ROUGH DEFINITION OF TERMS  Stress-Strain Diagram- graphic
representation of the relationship
MODULE 1- Introduction to Strengths of
Materials
 F = K X- formula for Hooke’s law
 Axial stress- force passing through
the surface area to the longitudinal
axis of a material.
 1 GPa- 1 X 103 N/mm²
 Rupture Strength- stress at which
material specimen breaks
 Ultimate strength- maximum Stress
that can be attained immediately
before actual failure or rapture.
 Elastic Range/Modulus of Elasticity-
a coefficient of elasticity of a material
expressing the ratio between unit
stress and the corresponding unit
strain caused by the stress, as derived
from Hooke’s law and represented by
the slope of the straight line portion of
the stress- strain line diagram.
 Elastic Deformation- temporary
change in the dimensions or shape of
a body produced by a stress.
 1 MPa-1 N/mm^2
 Formula of Stress- Force / Area
 Strain- change in the shape of any
material when subjected to the action
force.
 Proportional Limit- maximum stress
below which the material does not
return to its original length but has
incurred a permanent deformation
 Shear Stress- force acting at the
surface of an object which tend the
material to slip past the adjacent part.
between unit stress values and the
corresponding unit strains for a
specific material.
 Elastic Range- range of unit stresses
for which a material exhibits elastic
deformation.
 Yield Point- stress wherein the
deformation increases without any
increase in the load.
 Formula of Strain- Deformation /
Length
 Shear- cohesive force in a body,
which resists the tendency of an
external force to change the shape of
the body
 Plastic Region- range of unit stresses
for which a material exhibits plastic
deformation.
 Fatigue- Weakening or failure of a
material at a stress below the elastic
limit
MODULE 2: Stress & Moment of Inertia
 Axial Stress- tensile or compressive
stress assumed to be normal to and
uniformly distributed over the area of
the cross section.
 Strain- deformation of a body under
the action of an applied force
 Stress- reaction of an elastic body to
the external forces applied, equal to
the force per unit area of the elastic
body.
 Compression- longitudinal strain that
tend to shorten the object
 Shear Stress- tend the material to slip
past the adjacent part.
 Moment of Inertia- Defined as the
tendency of an object to remain in a
state of rest or of a constant rotational
velocity.
 Deflection- deformation of a structural
member as a result of loads acting on
it.
 GPa- 1 X 103 N/mm2
 Elasticity- property of a material that
enables it to deform in response to an
applied force and to recover its original
proportion.
 Statistics- Branch of engineering
mechanics that is concerned with the
analysis of loads.
 Centroid of an Area- Denoted as the
average X and Y coordinates of an
area.
 Tension- longitudinal strain that tend
to elongate the object.
 Bearing Stress- contact stress
between two opposing object.
 Moment of Inertia- property of shape
that is used to predict deflection of
unsupported structural member under
loading.
 1 N/mm^2-1 MPa
PRELIM EXAM
 0/Zero-for a system to be in
equilibrium
 Elastic Range- range of unit stresses
for which a material exhibits elastic
deformation.
 Stress- reaction of an elastic body to
the external forces applied, equal to
the force per unit area of the elastic
body.
 Moment of Inertia- tendency of an
object to remain in a state of rest or of
a constant rotational velocity.
 Centroid- sum of the displacements
of all points in the figure from such a
point being zero.
MODULE 3: Shear & Moment Diagram of
Simply Supported Beam
 Moment diagram- graphic
representation of the variation in
magnitude of the bending moment.
 Beam- rigid structural member
designed to carry and transfer
transverse loads across spaces to the
supporting elements.
 Moment Arm- distance of the loading
from the axis of rotation.
 Uniformly Distributed Load- Type of
load representing the weight of a
prismatic beam or a beam with a
constant cross-sectional area.
 Load- force that is supported by a
structural element.
 Uniformly Varying Load- load that is
increasing or decreasing linearly
throughout the length of the beam.
 Dead load-Gravity Load, load which is
permanently attached to a structure.
 Simple Beam- Type of beam simply
supported on both ends.
 Fixed End Connection- Type of
beam connection carrying moment,
horizontal, and vertical forces.
 Live Load- Moving variable weights
added to the dead load.
 Uniformly Distributed Load- Type of
load that produce parabolically (2nd
degree curve) varying moments.
 Roller Connection- Type of beam
connection free from horizontal stress.
 Moment- rotational force measured at
a given axis at a given point on a
beam.
 Column- vertical structural element
that carries an axial force in
compression.
 Reaction- sum total of all the external
forces measured from the supports of
a beam.
MODULE 4: Shear & Moment Diagram-
Integration Method
 2L/3- centroid of a triangular uniformly
varying load measured from its zero
magnitude.
 Equal- A uniformly distributed load
acts throughout the span of the beam.
