Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 1 Difference of their graphs:

Linear equality in two variables

DEFINITION OF TERMS

A linear inequality resembles in form of a

linear equation, but with the equality sign
replaced by an inequality symbol. So,
linear inequalities only have variables to HOW TO GRAPH A LINEAR
the first power and have an inequality INEQUALITY IN
symbol. TWO VARIABLES

Linear equation in two variables is Step 1: If the given is written in

written using the equal (=) symbol while
linear inequality in two variables is
written using any of the following
inequality symbols: greater than ( > ),
less than ( < ), greater than or equal to (
≥ ) and less than or equal to ( ≤ ).
Here are some examples of linear
inequalities in two
variables:
slope-intercept form, determine
the boundary by plotting the “y
=” line using its slope and y- intercept
(make it a solid line for y ≤ or y ≥, and a
dashed line for y < or y >). But, if the
given is not written in slope-intercept
form, it is easier to plot the boundary by
using its x- and y-intercepts.

LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO

VARIABLES
V.S.
LINEAR INEQUALITIES IN TWO
VARIABLES
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 2
System of Linear inequality in two
variables
● A SYSTEM OF LINEAR
INEQUALITIES is a set of two or
more inequalities considered
simultaneously.
● A solution of a system of linear
inequalities is any ordered pair of
numbers that satisfies each linear
inequality in the system.
SOLVING SYSTEM OF LINEAR
INEQUALITIES IN TWO VARIABLES
Problem Involving System Of Linear
Inequalities In Two Variables
Steps In Solving Problem Involving
Systems Of Linear Inequalities
● Step 1:Understand the Problem.
● Step 2: Write the inequalities.
● Step 3: Solve the system of
inequalities.
-Graph
-Solution
-Checking
Translating Verbal Phrase to Mathematical
Sentence

1.) Graph each linear inequality in the

system on the same cartesian plane.

2.) Find the region where the graphs

overlap.

3.) Pick a test point in the region to verify

the solution.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 2
System of Linear inequality in two
variables
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 2 Week 3
System of Linear inequality in two Relation and Function
variables
Relation
- A relation is any set of ordered
pairs. The set of all x-values is
called the domain of the relation.
The set of all y-values is called
the range of the relation.

Example 1
Suppose you are working in a tutorial
center. You earn ₱ 80 per hour. Your
earnings are related to the number of
hours of work.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers
Week 3
Relation and function
Representations of Relations
➢ Aside from ordered pair, a relation
may be represented in four other ways:
(1) table, (2) mapping diagram, (3)
graph, and (4) rule.
Domain and Range
➢ The domain of a relation is the set of
all x- values while the range is the set of
all y- values. Going back to the table, the
domain of the relation is {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
and range is {-6, -3, 0, 3, 6}. Note that
we write the same element in the
domain or range once.
A correspondence may be classified as
one-to-one, many-to-one, or
one-to-many.
One-to-one correspondence
It refers to the relationship between
domain and range in which one element
of the domain is mapped to one element
of the range.
Many-to-one correspondence
It refers to the relationship between
domain and range in which two or more
elements of the domain are mapped to
the same element of the range.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

If we are given a set of ordered pairs, we

Week 3
Relation and function
One-to-many correspondence
It refers to the relationship between
domain and range in which one element
of the domain is mapped to two or more
element of the range
can easily determine whether the
relation is a function by simply looking if
the first element is used only once in the
given set.
Remember the following characteristics
of a function:
1. Each element in x much be matched
with an element in y.
2. Some elements in y may not be
matched with any element
in x.
3. Two or more elements of x may be
matched with the same
element in y.

Function
➢ A function is a special type of relation
which describes that there should be
only one output for each input or every
x-value should be associated with only
one y-value.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 3 Dependent and Independent Variables

Relation and function
Variable
The Vertical Line Test
A variable is a symbol that may take
➢ A graph in the plane represents a
different values. It is usually represented
function provided that no vertical line
by letters like a, b, m, n, p, x, and y.
intersects the graph at more than one
Independent
point.
It is a variable that stands alone and
whose value does not depend on the
other variable. It may also refer as the
input of the function.
Dependent
It is something that depends on other
factors. It is affected by the changes on
the independent variable. It may also
refer as the output of the function.

