MATRICES AND

DETERMINANTS
Q. Who did give the idea of matrices? Q. Define order of a matrix. Give example.
09301001 09301004
Q. Define matrix. 09301002 Q. Define equal matrices. 09301005
Q. Define Row and column of a matrix.
09301003

Exercise 1.1
1. Find the order of the following Q. Define row matrix. 09301009
matrices. 09301006 Q. Define column matrix. 09301010
2. Which of the following matrices are Q. Define rectangular matrix. 09301011
equal? 09301007 Q. Define square matrix. Give example.
09301012
A = [3] , Q. Define null or zero matrix. (Board 2014)
D  5 3 09301013
, Q. Define transpose of a matrix. 09301014

Q. Define negative of a matrix. 09301015

, Q. Define symmetric matrix. 09301016
Q. Define skew-symmetric matrix.09301017
,

I  3 3  2 Q. Show that is skew

symmetric matrix. 09301018
,
Q. Define diagonal matrix. (Board 2013)
3. Find the values of a, b, c and d which
09301019
satisfy the matrix equation. 09301008
Q. Define Scalar Matrix. (Board 2014) 09301020
Q. Define Identity Matrix. 09301021

Exercise 1.2
Q.1 From the following matrices, identify
unit matrices, row matrices, column
matrices and null matrices. 09301022
Q.2 From the following matrices, identify
(a) Square matrices 09301023
(b) Rectangular matrices 09301024
(c) Row matrices 09301025
(d) Column matrices 09301026
(e) Identity matrices 09301027
(f) Null matrices 09301028
3. From the following matrices, identify Q. How can we subtract a matrix from
diagonal, scalar and unit (identity) other matrix? 09301037
matrices. 09301029 Q. How can we multiply a matrix by a real
number? 09301038

Q. If A then find
, Q. Define Commutative Law of addition of
Matrices. 09301040

Q. If and
,
Then verify that A + B = B + A 09301041
Q. Define Associative Law of addition.
09301042
4. Find negative of matrices A, B, C, D
and E when: 09301030

Q. If and

,
09301043

Find the transpose of each of the

5. Then verify that (A+B) + C = A+ (B+C)
following matrices: 09301031
Q. Define additive identity of a matrix.
09301044

Q.6 Verify that if

Q. If and 09301045
then show that O is additive identity of A
then 09301032 Q. Define additive inverse of a matrix.
(i) (At)t = A 09301033 09301046
(ii) (Bt)t = B 09301034

Q. What is condition for addition and

Q. If the find its additive
subtraction for matrices? 09301035
inverse and verify. 09301047
Q. How can we add matrices? 09301036

Exercise 1.3
Q.1 Which of the following matrices are
conformable for addition? 09301048

, 09301053 09301054

09301049 09301050
Q.2 Find the additive inverse of following
matrices.

09301051 , 09301052 (Board 2013) 09301055

 09301056 Q.5 For the matrices

and
09301057
verify the following rules. 09301074

(i) 09301075

09301058 (ii) 09301076

(iii) 09301077

Q.3 If (iv) 09301078

(v) 09301079

then find, (vi) 09301080

,
(vii) 09301081

(viii) 09301082
09301059 (ii) 09301060

(i) (ix) 09301083

(x) 09301084
(iii) C+ 09301061

(iv) 09301062 (v) 2A 09301063

Q.6 If and ,
(vi) (1)B 09301064 (vii) (2)C 09301065
find
(viii) 3D 09301066 (ix) 3C 09301067
(i) 3A2B 09301085 (ii) 2At  3Bt. 09301086

Q.4 Perform the indicated operations and

simplify the following. Q. 7 If
then find a and b. 09301087

(i) 09301068

Q.8 If then
verify that 09301088
(ii) 09301069
(i) (A+B) t = At + Bt 09301089

09301070
(iii) (ii) 09301090

(iii) is symmetric 09301091

(iv) is skew symmetric 09301092

(iv) 09301071 (v) is symmetric 09301093

(vi) is skew symmetric 09301094

Q. Write condition for multiplication of
(v) 09301072 matrices. 09301095
Examples

09301073

(vi) (i) If and then

find AB 09301096
 09301103

(ii)If and then

find AB 09301097
Q. Define associative law of multiplication. Q. If and
09301098

then verify that

If (A – B) C = AC – BC 09301104

Q.
Q. If and then
ThenDefine
Q. verified that (AB)C=A(BC).
distributive laws of multiplication
09301099 Show that AB BA 09301105

over addition. 09301100 Q. In general which property does not

exist in matrices? 09301106

Q. If and
Q. If and then show
that AB = BA 09301107
Q. Define multiplicative identity of a
then verify that matrix. 09301108
09301101

Q. Define distributive laws of multiplic- Q. If , , then show

ation over subtraction. 09301102 that AB = A = BA 09301109

Q. Define Law of Transpose of product of

Q. If and matrices. 09301110

then verify that Q. If and

then show that (AB)t = Bt At 09301111

Exercise 1.4
Q.1 Which of the following product of
matrices is conformable for multiplication?
09301112

09301116
(i)

Q.2 If , , find
09301113
09301117
(i) AB 09301118
09301114
(ii) BA (if possible). 09301119
Q.3 Find the following products.

09301120
09301115

09301121
 (i) AB = BA. 09301131

(ii) A(BC) = (AB)C 09301132

09301122
(iii) A(B+C)=AB+AC 09301133
(iv) A(BC)=ABAC 09301134

09301123 Q.6 For the matrices. 09301135

, ,
Verify that
09301124
(i)(AB)t= BtAt 09301136 (ii)(BC)t=CtBt. 09301137
Q.4 Multiply the following matrices.
Q. Define determinant of a matrix.
09301138

09301125
Q. If . Then find |B| 09301139

Q. If , then find det M 09301140

Q. Define singular and non-singular
09301126
matrix. (Board 2014) 09301141
Q. How can we find adjoint of a matrix?
09301142
Q. What do you know about multiplicative
09301127
inverse of a matrix? 09301143

Q. If be a square matrix. Then

find . 09301144
(Board 2015)
09301128
If then find A–1 and check.
Q.
09301129
09301145
Q. Define law of inverse of product of
Q.5 Let , and matrices. 09301146

. Verify whether 09301130

Q. If and
Then verify that (AB)1 = B1 A1 09301147

Exercise 1.5
Q.1 Find the determinant of the following
matrices. 09301148
(iv) 09301151
Q.2 Find which of the following matrices are
singular or non-singular? 09301152

