HSC Board 2024 Exam

Distinguish Between Q’s & Ans

 Rotational Dynamics

Centripetal force Centrifugal force

1. It is the real force It is the pseudo force

2. Centripetal force is directed along

Centrifugal force is directed away from
the radius of a circle towards the
the centre of a circle along the radius.
centre.

3. 𝐹 = −𝑚𝜔2 𝑟 𝐹 = +𝑚𝜔2 𝑟

4. It is regarded in an inertial frame It is regarded in a non-inertial frame of

of reference. reference.
 Rotational Dynamics

U.C.M Non-U.C.M.
1. Circular motion with constant angular Circular motion with variable is called as
speed is known as uniform circular
motion. non-uniform circular motion.

2. For U.C.M, 𝛼 = 0 For non-U.C.M, 𝛼 ≠ 0

3.In U.C.M, work done by tangential In non−U.C.M, work done by tangential

force is zero. force is not zero.

Example: Motion of a body on vertical

4. Example: Motion of the earth around
circle.
the sun..
 2. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Cohesive force
1. The force of attraction between
molecules of the same substance is
called the force of cohesion.
2. Surface tension is the effect of
cohesion.
3. For example, the force of attraction
between the water molecules and the
walls of glass.
Adhesive force
The force of attraction between the
molecules of the different substances is
called the force of adhesion.
Capillary action is the effect of adhesion.
For example, the force of attraction
between the water molecules that binds it
together is known as the force of cohesion
 2. Mechanical Properties of Fluids

Streamline flow Turbulent Flow

1. The smooth flow of a fluid, with velocity
The irregular and unsteady flow of a fluid
smaller than certain critical velocity
when its velocity increases beyond critical
(limiting value of velocity), is called
velocity are called turbulent flow.
streamline flow or laminar flow of a fluid.
2. In a streamlined flow, the velocity of a In a turbulent flow, the velocity of a fluid at
fluid at a given point is always constant. any point does not remain constant.
3. Two streamlines can never intersect, i.e., In a turbulent flow, at some points, the fluid
they are always parallel and hence can may have a rotational motion which gives
never form eddies. rise to eddies.
 4. Thermodynamics

Reversible Process Irreversible Process

1. A reversible process is a change that can
An irreversible process is a change that cannot
be retraced in a reverse (opposite)
be retraced in a reverse (opposite) direction.
direction.
2. The path of a reversible process is the
The path of an irreversible process is not the
same in the forward and the reverse
same in the forward and the reverse direction.
direction.
There is a permanent loss of energy from the
3. Reversible changes are very slow and
system due to friction or other dissipative
there is no loss of any energy in the process.
forces.
Irreversible processes are real processes.
4. Reversible processes are ideal processes.
 4. Thermodynamics

Isochoric process Isobaric process

1. Isochoric process is a chemical process An isobaric process is a chemical process that
that takes place in a thermodynamic system takes place in a thermodynamic system under
under a constant volume. constant pressure.

2. There is no change in volume ΔV=0 The change in pressure or ΔP=0.

3. Energy exchanged is used to do work and Energy exchanged is used tto change internal
energy.
also to change internal energy.
 4. Thermodynamics

Isothermal process Adiabatic process

1. The temperature of system remains The temperature of system changes i.e.

constant (Δ𝑇 = 0). increases or decreases (Δ𝑇 ≠ 0).

2. System can exchange heat with the The temperature of system changes i.e.
surroundings (𝑞 ≠ 0). increases or decreases (Δ𝑇 ≠ 0).

3. The internal energy of the system The internal energy of the system
changes (Δ𝑈 ≠ 0).
remains constant (Δ𝑈 = 0).
 5. Oscillations
Free oscillations
1. Free oscillations are oscillations in which
a body oscillates with its own natural
frequency without being acted upon by an
external force.
2. Free oscillations diminish gradually due
to the resisting forces called damping
forces.
Forced oscillations
Forced oscillations are oscillations in which the
body oscillates with a frequency other than its
natural frequency under the influence of an
external periodic force.
Forced oscillations persist as long as the body
is acted upon by an external force.
 6. Superposition of Waves

Progressive waves Stationary waves

1. The disturbance travels from one region Disturbance remains in the region where it is
to other with definite velocity. produced, velocity of wave is zero.

2. Amplitude of all particles are same. Amplitude of all particles are different.

All the particles cross their mean positions

3. Particles do not cross each other.
simultaneously.

Particles at the position of nodes are always at

4. All the particles are moving.
rest.
 6. Superposition of Waves
Free vibrations
1. Free vibrations are produced when a
body is disturbed from its equilibrium
position and released.
2. To start free vibrations only, the force is
required initially.
3. The frequency of free vibrations depends
on the natural frequency.
4. The amplitude of vibrations decreases
with time.
Forced vibrations
Forced oscillations are oscillations in which the
body oscillates with a frequency other than its
natural frequency under the influence of an
external periodic force.
Forced vibrations are produced by an external
periodic force of any frequency.
The frequency of forced vibrations depends on
the frequency of the external periodic force.
Amplitude is small but remains constant as
long as an external periodic force acts on it.
 7. Wave Optics

Constructive Interference Destructive Interference

1. The resultant amplitude of two waves
is equal to the sum of amplitudes of
individual waves i.e., 𝑎 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
2. The amplitude of resultant wave is
maximum.
3. The path difference between two waves
𝜆 𝜆
is an even multiple of 2.
4. The crests or trough of two waves
coincide
The resultant amplitude of two waves is equal
to the difference amplitudes individual waves
i.e., 𝑎 = 𝑎1 − 𝑎2
The amplitude of resultant wave is minimum.
The path difference between two waves is an
odd multiple of 2.
The crest of one wave coincides with the
trough of another and vice versa.
 7. Wave Optics

Interference Diffraction

1. Interference is due to superposition of Diffraction is due to many waves coming from

waves from different wavefronts. different parts of the same wavefront.

