Chapter 5-1 The Laws of Motion (Read-Only) - Tagged

Chapter 5
The Laws of Motion
http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12
Details and Figures in this presentation are taken from: Halliday, David, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker. Principles
of Physics, 10 th Ed, University Physics by Young and Freedman, 11th Ed, Physics for Scientists and Engineers
by Serway, 5th Ed, Physics for Scientists and engineers by Giancoli 3rd Ed, and many websites like
physicsclassroom.com, HyperPhysics.com & Past exams of PHYCS 101 Department of Physics at UoB.
Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021
What do we mean by Force?
 Force is a pull or push.
 Force may cause motion.

Contact vs. Field Forces

Is Force a Vector or Scalar Quantity ?

Force is a Vector Quantity

Force is a Vector Quantity
 
  2
F Fx i  Fy j , and F  Fx  Fy2
Direction is : tan 1
F y Fx 
Example Two workers are applying the forces shown in the figure, calculate the net
force.

F Fx i  Fy j 100i  100 j

and F  Fx2  Fy2  (100) 2  (100) 2 141.4 N
Direction is : tan  1  Fy Fx  tan  1  100 100  45o

So, A force causes increase in 
So, A force causes decrease in 
 
F a Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Newton’s 1st Law : Law of Inertia
An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay
in motion with the same speed and in the same direction
unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
Newton’s First Law: If no net force acts on a body the body’s velocity cannot
change; that is, the body cannot accelerate.
http://www.physicsclassroom.com

Newton’s 1st Law

 F 0

Newton’s 2nd Law
The presence of an unbalanced force will accelerate an object → changing its speed, its direction, or both its
speed and direction.
 
 F a
 
 F ma
More than one force applied, then:
 
 F ma Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021
Example
F = 100 N and F = 100N are applied on a 141.4-kg object, find the magnitude of its
1 2
acceleration.
Solution

F Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj  100iˆ  100 ˆj

 F  Fx2  Fx2

 F  (100) 2  (100) 2 141.4 N
   
 Fnet ma  F m a

141.4 141.4 a

 a 1 m / s 2
Test Problem
If the only forces acting on a 2-kg mass are F = (3i – 8j) N and F = (5i + 3j) N, what is the magnitude of the
1 2
acceleration of the particle?
Solution
a) 1.5 m/s2
 

b) 6.5 m/s2
Fnet F1  F2  3  5  i    8  3 j
c) 4.7 m/s2 
d) 9.4 m/s2
Fnet 8i  5 j
e) 7.2 m/s2
2 2
 Fnet  8  ( 5) 9.43 N
 Fnet m a  9.43 2 a
2
 a 4.7 m / s
Weight is a Vector Quantity
Mass is the quantity of matter in an
object. It’s a scalar quantity. SI unit is
(kg).
W = ma = mg = 10×m

Tell Me Why?
On the Earth W = mg = On the Moon W = mg =

10×m 1.6×m
Newton’s 2nd Law
Free Fall vs. Air Resistance
Skydiving
Do you think air resistance is good?

Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies
interact, the forces on the bodies from
each other are always equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.

Why do you feel it?
For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies interact, the forces on the bodies
from each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
Newton’s 3rd Law
Newton’s Third Law:
When two bodies For every action there is

interact, the forces on an equal and opposite
the bodies from each
reaction
other are always equal
in magnitude and
opposite in direction.

Newton’s 3rd Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Free Body
Diagram

Example
Force in a rope (cord) is called
Tension
Free Body Diagram

Example
Free Body Diagram

Newton’s 1ST Law: Balanced Forces
EQUILIBRUM
F x 0
 F 0
F y 0
Test Problem
If the suspended engine mass is 1000 kg, what will be the magnitude of
tension T ?
3
Solution
 F x 0
T3 cos 60  T2 cos180 0
Free Body Diagram
T3  0.5  T2 0
 F y 0
T3 sin 60  mg 0
T3  0.866   10000 0
10000
T3  1.15 10 4 N
0.866
Test Problem
A traffic light hangs from a cable tied to two other cables fastened to a support, as shown in the figure. If the tensions T =
1
400 N, the mass of the traffic light (in kg) is:
Solution
a) 7
b) 15  F x 0
c) 22 T1  T2 cos143 0
d) 30 400   0.8T2 0  T2 500 N
y
 F y 0
T T sin143
T2 sin 143  mg 0 2
37
2
500  0.6  10m 0