09301149

(iii) (Board 2015) 09301150

 09301153 Q.6 If , ,

09301154
, then verify that

09301155
Q.3 Find the multiplicative inverse (i) (AB)1 = B1 A1 09301163
09301156 1 1 1
(ii) (DA) = A D 09301164
(if it exists) of each. Q. Define System of Simultaneous Linear
Equation. 09301165
Q. Write different methods to solve the
simultaneous linear equation by using
matrices. 09301166
Q. By using matrices inverse method find
the solution of system of linear equations.
09301157
09301167

Example 1 09301168
09301158
Solve the following system by using
matrix inversion method.
4x  2y = 8
3x + y = 4
09301159 Example 2 09301169
Solve the following system of linear
equations by using Cramer’s rule.
Q.4 If and , then
3x  2y = 1, 2x +3y = 2
(i) A(Adj A) = (Adj A) A = (det A )I 09301160
Example 3 09301170
(ii) BB–1 = I = B1 B 09301161
The length of a rectangle is 6 cm less than
Q.5 Determine whether the given matrices three times its width. The perimeter of the
are multiplicative inverses of each other. rectangle is 140 cm. Find the dimensions of
the rectangle.
(by using matrix inversion method)
and 09301162

and 09301162

Exercise 1.6
Q.1 Use matrices, if possible, to solve the (iii) 09301175
following systems of linear equations by:
(i) the matrix inverse method 09301171
(ii) the Cramer’s rule. 09301172 (iv) (Board 2014) 09301176

Solution by Matrix inverse method

(i) 09301173 (v) 09301177
(Board 2013)

(ii) 09301174
(vi) 09301178
 and length of rectangle = y
(vii) 09301179
Q.3 Two sides of a rectangle differ by
3.5cm. Find the dimensions of the rectangle
if its perimeter is 67cm. 09301192
(viii) 09301180 (i) By Matrix inversion method 09301193
x – y = 3.5
x + y = 33.5
(ii) By Cramer’s Rule: 09301194
Solution by Cramer’s rule x – y = 3.5 ……………… (i)
(i) (Board 2013, 14) 09301181
x + y = 33.5 ……………...(ii)

Q.4 The third angle of an isosceles triangle is

16o less than the sum of the two equal angles.
(ii) 09301182
Find three angles of the triangle. 09301195
Let third angle of triangle = y
(iii) (Board 2015) 09301183
Two equal angles of triangle = x
(i) By Matrix Inversion Method: 09301196
In matrices form
(iv) 09301184

(v) 09301185 Q.5 One acute angle of a right triangle is 12o

more than twice the other acute angle. Find the
acute angles of the right triangle. 09301198
(vi) (Board 2014) 09301186 Let acute angles of right angled triangle are x and y
According to given condition

(vii) (Board 2015) 09301187

We know that
(viii) 9301188
…………(ii)
Q.6 Two cars that are 600 km apart are
Solve the following word problems by moving towards each other. Their speeds
using: differ by 6km per hour and the cars are 123
(i) Matrix inversion method 09301189
(ii) Cramer’s Rule 09301190
Q.2 The length of a rectangle is 4 times its km apart after hours. Find the speed of
width. The perimeter of the rectangle is each car. 09301200
150cm. Find dimensions of the rectangle.
Let width of rectangle = x. 09301191
 Review Exercise 1 OBJECTIVE
Q.1 Select the correct answer in each of the following.
1. The order of matrix [2 1] is … 09301201
(a) 2-by-1 (b) 1-by-2 (Board 2014) (a)
(c) 1-by-1 (d) 2-by-2
(b)

(c)
2. is called ……. Matrix. 09301202
(a) zero (b) unit (Board 2014) (d)
(c) scalar (d) singular
3. Which is order of a square matrix?09301203
(a) 2-by-2 (b) 1-by-2 9.
(c) 2-by-1 (d) 3-by-2 09301209
4. Which is order of a rectangular
matrix? 09301204
(a) 2-by-2 (b) 4-by-4 (a) (b)
(c) 2-by-1 (d) 3-by-3
(c) (d)
10. The idea of a matrices was given by:__
(a) Arthur Cayley 09301210
5. Order of transpose of is … (b) Leonard Euler
09301205 (c) Henry Briggs
(a) 3-by-2 (b) 2-by-3 (Board 2014) (d) John Napier
(c) 1-by-3 (d) 3-by-1 11. The matrix M=[ 2 – 1 7 ] is a--
matrix.
(a) Row (b)
Column 09301211
6. Adjoint of is ……… 09301206
(c) Square (d) Null

(a) (b)

12. The matrix is a ____ matrix.

(a) Row (b) Column 09301212

(c) Square (d) Null

(c)

13. The matrix is a _______

(d) matrix.
(a) Rectangular (b) Square 09301213
(c) Row (d) Column

7. If , then x is equal to 09301207

(a) 9 (b) –6 (Board 2013)
14. The matrix is a __ matrix.
(c) 6 (d) –9
(a) Rectangular (b) Square 09301214

(c) Row (d) Column

8. Product of [x y] is ……..
(Board 2013, 15) 09301208
15. If A is a matrix then its transpose is
denoted by: 09301215
-1
25. If then the det. A is: 09301225
(a) A (b) At (a) ad – bc (b) bc – ad
(c) – A (d) (At)t (c) ad + bc (d) bc + ad
26. A square matrix A is called singular if
16. If then A = ______ 09301216
(a) |A|  0 (b) |A| = 0 09301226
(c) A = 0 (d) At = 0
27. A square matrix A is called
(a) (b) non-singular if: 09301227
(a) |A| = 0 (b) A = 0
(c) (d) (c) |A|  0 (d) At = 0
17. A square matrix is symmetric if ___
(a) At = A (b) A-1 = A 09301217 28. Inverse of identity matrix is _matrix.
(c) (A ) = A (d) A = – A
t t t t (a) Identity (b) Zero 09301228
(c) Rectangular (d) None
18. A square matrix is skew-symmetric if:
29. AA1 = A1 A = _____ 09301229
(a) At = A (b) A-1 = A 09301218
(a) Identity matrix
(c) (A)t= At (d) At = A (b) Rectangular matrix
(c) Zero matrix
(d) Singular matrix
19. The matrix is a _ matrix. 30. (AB)1 = ____ 09301230
(a) Diagonal (b) Scalar 09301219 (a) A1 B1 (b) B1 A 1
(c) Identity (d) Zero (c) BA (d) AB

