TRUSS
Trusses - consists of axially stressed members
connected from end to end and organized so
that the assemblage as a whole behaves as a
single object transmitting loads to the support
structure (beams or columns)
Stringers - transmit loads to the cross beams.
Cross beams - transmit loadings on the bridge to
the truss joints.
Zero member force - truss members that carry
no force to provide stability and determinacy in
structures. Members intended to shorten chord
length and to increase buckling capacity of
compression members.
Simply Supported Trusses - are supported by
hinge or roller at both ends
STATISTICAL DETERMINACY OF TRUSSES
m + r ＜ 2n unstable
m + r ＞ 2n indeterminate
m + r = 2n determinate
m - no. of truss members
r - number of support reactions
n - number of joints
Method of Section - is a way to solve the
unknown forces for each member of the truss.
The truss section can be divided into sections
applying equilibrium equations.
FRICTION
Friction - tangential forces acting in the surface
of contact between two bodies. Usually
characteristic to the surface types of bodies in
contact.
“Ideal systems neglect friction while real
systems consider its effects to the
bodies/particles involved”
Types of Friction
Dry Friction - (Coulomb Friction) occurs when
the unlubricated surfaces of two solids are in
contact under a condition of sliding or a
tendency to move.
Fluid Friction - occurs when adjacent layers of
fluid are moving at different velocities
Internal Friction - occurs in all solid materials
which are subjected to cyclic loading.
Limiting Friction - maximum value of frictional
force that is the basis for the probable
impending motion.
Probable Impending Motion - likely motion of a
body that is the basis for the direction of the
frictional force
Angle of Friction - angle of inclined plane, at
which a body just begins to slide down the plane
or which impends motions
Coefficient of Friction - ratio of limiting friction to
the normal reaction, between the two bodies,
and is generally denoted by “ μ “.
Laws of Static Friction - Charles Augistine de
Coulomb
1. The force of friction always acts in a direction,
opposite to that in which the body tends to
move, if the force of friction would have been
sent.
2. The magnitude of the force of friction is
exactly equal to the force, which tends to move
the body.
3. The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a
constant ratio to the normal reaction between
the two surfaces. Mathematically:
F/R = Constant
F = Limiting friction
R = Normal reaction
4. The force of friction is independent of the area
of contact between the two surfaces
5. The force of friction depends upon the
roughness of the surfaces.
BELT FRICTION
Belt Friction - term describing the friction forces
between a belt and a surface, such as a belt
wrapped around a bollard.
Angle of Contact - also known as rope angle
which is always in radians.
Torque in Pulleys - is the product of the
difference in tension between two forces and the
radius of the pulley.
Torque or Moment = (TL - TS)(r)
CENTROIDS
Centroids - used when the circulation of
geometrical shape only of a homogeneous
material
Centers of Mass - a unique point in a body
which is a function solely of the distribution of
mass used when dealing with an actual physical
body significant in studying its dynamic
response or accelerated motion.
Centers of Gravity - a unique point in the body
defined with the same manner as the center of
mass of an object that it is considered to exist in
a system with a gravitational effect like the
Earth.
Axis of Reference - the reference for the location
of a body’s centroid which is usually an assumed
or given axis (or sometimes with reference to
some point of reference)

Methods of Computation
Integration Method - used in irregular shapes or
bodies
Moment Method - used for geometric composite
shapes