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Stoichiometry deals with numerical relationships in chemical reactions, and calculating the quantities of
substances involved in chemical reactions.
When nitrogen and hydrogen gas are heated under the correct conditions, ammonia gas (NH3) is formed.
d. How many moles of ammonia would be formed if 6 moles of hydrogen react with plenty of nitrogen?
6 mol H2 x 2 mol NH3 = 4 mol NH3
3 mol H2
e. How many moles of ammonia would be formed if 2.54 moles of nitrogen react with plenty of hydrogen?
2.54 mol N2 x 2 mol NH3 = 5.08 mol NH3
1 mol N2
f. How many moles of ammonia could be formed if 3.50 moles of hydrogen react with excess nitrogen?
3.5 mol H2 x 2 mol NH3 = 2.33 mol NH3
3 mol H2
g. How many moles of nitrogen are needed to react with 6.9 moles of hydrogen?
6.9 mol H2 x 1 mol N2 = 2.3 mol N2
3 mol H2
h. How many moles of hydrogen are needed to produce 0.45 moles of ammonia?
0.45 mol NH3 x 3 mol H2 = 0.675 mol NH3
2 mol NH3
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2. When potassium chlorate is heated it breaks down to potassium chloride and oxygen.
b. How many moles of potassium chloride will be produced if 6.2 moles of potassium chlorate break
down?
6.2 mol KClO3 x 2 mol KCl = 6.2 mol KCl
2 mol KClO3
c. How many moles of oxygen are formed if 4.9 moles of potassium chloride are formed?
4.9 mol KCl x 3 mol O2 = 7.35 mol O2
2 mol KCl
d. How many moles of potassium chlorate must break down in order to produce 0.95 moles of oxygen?
0.95 mol O2 x 2 mol KClO3 = 0.63 mol KClO3
3 mol O2
2
MOLE TO MASS/VOLUME PROBLEMS
When fluorine gas is bubbled through a solution of aluminum iodide, elemental iodine and aqueous
aluminum fluoride are formed. Write and balance the reaction below.
b. How many moles of fluorine gas are needed to react with 2.50 moles of aluminum iodide?
2.5 mol AlI3 x 3 mol F2 = 3.75 mol F2
2 mol AlI3
c. What mass of iodine will form if 4.20 moles of fluorine gas react with excess aluminum iodide?
4.2 mol F2 x 3 mol I2 x 253.8 g I2 = 1066 g I2
3 mol F2 1 mol I2
d. What mass of fluorine gas is needed to react with 2.15 moles of aluminum iodide?
2.15 mol AlI3 x 3 mol F2 x 38.0 g F2 = 122.6 g F2
2 mol AlI3 1 mol F2
e. What volume of fluorine gas, at STP, was used if 0.55 moles aluminum fluoride were formed?
0.55 mol AlF3 x 3 mol F2 x 22.4 L F2 = 18.5 L F2
2 mol AlF3 1 mol F2
3
MASS/MASS, MASS/VOLUME AND MASS/PARTICLE PROBLEMS
1. When iron is heated in pure oxygen, iron (III) oxide is formed. Write a balanced equation for the
reaction below.
______4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3____________________
b. How many moles of iron are needed to react with 2.5 moles of oxygen?
2.5 mol O2 x 4 mol Fe = 3.33 mol Fe
3 mol O2
________________
c. What mass of iron must react with excess oxygen in order to form 4.81 moles of iron (III) oxide?
4.81 mol Fe2O3 x 4 mol Fe x 55.8 g Fe = 536.8 g Fe
2 mol Fe2O3 1 mol Fe
________________
e. What mass of iron (III) oxide can be formed from the reaction of 10.2 g of iron with excess oxygen?
10.2 g Fe x 1 mol Fe x 2 mol Fe2O3 x 159.6 g Fe2O3 = 14.6 g Fe2O3
55.8 g Fe 4 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2O3
________________
g. What mass of iron (III) oxide will be formed if 10.0 L of oxygen at STP react with excess iron?