Additive inverse of is ____

20. The matrix is a__matrix.
31.
(a) Diagonal (b) Scalar 09301220

(c) Identity (d) Zero

(a) (b) 09301231

21. The matrix is a _ matrix.

(a) Diagonal (b) Identity 09301221
(c) Zero (d) None (c) (d)
22. The scalar matrix and identity matrix
are ____ matrices. 09301222
(a) Diagonal (b) Rectangular
32. Which of the following is commutative
(c) Zero (d) None
23.Every diagonal matrix is not a _ matrix.
(a) Square 09301223
property of addition of matrices?
(b) non-singular 09301232
(c) Scalar or identity (a)
(d) None
(b)
24. If A, B are two matrices and At, Bt are
their respective transpose, then: 09301224
(a) (AB)t = Bt At (b) (AB)t = At Bt (c)
(c) At Bt = AB (d) None
(d)
33.Which of the following is associative
property of multiplication of matrices? (c)
3
(d)
0930123
7. Which of the following is true for
(a) (b) 3
(c) (d) matrices in general? 09301237

4. Which of the following is commutative (a)

3 (b)
property of multiplication of matrices?
(c)
(a)
(b) 09301234
(d)
8. Which of the following is distributive
(c) 3
(d) property of multiplication over addition?
5. Which of the following is associative (a) 09301238

3 (b)
property of addition of matrices?
(a) 09301235 (c)
(b) (d)
9. Which of the following is singular
(c)
3
matrix? 09301239
(d)

6. Which of the following does not exist in (a) (b)

3
matrices in general? 09301236 (d)
(a) (b) (c)
Q.2 Complete the following: (iii) – 3 (A+2B) 09301249

i. is called……matrix. 09301240 (iv) 09301250

(Null / Zero) Q.5 Find the value of X, if

ii. is called…….matrix. 09301241

(Identity /Unit) . 09301251

iii.Additive inverse of is… 09301242 Q.6 If , , then

prove that AB  BA 09301252

iv.In matrix multiplication, in general,

Q.7 If and ,
AB …… BA. 09301243 then verify that 09301253
v. Matrix A + B may be found if order of A (i) (AB)t = Bt At 09301254
and B is …… (Same) 09301244 (ii) (AB)1 = B1 A1 09301255
vi.A matrix is called …. matrix if number of
rows and columns are equal. 09301245
(Square)
Q8. If , then find x.
09301256
Q.3 If , then find
a and b. (Board 2013, 14) 09301246
Q9. Find the product .
09301257
Q.4 If , , then
find the following. 09301247
(i) 2A + 3B Q10. If find
X. 09301258

(ii) 3A +2B

09301248
 REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBERS

Q. Define Natural Numbers. 09302001 Q. Define Recurring and Non-terminating

Q. Define Whole Numbers. (Board 2013) 09302002 Decimal Fractions. 09302010
Q. Define the set of Integers? 09302003 Q. What is decimal representation for
Q. Define Rational Numbers. 09302004 Irrational Numbers? 09302011

Q. Define Irrational Numbers. 09302005

Q. How can we represent a rational number
Q. Define Set of Real Numbers. 09302006
on number line? 09302012
.Example: 09302013
Q. What is one to one correspondence?
09302007
Q. What is convention of number line? Express the following decimals in the form ,
09302008 where p, q  Z and q  0
Q. Define Terminating Decimal Fractions. (a) = 0.333 …. (b) = 0.232323
09302009

Example: 09302014
Represent the following numbers on the number line.

(i)

(ii) (Board 2015)

(iii)
Q. How can we represent an Irrational Number on a Number Line? 09302015

Exercise 2.1:
Q.1 Identify which of the following are
rational and irrational numbers. 09302016
(i) 09302018
(i)
(ii) 09302019
(ii)
(iii) (iii) 09302020

(iv) (iv) 09302021

(v)
(vi) 09302022
Q.2 Convert the following fractions into (v)
decimal fraction. 09302017

(vi) 09302023
Q.3 Which of the following statements are true
and which are false? 09302024
(iii) 9302033

(i) is an irrational number. 09302025

(ii) is an irrational number. 09302026
iv) 09302034

(iii) is a terminating fraction. 09302027 (v) 09302035

(vi) 09302036

(iv) is a terminating fraction. 09302028

Q.5 Give a rational number between and .
Q6. Express the following recurring decimals as
(v) is a recurring fraction. (09302029
Q.4 Represent the following numbers on
the rational number where p, q are integers
the number line. 09302030
and q  0
(i) (Board 2013) 09302038
(i) 09302031
(ii) 09302039

(ii) 9302032
(iii) 09302040

Exercise 2.2:
Q.1 Identify the property used in the
following. 09302041
(v) 09302056
(i) 09302042
(ii) (ab)c = a(bc) 09302043
(iii) 71=7 09302044
(iv) x > y or x=y or x<y 09302045
(v) ab = ba 09302046
(vi) 09302047

(vii) 09302048

(viii) 09302049

(ix) 09302050
Q.2 Fill in the following blanks by stating
the properties of real numbers used.
09302051
Q.3 Give the name of property used in the
following.
(i) 09302052

(ii) 09302053

(iii) 09302054

(iv) 09302055
 Exercise 2.3:
Q1. Write each radical expression in (ii) 09302069
exponential notation and each exponential
expression in radical notation. Do not simplify.
09302057 (iii) 09302070

(i) 09302058

(iv) (Board 2013) 9302071

(ii) 09302059
Q. Define Base and Exponent. 09302072
(iii) 09302060 Q. Write laws of exponents. 09302073
Example 1: 09302074

(iv) 09302061
Use rules of exponents to simplify each
expression and write the answer in terms of
Q2. Tell whether the following statements positive exponents.
are true or false? 09302062

(i) 09302063
(i)
Example 2: 09302075
(ii) 09302064 Simplify the following by using laws of
indices:
(iii) 09302065

(iv) 09302066 (i) (Board 2015)

Q3. Simplify the following radical
expressions. 09302067
(ii) (Board 2014)
(i) 09302068

Exercise 2.4
Q.1 Use laws of exponents to simplify
09302076

Q.3 Simplify (Board 2014)

09302082
(i) (Board 2013) 09302077

(ii) 09302078

(i) 09302083

(iii) 09302079

(ii) 09302084

(iv) (Board 2014)

09302080 (iii) 09302085

Q.2 Show that 09302081 iv) (Board 2013, 14) 09302086

Q. Define a Complex Number. 09302087
Q. Define Pure Imaginary Number.
09302088 Q. If 2x + y2i = 4 + 9i then find the value of
Q. Define Set of Complex Numbers.
x and y. 09302092
09302089
Q. Define Conjugate of a Complex Q. Which properties of Real Numbers are
Number. 09302090
valid for Complex Number? 09302093

Q. What do you mean by equality of

Complex Number? 09302091

Exercise 2.5
Q.1 Evaluate 09302094 Q4. Find the value of and if
(i) 09302095 09302115
Q. How can we add two complex numbers?
(ii) 09302096 09302116

(iii) 09302097
Q. How can we multiply two complex
numbers? 09302117
(iv) 09302098 Q. How can we multiply a complex number
with scalar? 09302118
(v) 09302099 Q. How can we get difference of two
(vi) (Board 2014) 09302100
complex numbers? 9302119