x
T cos143 T
2 1
300
m  3 kg mg
10
Test Problem
A100-kg archaeologist is crossing a valley between two high mountains. However, he stops at the middle to take a breath, as
shown in the figure. If the tension in each side of the rope is 1000 N, the angle  is:
T sin T sin
Solution
T T
a) 37°
T cos T cos
b) 30°
c) 53°
d) 20°
 F y 0
mg
e) 7° T sin   T sin   mg 0
2T sin   1000 0  F x 0
2 1000 sin  1000 T cos   T cos  0
sin  0.5   30  0 0
Newton’s 2nd Law: Unbalanced
Forces NONEQUILIBRUM
F x ma x
 F ma
F y ma y
Test Problem
A helicopter is lifting a package of mass m = 1000 kg. If a constant lift force F = 12000 N is applied,
T
what will be the acceleration of the system?
Solution
 F y ma y
 FT  mg ma y
12000  10000 1000 a y
2000 1000 a y
 a y 2 m / s 2
A fish is weighed on a spring
scale in an accelerating elevator
car.
Which fish is
heavier?
F y ma y
Example
A 49-kg woman stands on a spring scale in an elevator. What will be the reading of the scale when the left is
going up at 2 m/s2
Solution
 F y ma y
 n  mg ma y
n  490 49   2 
n  490 98
 n 98  490
 n 588 N Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
A person has a weight of 600 N standing on a scale in an elevator. The elevator is moving downward with an acceleration of
4 m/s2. The apparent weight measured by the scale (in N) is:
a) 360 Solution
b) 420
c) 480
 F y ma y
F
d) 540  FN  mg ma y N
FN  600 60   4 
FN  600  240
FN 600  240
mg
 FN 360 N Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
A man with a mass of 80 kg is standing on a weight scale in an elevator. If the elevator is moving downward
with a constant velocity of 2 m/s, then the reading of the scale (in N) is:
(a) 600 Solution

(b) 700 a = 0 m/s2
(c) 800
(d) 900
 F y ma y F
N
 FN  mg ma y
FN  800 80  0 
FN  800 0
mg

Test Problem
A woman with a mass of 80 kg is standing on a weight scale in an elevator. What will be the reading of the
scale when the elevator is in the free fall motion?
Solution a = - g = -10 m/s2
 F y ma y
 FN  mg ma y F
N
FN  800 80   10

FN  800  800
FN 800  800 mg

Atwood Machine
The pulley is not rotating!
If the system is released from rest, in which direction the system will
accelerate?
For m1 : a
a
 F y m1a
T  m1 g m1a .....(1)
For m2 :
 F y m2 a
 T  m2 g  m2 a ......(2) Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
A15-kg load hangs as shown on a frictionless pulley by a rope ends up with a mass of 28 kg. If the mass is released from
rest, then the tension (in N) in the rope is:
Solution
a) 477
b) 500
For m1 :  Fy m1a
c) 246 T  150 15a .....(1)
a
d) 195 a
For m2 :  Fy m2 a
T  280  28a ....(2)
Eqn(2)  Eqn(1) :
 130  43 a
T 195 N
 a 3.0 m / s 2
The Normal Force
When a body presses against a surface, the surface deforms and pushes on the body
with a normal force F that is perpendicular to the surface.

N
 F y m a y
F N  F g 0
 FN Fg
Free Body Diagram

Example
Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
In the Figure, m = 2 kg on a frictionless surface, m = 8 kg and the pulley is frictionless and mass-less. The tension in
1 2
the connecting string, in N, is:
FN y
y
Solution
T a
(a) 10.0 x
x
(b) 13.3 For m1 :  Fx m1a

m1g -a
(c) 15.0 T 2 a .....(1) T
(d) 16.0
For m2 :  Fy m2 a For m1 :
T  m2 g  m2 a F N  mg 0
 FN m1 g
T  80  8 a .......( 2) m2g
Eqn(2)  Eqn(1) :
 80  10 a   a 8.0 m / s 2 T 2 8 16 N
Normal Force on Vertical Surface
When a body presses against a vertical surface, the surface deforms and pushes on the
body with a normal force F that is perpendicular to the surface.

N
F
y
N  F x m a x
x F N  F ext 0
F  F N  F ext
ext
mg
Free Body Diagram

Normal Force on Inclined Surface
When a body placed on an inclined plane, the surface deforms and pushes on the body
with a normal force F that is perpendicular to the surface.