Remember!
The variable x is considered the
independent variable because any value
could be assigned to it. However, the
variable y is the dependent variable
because its value depends on the value
of x.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 3
Relation and function
Remember!
We use the sentence “(Dependent
Variable) depends on (Independent
Variable)” to determine which of the
words or phrases represent the
dependent or independent variable. For
example, “The number of hours of
boiling water depends on the number of
Linear Function
ounces of water in the pot”. In this
A linear function is defined by f(x) = mx
statement, the number of hours of
+ b, where m and b are real numbers. Its
boiling is the dependent variable and the
graph is a line with slope (m) and
number of ounces of water in the pot is
y-intercept (b). If m ≠ 0, then the degree
the independent variable.
of the function is 1. If m = 0 and b ≠ 0,
then the degree of the function is 0. If m
Week 4 = 0 and b = 0, then the degree of the
Graph and Illustrations of a Linear function is not defined.
Function

While all linear equations produce

straight lines when graphed, NOT all
linear equations produce linear
functions. In order to be a linear
function, a graph must be both linear (a
straight line) and a function (matching
each x-value to only one y-value).
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 4
Graph and Illustrations of a Linear
Function
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 5
Problem Solving Involving Linear Functions

Many real-life situations can be solved

through linear function because the
relationship involves more than two
variables. It is a function if one of them is
related to one of the other variables. But,
there are cases wherein the dependent
or independent variable is already given,
so you are not required to show
functional relationship.

How to solve problems using linear

function?

Translate verbal statement into symbols

using linear equation then convert it to
linear functions.
How to solve problems using linear
function?
1. Write the given information
2. Identify the dependent and
independent variables
3. Identify the m and b, write the
equation of the line then convert to linear
function
4. Complete the table of values
5. Graph the table of values
Week 6
REASONING ( If- Then Statement)
If- Then Statements
Logic is a science that studies the
principles of correct reasoning. Logic is
important because it influences every
decision we make in our lives. Logical
thinking allows us to learn and make
decisions that will affect our lifestyle.
1. Conditional Statement
An if-then statement is
composed of two clauses:
■ If clause
■ Then clause
We can denote a letter for each
clause,
■ p for the if-clause
■ q for the then- clause.
Simple Implication refers to a simple
flow of reasoning from the if-clause to
the then-clause.
Implication- the conclusion that can be
drawn from something.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers
Week 6
REASONING ( If- Then Statement)
The statement is in the form, “if p then q
or p → q.
Hypothesis and Conclusion
Conditional statements are formed by
joining two statements p and q using
words if and then. The p statement is
called the hypothesis and the q
statement is called the conclusion. The
hypothesis of a conditional statement is
the phrase immediately following the
word if. The conclusion of a conditional
statement is the phrase immediately
following the word then.
There are some conditional statements
that are not written in this form, but you
can rewrite them using the “if-then” form.
Reasoning ( If- Then Statement)
Week 7
Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive of an
If-Then Statement and its Equivalences
In logic, a statement can only be either
true or false. Negating a given statement
is done by simply adding the word “not”
at the proper part of the statement. For
example, the statement “I am a
mathematician” is negated by adding
“not” to the statement thus changing it to
the statement “I am NOT a
mathematician”.
When the first statement “p” is true, then
the second statement “not p” is false.
Similarly, if “p” is false, then “not p” is
true. Negations are commonly denoted
with a tilde ~. So instead of writing “not
p” we can write ~p.
The Converse
The converse of a statement is “If q
then p”. It is formed by switching
the hypothesis and the conclusion.
In symbols q → p.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers
Week 7
Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive of an
If-Then Statement and its Equivalences
The Inverse
The inverse of an if-then statement is “If
not p then not q.” It is formed by taking
the negation of both the hypothesis and
the conclusion. In symbols ~p → ~q.
The Contrapositive
The contrapositive of an if-then
statement is “If not q then not p.” It is
formed when the hypothesis and the
conclusion are interchanged and both
are replaced by their negation. In other
words, you have to interchange the
hypothesis and the conclusion of the
inverse statement. In symbols ~q → ~p.
Logical equivalence
- A conditional statement, or if-then
statement, is a sentence that is
either true or false. For example,
“All even numbers is divisible by
2” is a true statement, while the
statement “All odd numbers are
multiples of 3 or 5” is a false
statement.
- In showing that a conditional
statement is false, you only need
to find one counterexample. An
example is called a
counterexample because it is an
example that counters, or go
against, the statement’s
conclusion.
Equivalent statements are statements
that are written differently, but hold the
same logical sequence. Two statements
are said to be logically equivalent if they
have the same truth tables.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 7 Week 8
Converse, Inverse, and Contrapositive of an Inductive Reasoning and Deductive
If-Then Statement and its Equivalences Reasoning; Writing Proof