Q.2 Write the conjugate of the following Q. Explain division of complex numbers?
numbers. 09302101
Example 1: 09302121
Separate the real and imaginary parts of
(i) 09302102
(ii) 09302103
(iii) 09302104 Example 2 09302122

(iv) 09302105
(v) 09302106 Express in the standard form a+ bi.
(vi) 09302107
Q3. Write the real and imaginary part of Example 3: 09302123
the following numbers. 09302108
(i) 09302109 Express in the standard form a + bi.
(ii) 09302110
Example 4 09302124
(iii) (Board 2014) 09302111 Solve (3  4i)(x + yi) = 1 + 0 i for real
(iv) 09302112
numbers x and y, where i =
(v) 09302113
(vi) (Board 2015) 09302114

Exercise 2.6:
Q.1 Identify the following statements as (v) Difference of a complex number
true or false. 09302125 and its conjugate is a real number.
09302130
(i) 09302126

(ii) 09302127 (vi) If then and

(iii) 09302128
. 09302131

(iv) Complex conjugate of (vii)Product of a complex number and its

conjugate is always a non-negative real
is (-1+6i) 09302129 number. 09302132
Q.2 Express each complex number in the
Q.5 Calculate (a) (b) (c) (d)
standard form where ‘ ’ and ‘ ’ are
real numbers. 09302133
for each of the following. 09302150
(i) 09302134 (i) 09302151
(ii) (G.B 2014) 09302152
(ii) 09302135

(iii) 09302136 (iii) 09302153

(iv) 09302137
Q.3 Simplify and write your answer in the (iv) 09302154

form 09302138 Q.6 If and , show that:

09302155
(i) 09302139

(i) 09302156
(ii) 09302140

(ii) 09302157
(iii) 09302141

(iii) 09302158
(iv) 09302142
Q.4 Simplify and write your answer in the
form of 09302143
(iv) , where
09302159
(i) 09302144

(v) is the real part of 09302160

(ii) 09302145

(vi) is the imaginary part of z.

(iii) 09302146
09302161
Q.7 Solve the following equation for real
(iv) 09302147 and (Board 2014)
09302162

(v) (Board 2013) 09302148 (i) (Board 2013) 09302163

(ii) 09302164
(vi) 09302149

(iii) 09302165
Review Exercise 2 OBJECTIVE

Q.1 Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the correct answer.

9. Real part of 2ab is ____

1. 09302166
09302174
(a) 2ab (b) 2ab (Board 2014)

(a) (b) (c) 2abi (d) 2abi

10. Imaginary part of (3 +2) is_ 09302175
(a) 2 (b) 2 (Board 2014)
(c) (d) (c) 3 (d) –3
2. Write in exponential form 09302167
11. Which of the following sets have the closure
(a) x (b) x7 (Board 2013) property w.r.t. addition_____ 09302176
(a) {0} (b) {0, 1}
(c) (d)
(c) {0, 1} (d)
3. Write with radical sign…. 09302168 12. Name the property of real numbers
(a) (b) (Board 2014)

(c) (d) used in 09302177

(a) Additive identity
4. In the radicand is 09302169 (b) Additive Inverse
(c) Multiplicative identity
(a) 3 (b) (d) Multiplicative Inverse
(c) 35 (d) None of these 13. If x, y, z R z < 0 then 09302178
(a) x z < y z (b) x z > y z
(c) x z = y z (d) none of these
5. (Board 2014) 09302170
14. If a, then only one of a = b or a <
b or a > b holds is called… 09302179
(a) Trichotomy property
(a) (b) (b) Transitive property
(c) Additive property
(c) (d) (d) Multiplicative property
6. The conjugate of 5 + 4i is _____ 09302171 15. A non-terminating, non-recurring decimal
(a) – 5 + 4i (b) – 5 – 4i represents: 09302180

(c) 5 – 4i (d) 5 + 4i (a) A natural number

7. The value of i9 is ____ 09302172 (b) A rational number
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) An irrational number
(c) i (d) –i (d) A prime number
8. Every real number is ____ 09302173 16. The union of the set of rational
(a) A positive integer numbers and irrational numbers is
(b) A rational number known as set of ___ 09302181

(c) A negative integer (a) Rational number (b) Irrational

(d) A complex number (c) Real number (d) Whole
number
17. For each prime number A, is an 28. The conjugate of 2 + 3i is ___ 09302193

(a) Irrational (b) Rational 09302182

(a) 2  3i (b) 2 3i
(c) Real (d) Whole (c) 2 + 3i (d) 2 + 3i
18. Square roots of all positive non-square
integers are ____ 09302183 29. Real part of is: 09302194
(a) Irrational (b) Rational (a) 1 (b)
(c) Real (d) Whole
19.  is an _____ number. 09302184
(c) 1 (d)
(a) Irrational (b) Rational
(c) Real (d) None 30. Imaginary part of is 09302195

20.  then a < b and b < c  a < c (a) 1 (b)

is ____ property. 09302185 (c) 1 (d)
(a) Transitive 31. Product of a complex number and its
(b) Trichotomy conjugate is always a non-negative____
(c) Additive number. 09302196
(d) Multiplicative (a) Real (b) Irrational
21. Name the property of real numbers used in (c) Rational (d) None
x > y or x = y or x < y. 09302186
(a) Trichotomy (b) Transitive
(c) Additive (d) Multiplicative 32. is a/an……….number 09302197

22. Name the property of real numbers (a) irrational (b) rational
used in  + () = 0. 09302187 (c) natural (d) whole
(a) Additive inverse 33. Q and Qare ______sets 09302198

(b) Multiplicative inverse (a) disjoint set(b) over lapping

(c) Additive identity (c) Q is a subset of Q
(d) Multiplicative identity (d) Q is equal to Q
34. Additive identity of real number is 09302199
23. is a ___ number. 09302188 (a) 0 (b) –a
(a) Rational (b) Irrational (c) 1 (d) a
(c) Real (d) None 35. Additive inverse of (a) is…….. 09302200

24. 09302189
(a) –a (b) a
(c) 0 (d) 1
(a) (b) 36. The value of i (iota) is_______ 09302201

(c) (d) (a) (b) –1

(c) +1 (d) (–1)2
25. 09302190
37. In –2+3i, 3 is called _______ 09302202
(a) imaginary part (b) real part
(a) (b) (8)5
(c) negative part (d) complex number

(c) (8) (d) 38. In , the symbol is called…….

