoring methods are available – with more to come
Page 25 Source: Benson
What is CCS and Why is it Important?
- Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration technology can slow global

warming by reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere
- Applicable to the 60% of global emissions that come from stationary
sources such as power plants
- Necessary to achieve the rapid and sustained carbon dioxide emission
reductions over the next 50 to 100 years
CCUS Four Step Process
Concept of Geological Sequestration of CO2
• Injected at depths of ~1km or deeper

• Primary trapping
- Beneath seals of low permeability rocks
• Secondary Trapping Mechanisms

- Dissolution, residual gas trapping, and mineralization
Video – CO2 geological sequestration
▪ SHORT
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvNqqgP6Xgc&featur
e=youtu.be
▪
▪ LONG
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoEnksHn3L8&feature
=youtu.be
Page 29
Radioactive waste management
Page 30 Source: Doran (2020)
Geological disposal facility
Potential Host Rocks Rock Type Properties
Rock Salt • High heat conductivity
Evaporites • Visco-plastic properties
• Impermeable
• High heat resistance
• Max emplacement: 900m
Crystalline • Medium heat conductivity
Higher strength rock • Brittle
• Low permeability/ permeable
• High heat resistance
• Max emplacement: 500m
Clay • Low heat conductivity
Lower strength • Plastic/brittle
sedimentary rock • Low permeability
• Low heat resistance Waste form
• Max emplacement: 500-1200m
Waste package
Backfill/Seal
Host rock
Page 31 Source: Doran (2020)
Prof. Dr. Gioia Falcone
Rankine Chair of Energy Engineering
(Systems Power & Energy)
School of Engineering
533b, James Watt South Building,
University of Glasgow
Glasgow, G12 8QQ
telephone: 0141 330 3919
email: Gioia.Falcone@glasgow.ac.uk
Page 32

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Energy and Resources - Technology and Systems

Geo-resources & Geo-storage

Prof. Dr. Gioia Falcone

…often, the boundaries are not clear

• Earth is composed of 3 basic layers: core, mantle, crust.

• Latter most important to petroleum geologists, who

• Oceanic crust: lies under the oceans, thin (5-7 miles or

• Continental crust: thick (10-30 miles or 16-48 km),

1. Physical: rock is fragmented by

2. Chemical: minerals in a rock are

1.Igneous rocks: formed from crystallization of molten rock from within

2.Metamorphic rocks: formed from pre-existing rocks by mineralogical,

3.Sedimentary rocks: formed as sediments, either from eroded

▪ Igneous, metamorphic, & sedimentary

▪ The circular process by which each is

▪ Rocks are weathered to form

▪ During deeper & deeper burial, the

▪ Later, they are deformed & uplifted

▪ By combining faunal succession & stratigraphic sequences, geologists can correlate

▪ https://youtu.be/iN6LvH_4Q3g (2 mins 49 secs)

▪ Re-using/re-purposing oil & gas wells

➢Mature hydrocarbon fields co-produce large volumes of water

➢Water production increases with time, oil production decreases

➢Temperature of co-produced water is typically 65 – 150 °C

➢Combination of moderate temperature and large volumes can be

(Boesten et al., 2019)

How much sequestration capacity is available?

- Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration technology can slow global

• Injected at depths of ~1km or deeper

• Secondary Trapping Mechanisms

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