10 L O2 x 1 mol O2 x 2 mol Fe2O3 x 159.6 g Fe2O3 = 47.5 g Fe2O3
22.4 L O2 3 mol O2 1 mol Fe2O3
________________
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2. Barium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form barium chloride and water. Write a balanced
equation for the reaction below. What type is it?
b. What mass of barium chloride will form if 14.0 g of barium hydroxide reacts with excess hydrochloric
acid?
________________
c. How many grams of hydrochloric acid are needed to react with 15.0 g of barium hydroxide?
________________
d. What mass of barium chloride will form if 5.98 g of hydrochloric acid react with excess barium
hydroxide?
5.98 g HCl x 1 mol HCl x 1 mol BaCl2 x 208.3 g BaCl2 = 17.1 g BaCl2
36.5 g HCl 2 mol HCl 1 mol BaCl2
________________
e. How many molecules of water are formed by the reaction of 10.8 g of barium hydroxide with excess
hydrochloric acid?
10.8 g Ba(OH)2 x 1 mol Ba(OH)2 x 2 mol H2O x 6.02 x 1023 molecules = 7.6 x 1022
171.3 g Ba(OH)2 1 mol Ba(OH)2 1 mol H2O molecules H2O
________________
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NOTES: PERCENT YIELD
A student burns 20.0 L of propane gas in excess oxygen at STP. Determine the volume of carbon dioxide that
should form in the reaction.
The reaction only produces 48.0 L of carbon dioxide. What is the percent yield?
2. Sodium chlorate decomposes to produce sodium chloride and oxygen. Write and balance the reaction.
Then determine the mass of sodium chloride that should form if 150 g of sodium chlorate decomposes.
150 g NaClO3 x 1 mol NaClO3 x 2 mol NaCl x 58.5 g NaCl = 82.4 g NaCl
106.5 g NaClO3 2 mol NaClO3 1 mol NaCl
____________________
The reaction above is carried out in the lab, and 55 g of sodium chloride is collected.
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NOTES: LIMITING REACTANT
1. Define the terms limiting reactant and excess reactant.
Limiting reactant – The reactant completely consumed first in a reaction. It determines the amount of product
that can be formed. The reaction will stop when all of the limiting reactant is consumed.
Excess reactant – The reactant that remains when a reaction stops because the limiting reactant is completely
consumed. The quantity present is more than sufficient to react with a limiting reactant. Some reactant remains
because there is nothing with which it can react.
3. 4.0 moles of aluminum are placed in a container with 4.0 moles of oxygen. How many moles of
aluminum oxide should form?
4. Predict the mass of aluminum oxide that will form if 20.0 g of aluminum react with 15.0 L of oxygen
gas at STP.
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The limiting reactant is __aluminum______. The excess reactant is ____oxygen________.
5. Fluorine gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium iodide. The products of the reaction are
potassium fluoride and iodine. Write a balanced equation for the reaction below.
F2 + 2 KI 2 KF + I2____________________________________________________
12.6 g of fluorine is bubbled through a solution containing 20.15 g of potassium iodide. What mass of
potassium fluoride should form?
___________________
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FINDING THE MASS OF EXCESS REACTANT
The next step in the limiting reactant process is determining the amount of excess reactant remaining
following the reaction. There is a sample problem on the next page. Follow the steps of the sample
problem if you get lost!
1. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed if 50.0 g of propane gas (C3H8) is burned in 40 L of pure
oxygen at STP?
b. Find the expected yield of carbon dioxide if propane is the limiting reactant:
c. Find the expected yield of carbon dioxide if oxygen is the limiting reactant:
e. Use the limiting reactant to determine how much of the excess reactant does react.
f. Subtract the amount that reacts from the amount you started with to find the mass of propane gas
remaining.
50 – 15.7 = 34.3 g C3H8 remains
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SAMPLE PROBLEM: FINDING THE MASS OF EXCESS REACTANT
What mass of copper (II) iodide will be formed if 35.0 g of copper is placed in a solution containing 90.0 g of
silver iodide?
b. Find the expected yield of copper (II) iodide if copper is the limiting reactant
c. Find the expected yield of copper (II) iodide if silver iodide is the limiting reactant:
90.0 g AgI x 1 mol AgI x 1 mol CuI2 x 317.3g CuI2 = 60.8 g CuI2
234.8g 2 mol AgI 1 mol CuI2
e. Use the limiting reactant to determine how much of the excess reactant does react.
f. Subtract the amount that reacts from the amount you started with to find the mass remaining.