26. The value of i 10 is: 09302191 09302203

(a) 1 (b) 1 (a) radical sign (b) index

(c) exponent (d) base
(c)  i (d) i
27. The solution set of x2 +1 = 0 is: 09302192 39. In ‘n’ is called…….. 09302204
(a) {i, i} (b) {i, i} (a) base (b) radical sign
(c) index (d) radical
(c) { i, i}(d)
40. The set of natural numbers is…… 09302205
 (a) {0,1,2,3….} (b) {2,4,6….} (c) rational numbers
(c) {1,2,3…..} (d) {2,3,5,7…} (d) irrational numbers
41. The set of whole numbers is….. 09302206 51. If (a-1)-(b+3)i = 5+8i then 09302216
(a) a = 6, b = –11 (b) a= 6, b= 11
(a) {1,3,5….} (b) {01, 2,….}
(c) {1,2,3…..} (d) {0,1,2,3…} (c) a = 11, b = –6 (d) a = –6, b = –11
52. The conjugate of real is the _____ real
42.  , e, , and are called… number. 09302217
(a) irrational numbers 09302207 (a) negative of (b) same
(b) rational number (c) square of (d) square root
(c) natural numbers (d) real number
53. If then 09302218
43. 09302208
(a)
(a) (b) Q
(b)
(c) R (d)
44. “For all” is represented by symbol 09302209
(c)
(a) (b) (d)
(c) (d)
45. is usually written as 09302210 54. form of is _______. 09302219
(a) a1/4 (b) a
(c) (d) (a) (b)
46. The roots of y2+1 = 0 are 09302211
(a) {i, –1} (b) {1, –i}
(c) {i, –i} (d) {1, –1} (c) (d)
47. If Z = -1-i then is equal to……. 09302212
(a) 1–i (b) 1+ i 55. On the number line lies between ___.
(c) –1+i (d) –1–i (a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 09302220
48. The real part of 3i +2 is…….. 09302213 (c) 7 and 15 (d) 0 and 2
(a) –2 (b) 2
(c) –2 (d) 1
49. A pure imaginary number is the _____ of a 56. form of is ________. 09302221
negative real number 09302214
(a) square root (b) square
(c) cube (d) cube root (a) (b)
50. Number like , etc. are called
(a) real numbers 09302215 (c) (d)
(b) pure imaginary numbers

Q.2 True or False? Identify

(i) Division is not associative operation. 09302222
(ii) Every whole number is a natural number. 09302223
(iii) Multiplicative inverse of 0.02 is 50. 09302224
(iv) is a rational number. 09302225
(v) Every integer is a rational number. 09302226
(vi) Subtraction is a commutative operation. 09302227
(vii)Every real number is a rational number. 09302228
(viii) Decimal representation of a rational number is either terminating or recurring 09302229

(ix.) 1. =1+ 09302230

Q.3 Simplify: (i) 09302231

(ii) 09302232

Q.6 Simplify:
09302237
(iii) 09302233

Q.7 Simplify:
(iv) 09302234 009302238

Q8. Simplify: 09302239

Q.4 Simplify: (Board 2015)

09302235 Q9. Simplify: 09302240
Q.5 Simplify: 09302236
Q10. If then find
the value of a and b. 09302241
 LOGARITHMS

Example 1: Change each of the following numbers

09303001 from scientific notation to ordinary notation.
Write each of the following ordinary (i) 6.35 106 09303005 (ii)7.61 104 09303006
numbers in scientific notation
(i) 30600 09303002 (ii) 0.000058 09303003
Example 2
09303004

Exercise 3.1:
Q.1 Express each of the following numbers vii) 0.0074
in scientific notation. 09303014
09303007 viii) 60,000,000
i) 5700 09303015
09303008 ix) 0.00000000395
ii) 49,800,000 09303016
09303009
iii) 96,000,000 x) (Board 2013)
09303010 09303017
iv) 416.9
09303011 Q.2 Express the following numbers in
v) 83,000 ordinary notation.
09303012 09303018
vi) 0.00643 i)
09303013
09303019

ii) Q. Define characteristic of Logarithm of a

09303020
number > 1.
09303028
iii) Q. Define characteristic of Logarithm of a
09303021
number < 1.
iv) 09303030
09303022 Example :
Q. Define Logarithm of a Real Number. 09303031
09303023 Write the characteristic of the log of
Example 3: following numbers by expressing them in
09303024 scientific notation and noting the power of 10.
Find , i.e., find log of 2 to the base 4. 0.872 , 0.02 , 0.00345
Q. Define Common or Brigg’s Logarithm. Q. Define Mantissa.
09303032
09303025
Q. Define Natural Logarithm.
Example 1:
09303026
09303033
Q. Define characteristic of Logarithm.
Find the mantissa of the logarithm of 43.254
09303027
Example 2:
09303034
 Find the mantissa of the logarithm of 0.002347 Example:
Example 3: 09303037
09303035 Find the numbers whose logarithms are
Find (i) log 278.23 (ii) log (i) 1.3247 09303038 (ii) .1324
0.07058 09303039
Q. Define Antilogarithm.
09303036
Exercise 3.2:

Q.1 Find the common logarithm of the ii) log 512 to the base
following numbers.
09303059
09303040
Q.6 Evaluate the value of ‘x’ from the
i) 232.92 following statements.
ii) 29.326
09303060
09303041
iii) 0.00032 i)
09303042 09303061
iv) 0.3206 ii)
09303043
09303062
Q.2 If log 31.09 = 1.4926, find the values of
following:
09303044
iii)
i) log 3.109 09303063

09303045 iv) (Board 2014, 15)

ii) log 310.9 09303064
09303046
iii) log 0.003109 v) (Board 2013,14)
09303065
09303047
iv) log 0.3109 Q. Prove that loga(mn) = logam + logan
09303067
09303048
Q.3 Find the numbers whose common Example 1
logarithms are: 09303068

09303049
Evaluate 291.3 42.36
i) 3.5621 Example 2 :
09303069
09303050
Evaluate 0.2913 0.004236.
ii)
09303051
Q.4 What replacement for the unknown in Q. Prove that
each of following will make the statement 09303070

true? Example 1:
09303071
09303052

i)
Evaluate
09303053
Example 2:
ii) 09303072
09303054

iii) Evaluate
09303055 Q. Prove that loga(mn) = nlogam 09303073

iv)
09303056
Example 1:
Q.5 Evaluate 09303074

09303057
Evaluate
Q. Prove that
i) 09303075
09303058
 Example:
or =
Q. How can we convert natural log into Calculate
common log. 09303077
09303076
 Exercise 3.3:
Q.1 Write the following into sum or i) log 21 + log 5 (Board 2013)
difference. 09303087
09303078 ii) log 25 – 2 log3 (Board 2015)
09303088
i)
09303079
iii) (Board 2014)
09303089

ii) iv)
09303090
09303080
Q.4 Calculate the following: 09303091

iii) i)
09303092
09303081
ii)
09303093
iv) (Board 2013)
09303082
Q.5 If
, then find the values of the
following.
v) (Board 2015) 09303094

09303083 i) log 32 (Board 2014)

09303095
ii) log 24
vi)
09303096
09303084
Q.2 Express
09303085 iii)
09303097

as a
single logarithm iv)
Q.3 Write the following in the form of a 09303098
single logarithm. v) (Board 2015)
09303086
09303099
Applications of logarithm
Example 1 :
09303100
Show that

Example 2: Given A = Aoekd. If k = 2, what should be

09303101

the value of d to make ?