N
 F m a y
FN y
F N  mg cos  0
 F N mg cos 
x
 mg sin
mg cos mg Free Body Diagram

Example A car on a smooth inclined plane what is its acceleration?
 F x m a x
mg sin  ma x
 a x  g sin  Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
A 5 kg block is pushed up on a frictionless 37 inclined plane by F = 45 N force, as shown in the Figure. The
magnitude of the block's acceleration, in m/s2, is:
y
x
FN
(a) 1
(b) 2
Solution
(c) 3
(d) 4
mg sin
 F x ma x
mg cos
F  mg sin  max  45  50sin 37 5a

2
 a 3 m / s
Motion Along A Smooth Inclined Plane
Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
Two blocks m = 5 kg and m = 10 kg are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless pulley. If the inclined
1 2
plane is smooth and the blocks start from rest, the acceleration (in m/s2) of the system is:
a) 2 y
b) 3.3 Solution
FN T x
c) 4.7 T
d) 6
For m1 : m1g cos 37 m2g

F x m1a
For m1 :
T  m1 g sin  m1 a
T  50 sin 37 5 a F N  mg cos  0
 FN 40 N
 T  30 5 a.....(1)
Test Problem
Two blocks m = 5 kg and m = 10 kg are connected by a light string that passes over a frictionless pulley. If the inclined
1 2
plane is smooth and the blocks start from rest, the acceleration (in m/s2) of the system is:
y
a) 2 Solution
x
b) 3.3
FN T
T
c) 4.7 For m1 :
d) 6 T  30 5 a....(1)
m1g cos 37 m2g
For m2 :  Fy m2 a Eqn(2)  Eqn(1) :

T  m2 g  m2 a  70  15 a   a 4.7 m / s 2
T  100  10 a .....( 2)  T 53.5 N
Action-Reaction Forces
(a) A force is applied to a block of mass m ,

1
which pushes on a second block of mass
m .
2
(b) The forces acting on m .

1
(c) The forces acting on m .

2
Free Body Diagram

Test Problem
In the figure shown, m = 5 kg and m = 3 kg. if a force F = 40 N is applied on m , find the net force (in N) on m .
1 2 1 2
(a) 3
(b) 6
Solution
(c) 9
(d) 12
(e) 15
For m1  F y 0
F F
 FN 1 m1 g 50 N N1 N2
F F
 F x m1 a F
21 12
F  F21 m1a
m g
40  F21 5a .......( 1) m g
1 2

Test Problem
1 2 1 2
(a) 3
(b) 6 Solution
(c) 9
(d) 12
(e) 15
For m2  F y 0
 FN 2 m2 g 30 N F
N1
F
N2
 F x m2 a F F
21
F
12
F12 m2 a
F12 3 a ........( 2) m g m g
1 2

Test Problem
1 2 1 2
(a) 3
(b) 6 Solution
(c) 9
(d) 12 40  F21 5a .......(1)

(e) 15 F12 3 a ...............( 2)
Eqn(1)  Eqn( 2) : F F
N1 N2
40 8 a
F F F
2
 a 5 m / s 21 12
From Eqn( 2) :
 F12 3 5 15 N m g m g
2
1

Extra Examples & Solved Test
Problems

Example
F = 100 N and F = 100N are applied on a 100-kg object, find the magnitude of its acceleration.
1 2
Solution

 F Fx i  Fy j

F (100 cos 30) i  (100  100sin 30) j
 
F 86.7 i  50 j and F  Fx2  Fy2
F  (86.6) 2  (50) 2 100 N

 Fnet ma  100 100 a  a 1 m / s 2
a direction same as Fnet is :
 tan  1  Fy Fx  tan  1  50 86.6  30o
Test Problem
Two forces of magnitudes F = 80 N and F = 60 N, acting on a 25 kg mass in the shown directions. The magnitude of
1 2
the resultant acceleration in m/s2 is:
Solution
(a) 1 
 F Fx i  Fy j
(b) 2
(c) 4 F (80 cos 37  60 cos 53) i  (80sin 37  60sin 53) j
 
(d) 5  
F 28 i  96 j and F  Fx2  Fy2
(e) 10 F  (28) 2  (96) 2 100 N

 Fnet ma
100 25 a  a 4 m / s 2
a direction same as Fnet is :
 tan  1  Fy Fx    tan  1  96 28  74o
Test Problem
A box of mass 40 kg is at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface. A constant horizontal force F acts on the box and
accelerates it to the right. The box travels 40 meters in 2 seconds. What is the magnitude of this force (in N)?
a) 200
b) 400
c) 600
 F x m a x  F net 40 a x
d) 800
1
 x ixt  a x t 2
2
1 2
 40 (0) 2  a x (2) 2 a x
Solution 2
 a x 20 m / s 2
 F net 800 N  F net 800 N
Test Problem
A 1000 kg car initially travelling at 100 km/h stops at a distance of 55 m. Find the magnitude of the net force acting to
stop the car.
Solution  F x m a x  F net 1000 a x

  2fx ix2  2a x x
 0 (27.8) 2  2a x (55)
 a x  7 m / s 2
 F net  7000 N  F net 7000 N
Test Problem
A 1000 kg car initially traveling at 20 m/s stops in a distance of 100 m. Find the magnitude of the net force in N acting to
stop the car.
(a) 2000  F x m a x  F net 1000 a x