Intensity decreases with the order of bright

2. All bright fringes are of equal intensity.
band.

3. Minimum intensity may be zero. Minimum intensity is not zero.

 8. Electrostatics

Polar Dielectric Non-Polar Dielectric

1. A dielectric molecule in which the centre
A dielectric molecule in which the centre of
of mass of positive charges does not
mass of positive charges coincide with the
coincide with the centre of mass of negative
centre of mass of negative charges is called a
charges because of the asymmetric shape
non-polar dielectric.
of the molecules is called polar dielectric.
2. These molecules have permanent dipole
These molecules do not have permanent
moment even in the absence of on applied
dipole moment
field.

3. Example: H2 O, HCl, CO Example: O2 , H2 , N2

 9. Current Electricity
Potentiometer
1. Its resistance is infinite.
2. It does not draw any current from the
source of known emf.
3. The potential difference measure by it is
equal to actual potential difference.
4. It has high sensitivity.
5. It measures emf as well as p.d.
6. It is more accurate
Voltmeter
Its resistance is high but finite.
It draws some current from the source of emf.
The potential difference measure by it is less
than actual potential difference.
It has low sensitivity
It measures only p.d.
It is less accurate
 9. Current Electricity

Ammeter Voltmeter

1. It measures current. It measures potential difference .

2. It is connected in series. It is connected in parallel.

3. It is an MCG with low resistance. It is an MCG with high resistance.

4. Smaller the shunt, greater will be current Larger its resistance greater will be the
measured. potential difference measured.
 10. Magnetic Field Due to Electric Current
Force experienced by a moving charge in a Force experienced by a moving charge in a
uniform electric field uniform Magnetic field
This force is given by 𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵
1. This force is given by, Fe = qE where, E is
where, 𝑣 is velocity of charge q and B is magnetic
electric field intensity and 𝑞 is charge.
field induction.
Magnitude of this force is proportional to
2. Magnitude of this force is proportional to magnitude of magnetic induction, speed the
magnitude of charge and magnitude of electric charge, magnitude of charge and sine of angle 𝜃
field intensity, i.e., 𝐹 = |𝑞𝐸|. between 𝑣 and 𝐵, i.e.,
|F| = qVBsin𝜃
3. This force is independent velocity of the
This force depends on velocity of the charge.
charge.
Direction of this force is along perpendicular
4. Direction of this force is same as E.
drawn to the plane of V and B.
 11. Magnetic Materials
Diamagnetic Substance Paramagnetic Substance
1. In an external magnetic field, a substance In an external magnetic field, a paramagnetic
gets weakly magnetised in the direction substance gets weakly magnetised in the same
opposite to that of the field.. direction as that of the field.

2. When placed in a non-uniform magnetic When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field,

field, it tends to move from the stronger to it tends to move from the weaker to the
the weaker part of the field. stronger part of the field.

3. It is weakly repelled by a magnet. It is weakly attracted by a magnet

4. There is no effect of temperature on There is effect of temperature on

diamagnetic substance. paramagnetic substance.
 11. Magnetic Materials

Paramagnetic Substance Ferromagnetic Substance

1. Weakly attracted by magnet. Strongly attracted by magnet.

2. Lose their magnetism on removal of the Retain some magnetism on removal of

external field external field.

3. The susceptibility is positive but small. The susceptibility is positive but very high.

4. Ex: Aluminium, manganese, chromium, Ex: Iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, dysprosium
platinum etc. etc.
 12. Electromagnetic Induction

Step-Up Transformer Step-Down Transformer

1. The number of turns in its secondary is The number of turns in primary is greater than
more than that in its primary NS > Np . secondary NP > NS ).

2. Alternating voltage across the ends of its Alternating voltage across the ends of the
secondary is more than that across its primary is more than that across its secondary
primary i.e., 𝑒s > 𝑒𝑝 i.e., 𝑒𝑝 > 𝑒𝑠

3. Transformer ratio 𝐾 > 1. Transformer ratio 𝐾 < 1.

4. Current through secondary is less than

Current through primary is less than secondary.
primary.
 15. Structure of Atom and Nuclei
Nuclear Fusion
1. It is the process in which two lighter
nuclei combine together to form a heavy
nucleus.
2. A very high temperature of the order of
million of degree is required.
3. The sources or fusion reaction i.e.,
hydrogen is more plentiful (air and water).
4. The products of fusion are non-
radioactive and pose no radiation hazard.
Nuclear Fission
It is the process in which a heavy nucleus splits
up into two lighter nuclei of nearly equal
masses.
Nuclear fission may take place at ordinary
temperature.
The sources of fissionable materials is limited.
The products of nuclear fission are in general
radioactive and hence pose a radiation hazard.
 16. Semiconductor Devices

Photodiode Solar Cell

1. It works on the principle photoelectric

It is a photovoltaic cell.
effect.

2. It has to be reverse biased to start

working.
3. These are mainly used to convert light
energy into signal and used as counters or
switches.
It works in a zero biased condition.
These are mainly used to convert light into
power and used to charge battery or provide
power to electronic equipments.