Evaluate:
Example 3
09303102
 Exercise 3.4:
Q.1 Use log tables to find the values of
09303103
i) (Board 2013)
09303104
viii) (Board 2015)
09303111
ii) Q.2 A gas is expanding according to the
09303105
law . Find C when P=80, V=3.1
iii)
09303106 and .
09303112
iv) (Board 2013,14) 09303107

Q.3 The formula applies to

v) the demand of a product, where ‘q’ is the
09303108
number of units and p is the price of one
unit. How many units will be demanded if
the price is Rs. 18.00? 09303113
vi) (Board 2015)
09303109
Q.4 If
09303114

vii)
09303110 Q.5 If , find when

and
09303115

Review Exercise 3 OBJECTIVE

Q.1 Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the correct answer.

1. If ax = n, then _____ 5. log e = ____ where e 2. 718 09303120

09303116 (a) 0 (b) 0.4343 (Board 2015)
(a) a = (b) x = logn a (c) (d) 1
(c) x = (d) a =
2. The relation of y = logz x implies 09303117
6. The value of log is ___ 09303121

(a) (b) (Board

2014)
(a) log p log q (b)
(c) log p + log q (d) log q  log p
(c) (d) 7. logp – logq is same as:
3. The logarithm of unity to any base is 09303122
(a) 1 (b) 10 (Board 2014,15) 09303118 (Board 2014, 15)
(c) e (d) 0
4. The logarithm of any number to itself as
base is___ (a) (b)
09303119
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) (d)
(c) 1 (d) 10
8. log can be written as (c) Three (d) Four
09303123
17. If the characteristic of the logarithm of
(a) (log m)n (b) m log n a number is 1, that number will have
(c) n log m (d) log (m n) ____ digits in its integral part 09303132
(a) 2 (b) 3
9. can be written as___ (c) 4 (d) 5
(a) (b) 18. The value of x in log3 x = 5 is____
09303124
(a) 243 (b) 143
09303133
(c) (d) (Board (c) 200 (d) 144
2013) 19. The value of x in log x = 2.4543 is
10. Logy x will be equal to___ 09303125

09303134
(a) 284.6 (b) 1.521
(a) (b) (c) 1.1010 (d) 0.4058
20. The number corresponding to a given
logarithm is known as ___ 09303135
(c) (d)
(a) Logarithm (b)Antilogarithm
11. For common logarithm, the base is_
(c) Characteristic (d) None
(a) 2 (b) 10
21. 30600 in scientific notation is __ 09303136
09303126
(a) 3.06 x 104 (b) 3.006 x 104
(c) e (d) 1
(c) 30.6 x 104 (d) 306 x 104
12. For natural logarithm, the base is__ 6
22. 6.35 x 10 in ordinary notation is___
(a) 10 (b) e
(a) 6350000 (b) 635000 09303137
09303127
(c) 6350 (d) 63500
(c) 2 (d) 1
23. A number written in the form
13. The integral part of the common
logarithm of a number is called the_ a x 10n, where and n is an
(a) Characteristic (b) Mantissa 09303128 integer is called ____
(c) Logarithm (d) None 09303138
14. The decimal part of the common (a) Scientific notation
logarithm of a number is called (b) Ordinary notation
the _____: (c) Logarithm notation
09303129 (d) None
(a) Characteristic (b) Mantissa
(c) Logarithm (d) None
24.
15. If x = log y, then y is called the _______
09303139
of x.
(a) log1 (b) log n
09303130
(c) log (1 – n) (d) – log n
(a) Antilogarithm
(b) Logarithm 25.
(c) Characteristic 09303140
(d) None (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 1 (d) 10
16. If the characteristic of the logarithm of
26.
a number is , that number will have
09303141
zero (s) immediately after the decimal
(a) 0 (b) 1
point.
(c) a (d) 10
09303131
(a) One (b) Two
27. The characteristic of is
________. (a) (b)
09303142
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) (d)
(c) 3 (d) 10
34. in single logarithm can
28. The characteristic of is: be written as _____.
(a) 0 (b) 3 09303149
09303143
(c) – 3 (d) 45
(a) (b)
29. If , then what is
the mantissa of ?
09303144 (c) (d)
(a) 0.3705 (b) – 0.6294 35. in single logarithm is
(c) 0.3801 (d) 0.2347 written as:
30. Common logarithm is also known as 09303150
______ logarithm.
(a) (b)
09303145
(a) natural (b) simple
(c) scientific (d) decadic (c) (d)
31. is same as: 36.
09303146 09303151
(a) 2.3026 (b) 0.4343
(a)
(c) (d) 10
(b)
37. If then x is: 09303152
(c)
(a) 25 (b) 32

(d) (c) 10 (d)

32. John Napier prepared the logarithms 38. If , then x = ____
tables to the base _______. 09303153
09303147 (a) 2 (b) 9
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 10 (d) e
(c) 81 (d)
33. in common logarithm is written as
_________.
09303148
Q.2 Complete the following:
09303154
(i) For common logarithm, the base is …………….
09303155
(ii) The integral part of the common logarithm of a number is called the…. 09303156
(iii) The decimal part of the common logarithm of a number is called the ………
09303157
(iv) If x = log y, then y is called the ………… of x.
09303158
(v) If the characteristic of the logarithm of a number is , that number will have …….. zero (s)
immediately after the decimal point.
09303159
(vi) If the characteristic of the logarithm of a number is 1, that number will have ……… digits in its
integral part.
09303160
Q.3 Find the value of ‘x’ in the following.
i) log3 x = 5 09303161
ii) log4 256 = x 09303162

iii) log625 (Board 2014) 09303163

iv) 09303164
Q.4 Find the value of ‘x’ in the following.
i) log x = 2.4543 09303165
ii) log x = 0.1821 09303166
iii) log x = 0.0044 (Board 2014) 09303167

iv) log x = 09303168

Q.5 If log2 = 0.3010, log3 = 0.4771 and
log 5 = 0.6990, then find the values of the following. 09303169
i) log45 09303170

ii) 09303171

iii) log 0.048 09303172

Q.6 Simplify the following:
i) 09303173

ii) 09303174

iii) (Board 2014) 09303175

 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND
ALGEBRAIC FORMULAS
Q. Define the Algebraic Expressions. 09304001
Q. Define Polynomials. 09304002
Q. Define Degree of Polynomials. 09304003
Q. Define leading coefficient. 09304004
Q. Define Rational Expression. 09304005
_____________________________________________________________________