The conditional and the contrapositive

Inductive Reasoning uses specific
statements in both of the given
examples or situations to arrive at a
examples are true. Therefore, they are
general conclusion. In this kind of
logically equivalent because they have
reasoning, the conclusion is more
the same truth tables.
general than the given information or
situations it was derived from. This
The converse and inverse statements in
gathers specific information, usually
both examples are false. They are also
through observation and measurement,
logically equivalent to each other
formulate conjecture/s, then draw
because they have the same truth
generalization or conclusion based on
tables.
the carefully gathered information.
A conditional statement and its
contrapositive are logically
equivalent to each other. Similarly,
The converse and inverse of a
conditional statement are also
logically equivalent to each other.

Deductive Reasoning on the other hand

uses general known facts to arrive at a
conclusion. There are two parts in this
kind of reasoning, the hypothesis which
is a known fact, and the conclusion
which is drawn from the hypothesis. The
flow of reasoning here starts with a
general concept to arrive at a conclusion
for a specific condition. This uses
acceptable facts, proven theorem as
proof to draw a specific case or
situation.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers
Week 8
Inductive Reasoning and Deductive
Reasoning; Writing Proof
Writing Proof
A proof is a set of evidences or
statements sufficient to establish what
we want to prove as true. These
statements are arranged in a logical
manner, with each statement supported
or justified by given information,
definitions, axioms, postulates,
theorems, and previously proven
statements.
Definition – meaning/ definition of the
given mathematical term.
Postulate - is a statement that is
accepted without proof.
Theorem - is a statement accepted
afterit is proved deductively.
Proofs can be written in different ways:
1. Paragraph Form
- The statements in thisform are
written in sentences with its
reason for justification, and form
a paragraph.
- This form of writing proof is more
commonly used in formal
arguments and higher
Mathematical discussions.
2. Flow Chart Form
- The flow chart form uses boxes
to write statements and its
reason for justification, arranged
in a logical order. Arrows are also
used to show the flow of thought
as one statement leads to
another.
3. Two-Column Form
- In this form, there are two In this
form, there are twocolumns, one
for statements and another for
the supporting reasons of each
statements. The reason is written
opposite from its statement to
emphasize which one it justifies.
Math 8 Quarter II Reviewers

Week 8
Inductive Reasoning and Deductive
Reasoning; Writing Proof
This form of writing proof is commonly
used by students who were just starting
to learn proving.
DIRECT PROOF
Direct proof is the most common form of
proof in geometry. Here, the conclusion
to be proved is shown to be true in a
straightforward combination of
statements and reasons, without making
any further assumptions.

Proofs can be written of two kinds

DIRECT and INDIRECT proof.

INDIRECT PROOF
This method of reasoning is usually
written in paragraph form. The flow of
thought in this method starts with
assuming that the opposite of what is to
be proven is true. This is then followed
by providing a logical series of
statements and reasons until the
assumption leads to a contradiction,
thus proving the original statement
needed to be proven.