(b) 2500
(c) 4000   2fx ix2  2a x x
(d) 5000  0 (20) 2  2a x (100)
2
Solution  a x  2 m / s
 F net  2000 N  F net 2000 N

Test Problem
A bullet with mass of 10-g and a speed of 400 m/s. strikes a fixed big wooden block and penetrates it to a depth d = 20 cm
before coming to rest, as shown in the figure. What is the magnitude of the average frictional force (in N) exerted by the
block on the bullet?
a) 16000 b) 8000 c) 4000 d) 3200 e) 2500
Solution
3
  F x m a x  F net 10 10 ax
  2fx ix2  2a x x
 0 (400) 2  2a x (20 10  2 )
 a x  4 105 m / s 2
 F net  4000 N  F net 4000 N
Test Problem
A stone of mass 1 kg falls through the air. The air resistance acting on the stone is 4 N. What is the magnitude of the
acceleration (in m/s2) of the stone?
Solution
a) 10
b) 9  F y m a y F=4N
c) 8  F  mg m a y
d) 7
4  10 1a y
e) 6
2
 a y  6 m / s mg = 10 N
2
a y 6 m / s
Test Problem If the total mass of the lady and what she is holding
is 100 kg, what will be the reading of the scale when
the left is going down at 2 m/s2.
Solution
 F y ma y
FN  mg ma y
FN  1000 100 ( 2)
 FN 1000  100
 FN 900 N
Test Problem
A woman stands on a spring scale in an elevator. At which situation is her apparent weight greatest?
a) The elevator accelerates upward
b) The elevator accelerates downward
c) The elevator moves downward with constant velocity
d) The elevator moves upward with constant velocity

Test Problem
A box of mass m = 12 kg placed on a horizontal table, as shown in the figure. If the applied force, F =
100 N, then the normal force (in N) is:
a) 20 Solution
b) 30
c) 45  F y ma y
d) 10
e) 12
F  N  mg ma y
100  N  120 100 0
 N 20 N
Test Problem
For the system shown in the figure, m = 2 kg. The magnitude of the horizontal force F needed to hold the system in
equilibrium (in the position shown), in N, is:
T T
(a) 15
Solution y
(b) 30
(c) 45
(d) 60
F x 0  T cos 53  F 0
T
 F T cos 53 x
F y 0  T sin 53  mg 0
mg 20
T   25 N Free Body Diagram
sin 53 0.8
 F 25cos 53 15 N
Example
If w = 10N, what will be the magnitude of tension in string B if the system is in equilibrium?
Solution
F x 0
TB cos 45  TA cos 30 0
TA cos 30
 TB  1.22 TA .......(1)
cos 45
 Fy 0
TB sin 45  TA sin 30  mg 0
0.707 TB  0.5 TA  100 0.........(2)
Example
Three masses are connected as shown in the figure. Given m = 1 kg, m = 3m and m = 6m . The surfaces are smooth. If
3 1 3 2 3
the applied force F = 100 N, find the acceleration of the system and the tension in each cord.
Solution
 F x ma x

Chapter 5-1 The Laws of Motion (Read-Only) - Tagged

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Chapter 5-1 The Laws of Motion (Read-Only) - Tagged

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Chapter 5

The Laws of Motion

 Force is a pull or push.

 Force may cause motion.

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Direction is : tan  1  Fy Fx  tan  1  100 100  45o

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

So, A force causes decrease in 

in motion with the same speed and in the same direction

unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

change; that is, the body cannot accelerate.

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

speed and direction.

Mass is the quantity of matter in an

object. It’s a scalar quantity. SI unit is

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

On the Earth W = mg = On the Moon W = mg =

Free Fall vs. Air Resistance

Do you think air resistance is good?

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Newton’s Third Law: When two bodies

interact, the forces on the bodies from

each other are always equal in

magnitude and opposite in direction.

For every action there is an equal and

Newton’s Third Law:

When two bodies For every action there is

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Force in a rope (cord) is called

Free Body Diagram

Free Body Diagram

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

500  0.6  10m 0

scale in an accelerating elevator

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

4 m/s2. The apparent weight measured by the scale (in N) is:

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

(a) 600 Solution

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

scale when the elevator is in the free fall motion?

Solution a = - g = -10 m/s2

FN  800 80   10

 FN 0 N Free Body Diagram

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

rest, then the tension (in N) in the rope is:

with a normal force F that is perpendicular to the surface.

Free Body Diagram

Free Body Diagram

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021

(b) 13.3 For m1 :  Fx m1a

body with a normal force F that is perpendicular to the surface.

Free Body Diagram

with a normal force F that is perpendicular to the surface.

Dr. Khalil Ebrahim, PHYCS 101, 2nd Semester 2020-2021