Example 1: 09304006
Example:

Simplify(i)
Simplify
Q. What do you mean by Value of Algebraic
Expression? 09304008
(ii)
Example: 09304009
Example 2: 09304007

Evaluate if x = 4 and y=9

Find the product

Exercise 4.1:
Q.1 Identify whether the following algebraic
expression are polynomials (yes or no). 09304010 (iii) 09304018

(i) 09304011 (iv) 09304019

(ii) 09304012 Q.3 Reduce the following rational expression to

the lowest forms. 09304020
(iii) 09304013

(i) 09304021
(iv) 09304014

Q.2 State whether each of the following (ii) 09304022

expression is a rational expression or
not. 09304015

(i) 09304016 (iii) 09304023

(ii) 09304017
(iv) 09304024 Example: 09304045
If a + b = 7 and a  b = 3, then find the
value of (a) (b)
(v) 09304025

Example 1: 09304046

If and then
find the value of .
(vi) (Board 2013) 09304026

Example 2: 09304047
(vii) 09304027
If and then find
Q.4 Evaluate (a) for 09304028 the value of .
(i) x = 3,y = 1, z = 2. 09304029
(ii) x = -1, y = -9, z = 4 09304030
Q.5 Perform the indicated operation and Example 3: 09304048
simplify: 09304032
If and then find the
(i) 09304033 value of

(ii) 09304034 Example 1: 09304049

If 2x and , then find the

(iii) 09304035 value of .

(iv) 09304036
Example 2: 09304050

(v) 09304037
, then find the value of
If
(vi) 09304038
Q.6 Perform the indicated operation and Example 3: 09304051
simplify: 09304039
If then find

(i) 09304040

Example
Factorize 1: 09304052

(ii) 09304041

Example 2: 09304053

(iii) 09304042 Factorize

(iv) 09304043 Example 3: 09304054

Factorize

(v) 09304044
Example 4: 09304055
 Find the continued product of
Find the product

Example 5: 09304056

Exercise 4.2:
Q.1(i) If a + b = 10 and a  b = 6 then find
the value of a2 + b2. (Board 2013) 09304057 Q.13 If , then find the value of
(ii) If a + b = 5, a  b = then find the
value of ab. 09304058 . 09304070
Q.14 Factorize (i) x3 – y3 – x +y 09304071
Q.2 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 45 and a + b + c = (i) x3 – y3 – x + y 09304072
1 find the value of ab + bc + ca.
09304059
Q3. If m+n+p = 10, mn + np + pm = 27 find (ii) 09304073

the value of m2+n2+p2. 09304060

Q.15 Find products, using formulae
09304074
Q.4 If x2 +y2 + z2 = 78 and xy+yz+zx=59 find
the value of x + y + z. 09304061
(i) (x2+y2)(x4–x2y2+y4) 09304075

Q5. If x + y + z = 12 and x2 +y2+z2=64 find (ii) 09304076

the value of xy+yz+zx. 09304062
Q.6 If x + y = 7 and xy = 12 then find the (iii)
value of x3 + y3. 09304063 09304077
Q.7 If 3x + 4y = 11 and xy = 12 then find the (iv).(2x2 –1)(2x2+1)(4x4 + 2x2+1) (4x4 – 2x2
value of 27x3 + 64 y3. 09304064
Q8. If x – y = 4 and xy = 21 then find the + 1)
value of x3 – y3. 09304065 09304078
Q.9 If 5x  6y = 13 and xy = 6 then find the Q. Define Surd. 09304079
value of 125x3 – 216y3. 09304066

Example: 09304080
Q.10If then find the value of .
Simplify by combining similar terms.
09304067
(i) (ii)
Q11. If , then find the value of
Multiplication and Division of Surds
Q.12 If then find the value of
Example: 09304081
09304069 Simplify and express the answer in the
simplest form.

(i) (ii)

Exercise 4.3:
Q.1 Express each of the following surd in (i) 09304083
the simplest form. 09304082
(ii) 09304084
(ii) 09304099

(iii) 09304085
(iii) 09304100
(iv) 09304086
Q.2 Simplify 09304087

(i) 09304088
(Board 2014)
09304101

(ii) 09304089
(iv)
x 2
 y2 
(Board 2013)

09304102

(ii) 09304090
Define Monomial Surd. 09304103
Q. Define Binomial Surd. 09304104
Q. Define Conjugate of Surds. 09304105
(iii) 09304091
Q. What is Rationalization of Surds?
(iv) 09304092 09304106

Q.3 Simplify by combining similar terms:

09304093 Example 1:
(i)
(ii) 09304094 Rationalize the denominator 09304107
09304108
(iii) 09304095
Example 2:
(iv) 09304096
Q.4 Simplify: 09304097
Rationalize the denominator
(i) 09304098

Example 3:

Simplify 09304109

Example 4:
x and y such that Example 5:
Find rational numbers If , then evaluate

and (ii) 09304111

09304110
(i)
 Exercise 4.4:
Q.1 Rationalize the denominator
If find
(i) 09304112 (ii)
09304130

(ii) 09304113
09304131
(iii)If , find

(iii) 09304114
.4 Simplify 09304132

(iv) 09304115
Q

(v) 09304116
Simplify 09304133

(ii)

(vi) 09304117
Simplify
(iii)

.5(i) If , find value of

(vii) 09304118
Q

(viii) 09304119
and 09304135

(Board 2014)
Q.2 Find conjugate of : 09304120

(i) 09304121
If find the value of
(ii) 09304122 (ii)
(iii) 09304123
and 09304136
(iv) 09304124

(v) 09304125 Q.6 Determine the rational numbers a

and b. If
(vi) 09304126

(vii) 09304127
(Board 2014)
(viii) 09304128
09304137

If find 09304129
Q.3

Review Exercise 4 OBJECTIVE

Q.1 Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the correct answer.