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REVIEW HOMEWORK - MOLE PRACTICE PROBLEMS
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules (covalent)
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 formula units (ionic) HOW MANY PARTICLES
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 atoms (monoatomic element)
Make the following mole conversions. Show ALL work for credit!
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HOMEWORK - MOLE-MOLE PROBLEMS
1. N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
How many moles of hydrogen are needed to completely react with two moles of
nitrogen?
2. 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
How many moles of oxygen are produced by the decomposition of six moles of
potassium chlorate?
3. Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
How many moles of hydrogen are produced from the reaction of three moles of zinc with
an excess of hydrochloric acid?
How many moles of oxygen are necessary to react completely with 4 moles of propane?
5. Write and balance the reaction for mixing solutions of potassium phosphate and
magnesium nitrate.
How many moles of potassium nitrate are produced when 2 moles of potassium
phosphate react?
When aluminum carbonate decomposes, aluminum oxide and carbon dioxide gas form.
Write the complete balanced reaction given below.
a. determine the molar mass of each product and reactant for later use:
b. What mass of aluminum carbonate is needed to form 2.5 moles of carbon dioxide?
c. What mass of aluminum oxide will form if 2.2 moles of carbon dioxide form?
d. What mass of aluminum carbonate must decompose in order to form 2.2 moles of aluminum oxide?
e. What volume of carbon dioxide will form if 5.0 moles of aluminum carbonate decompose at STP?
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HOMEWORK – STOICHIOMETRY MASS-MASS PROBLEMS
1. 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
How many grams of potassium chloride are produced when 25 g of potassium chlorate
decomposes?
2. N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
How many grams of hydrogen are necessary to react with 60.0 g of nitrogen?
3. N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
How many grams of ammonia are produced if 60.0 g of nitrogen react with excess hydrogen?
b. How many grams of silver chloride are produced from the reaction of 5.0 g of silver nitrate
with excess barium chloride?
b. What mass of zinc must react in order to form 2.0 L of hydrogen gas at STP?
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HOMEWORK - STOICHIOMETRY MIXED PROBLEMS
1. N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3
What volume of NH3 at STP is produced if 25.0 g of N2 is reacted with an excess of H2?
2. 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
If 5.0 g of KClO3 is decomposed, what volume of O2 is produced at STP?
3. 2 KClO3 2 KCl + 3 O2
If 5.0 g of KClO3 is decomposed, how many grams of KCl are produced?
4. Zn + 2 HCl ZnCl2 + H2
What volume of hydrogen at STP is produced when 2.5 g of zinc react with an excess of
hydrochloric acid?
b. How many molecules of water are produced if 2.0 g of sodium sulfate are produced in the
reaction above?
2 AlCl3 2 Al + 3 Cl2_________________________________________
b. If 10.0 g of aluminum chloride are decomposed, how many molecules of Cl2 are produced?
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HOMEWORK - LIMITING REACTANT/PERCENT YIELD
1. Solid calcium is added to a solution of iron (III) chloride. The reaction is given below:
c. The limiting reactant is: _____FeCl3_________. The excess reactant is: _______Ca_____________.
d. A student performs the reaction and produces 4.6 g of calcium chloride. What is the percent yield?
(4.6 ÷ 5.13) x 100% = 89.7%
e. Determine the mass of excess reactant that remains at the end of the reaction.
2. Write the reaction for the combustion of methane (CH4) in oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.
a. What mass of carbon dioxide is produced by the reaction of 120.0 g of methane with 180.0 g of oxygen?
120 g CH4 x 1 mol CH4 x 1 mol CO2 x 44.0 g CO2 = 330 g CO2
16.0 g CH4 1 mol CH4 1 mol CO2
b. The limiting reactant is: ______O2______________. The excess reactant is: _____CH4_____________
c. A student performs the reaction above, and produces 102 g of carbon dioxide. What is his percent yield?
(102 ÷ 123.75) x 100% = 82.4%
d. Determine the mass of excess reactant remaining after the reaction is complete.