Describe the reactions measured at
the supports on both ends of a simply
supported beam.
 Moment Diagram- Illustrates the
variation of the magnitude of bending
moment measured from the full length
of a beam.
 L/2- The centroid of a uniformly
distributed load acting throughout the
beam measured from the right end
support. The centroid of a uniformly
varying load measured from its greater
magnitude.
 Cantilever Beam- A beam supported
on one end and restrained from
rotation. A beam anchored at one end
and projecting into space.
 Uniformly Distributed Load- A beam
loading that produces a linearly
varying shear diagram in simple beam.
Type of load representing the weight of
a prismatic beam.
 Simply Supported Beam- A beam
supported on the ends which are free
to rotate and have no moment
resistance.
 Overhanging Beam- A simple beam
extending beyond its support on one
end.
 Shear Diagram- Illustrates the
variation of the magnitude of shear
stress measured from the full length of
a beam.
 Fixed Support- Type of beam support
that prevents all types of forces.
 Parabolic Curve- The shear diagram
of a uniformly varying load on a simple
beam.
 Point Load/Concentrated Load- A
beam loading that produces a linearly
varying moment diagram in a simple
beam. A beam loading that produces a
sudden drop of the shear diagram in a
simple beam.
 Pinned Support- Type of beam
support that prevents horizontal and
vertical forces but allows rotation.
MIDTERM EXAM
 Roller Support- Type of beam support
that prevents vertical forces but allows
horizontal movement and rotation.
 Concentrated Load- A beam loading
that produces a sudden drop of the
line on the shear diagram in a simple
beam. A beam loading that produces a
linearly varying moment diagram in a
simple beam.
 Uniformly Varying Load- Type of
load that theoretically produces a
negative moment on a cantilever beam.
Produces a 3rd degree curve moment
diagram in simple beam. Type of load
representing the weight of a non-
prismatic beam.
 Shear & Moment Diagram- A design
analysis used as a basis where
 internal forces are distributed to the
beam after being subjected to various
loadings.
 Simply Supported Beam- A beam
supported on the ends which are free
to rotate and have no moment
resistance.
 Clear Span- The distance between
inner faces of the support.
 3L/4- A uniformly distributed load acts
on the right half of a simply supported
beam. The centroid of the loading
measured from the left-end support is.
 Shear Diagram- Shows the variation
of the magnitude of internal shear
measured from the full length of a
beam.
 Moment- Force x Distance
 L/3- The centroid of a trapezoidal
uniformly varying load measure from
its greater magnitude. Formula to
locate the resultant force of a
triangular uniformly varying load from
the greater magnitude.
 Insufficient Details- The centroid of a
trapezoidal uniformly varying load
measured from its lesser magnitude.
 Structural Analysis- The analysis of
the stress, strain and deflection
characteristics of structural behavior.
 Effective Span- The center-to-center
distance between the supports of a
beam.
 Span- The distance measured along
the full length of a beam.
MODULE 5: Deflection if Beams &
Determination of Statically Determinant
Structures
 Statically Determinate Beam-
Equilibrium conditions are fully
adequate to analyze the beam.
 Compressive Force- Type of force
acting at the extreme bottom fiber at
the support of a continuous beam.
 Compressive Force- Type of force
acting at the extreme bottom fiber at
the midspan of a cantilever beam.
 3rd Degree Statically Determinate
Beam- Frame of Architecture building
3 of TIP QC.
 Tensile Force- Type of force acting at
the extreme top fiber at the midspan of
a cantilever beam. Type of force acting
at the extreme top fiber at the support
of a continuous beam.
 1st Degree Statically indeterminate
Beam- A beam pinned on both ends.
 Statically determinate beam-
Elevated railway of LRTA 1.
MODULE 6: Elastic Stability of Column
 Pinned End- Column End Connection
that is free to rotate but restricted to
translate.
 Crushing Failure- Column failure that
is common with short columns.
 Fixed End- Column End Connection
that is restricted to rotate and translate.
 Buckling Failure- Column failure that
is common with long columns.
 Slenderness Ratio- Defined as the
ratio between the effective length of
the column and its radius of gyration.
 Long Column- Column whose radius
of gyration is very small when
compared to its unsupported height.
 Unsupported Length- Length of
column considered as distance
between two floors or between two tie
levels.
 Column generally reduce its
dimension as it goes higher floors.
 None- Unit for slenderness ratio of
columns.
 Short Column- Column whose radius
of gyration is very large when
compared to its unsupported height.
 Compression- column member is
designed to resist what kind of force

 Depends on the Connectivity- A 4-

meter high column measured from
floor to floor with a radius of gyration of
300 mm is a short column.
 Free End- Column End Connection
that is free to rotate and translate.
 False- Length / least lateral dimension
gives you the slenderness ratio.