1. 4x + 3y - 2 is an algebraic____09304138
(a) Expression (b) Sentence 11. (……………) 09304148
(c) Equation (d) In equation
2. The degree of polynomial 4x4+2x2y is (a) (b)
____ 09304139
(a)1 (b)2
(c) (d)
(c)3 (d)4
12. 2(a2 + b2) = ____ 09304149
3. a3 + b3 is equal to____ 09304140
2 2 (a) (a+b) + (a-b) (b)(a+b)2
2 2
(a) (a-b) (a +ab+b )
(b) (a+b)2- (a-b)2 (d) 4ab
(b) (a+b) (a2-ab + b2)
(c) (a-b) (a2-ab + b2) 13. Order of surd is ____ 09304150

(d) (a-b) (a2 + ab-b2)

(a)3 (b)
4. is equal to:___09304141 (c)0 (d)1
(a) 7 (b) –7 (Board 2013,14,1 5)
(c) –1 (d) 1 14. 09304151
5. Conjugate of Surd is_ 09304142 (a) (b)
(a) (b) (Board 2013) (d) (d)
(d) (d) 15. (a+b)2- (a-b)2 = ________ 09304152
(a)2(a2 + b2) (b)4ab
6. is equal to 09304143 (c)2ab (d)3ab
16. 09304153
(a) (b) (Board 2015) (a) (b)
(c) (d)
17. A surd which contains a single term is
(c) (d) called _______surd. 09304154
(a) Monomial (b) Binomial
(c) Trinomial (d) Conjugate
7. is equal to: 09304144 18. What is the leading coefficient of
(a) (a-b)2 (b) (a+b)2 polynomial ? 09304155
(c) a+b (d) a-b (a) 2 (b) 3
8. is equal to:__ (c) 5 (d) 8
09304145
19. A surd which contains two terms is
(a)a2 + b2 (b) a2- b2 (Board 2014) called _______surd. 09304156

(c)a - b (d) a + b (a) Monomial (b) Binomial

9. The degree of the polynomial x2y2+3xy+y3 (c) Trinomial (d) Conjugate
is ___ 09304146
20. If H.C.F of p(x) and q(x) is ____ then
(a)4 (b)5
(c)6 (d)2 expression is in lowest form.
10. = ………………… 09304147 09304157
(a) (x-2) (x+2) (b) (x-2) (x-2) (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) (x +2) (x+2) (d) (x – 2)2 (c) 2 (d) 3

21. Which of the following is polynomial?

 (a) (b) 09304164
(a) (b) 09304158
(c) (d)
(c) (d)
28. 09304165
22. If and , then value of (a) 3 (b) 7
a is: 09304159
(c) 10 (d) 21
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7 29. Rationalizing factor of is:
23. If and , then value of 09304166
b is _______. 09304160
(a) (b)
(a) 2 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7 (c) (d) 4
30. In the polynomial with the variable x,
24. 09304161 all the powers of x are------ integers.
(a) 12 (b) 9 09304167

(c) 6 (d) 3 (a) non-negative (b) negative

(c) non-positive (d) none of these
25. 31. If the product of two surds is a rational
09304162 number, then each surd is called the
(a) 34 (b) 21 _____ of the other. 09304168
(c) 16 (d) 2 (a) monomial surd (b) binomial surd
26. If is a surd of order n, then “a” is
(c) trinomial surd
____ number. 09304163
(d) rationalizing factor
(a) rational (b) irrational
(c) complex (d) prime 32. Polynomial means an expression with:
27. Which of the following is not surd? (a) one term (b) two terms 09304169
(c) three terms (d) many terms

Q.2 Fill in the blanks. 09304170

(i) The degree of the polynomial x2 y2 + 3xy + y3 is ……..….. 09304171
(ii) x2 – 4 = ……..….. 09304172

(iii) x3 + = ………………… 09304173

(iv) 2(a2 + b2) = (a + b)2 + ……………. 09304174

(v) = …………… 09304175

(vi) Order of surd is ………… 09304176

(vii) = …………… 09304177

____________________________________________________________________

Q.3 If find 09304178 09304179 (ii) 09304180

(i)
Q.4 If find 09304181
Simplify
2x  y
(ii)
09304182 (ii) 09304183 09304196
(i)
Q9. Simplify:
Q.5 Find value of and if

and 09304184 09304197

Q.6 If find 09304185 Q10. Simplify:

(i) 09304186 (ii) 09304187 09304198

09304188 (iv)
(iii) Q11. Simplify:
09304189

09304199
Q.7 If q = + 2 Find 09304190
Q12. Factorize:
09304200
+ 09304191 (ii) q – 09304192
(i) q
(iii) q2 + 09304193 (iv) q2 – 09304194 Q13. Rationalize the denominator of:

09304201
Q.8 Simplify 09304195
 FACTORIZATION

Q. Define Factorization. 09305001 25x2+40x+16 =(5x)2+2(5x)(4) + (4)2

(i) Factorization of the Expression of the = (5x+4)2
type ka + kb + kc. = (5x+4) (5x+4)
Example 1 09305002 Example 2 09305007
Factorize 5a-5b+5c Factorize 12x2–36x+27
Example 2 09305003 (iv) Factorization of the Expression of the
Factorize 5a – 5b – 15c type a2 – b2.
(ii) Factorization of the Expression of the Example 1 Factorize 09305008
type ac + ad + bc + bd (i) 4x2 –(2y  z)2 (ii)6x4 – 96
Example 1 09305004
Factorize 3x  3a + xy ay (v)Factorization of the Expression of the
Example 2 (Board 2013) 09305005 types a2 2ab + b2 – c2.
Factorize pqr + qr pr r
2 2 3

(iii)Factorization of the Expression of the Example 09305009

type . Factorize (i)

Example 1 09305006
2 (ii)
Factorize 25x + 16 + 40x.
Solution:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5.1
Q.1 Factorize: 09305010

09305011 09305022

09305012
09305023
09305013
09305024
09305014 Q.4 Factorize:
0930 09305025
5015
09305026

09305027
09305016
09305028
Q.2 Factorize:
Q.5 Factorize:
09305017
09305029
09305018
09305030
09305019
09305031
09305020
Q.3 Factorize: (Board
09305021 2014)09305032

(Board 2014)09305033
 09305034 Factorize
(a) Factorization of the Expression of
type a4+a2b2 + b4 or a4 + 4b4 09305035
Example 2 Factorize
09305041
Example 1 09305036
Example 3 09305042
Factorize
Factorize
Example 2
(e) Factorization of Expressions of the
Factorize 09305037 following Types
(b) Factorization of the Expression of the
type .
Example 09305038 Example: 09305043

Factorize (i) (ii) Factorize

(c) Factorization of the Expression of the (f) Factorization of Expressions of the
type following types
We recall the formulas,
Example Factorize (i) 09305039

(ii) (iii)
(d) Factorization of the following types of Example 1 09305044
Expressions.
Factorize
Example 2 (Board 2014) 09305045

Factorize
Example 1 09305040

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 5.2
Q.1 Factorize: 09305046 Q.3 Factorize:
09305057
09305047
(L.B. 2014) 09305058
09305048
09305059
09305049 2
(iv) 5x 16x  21 09305060
09305050
09305061
09305051
(Board 2013)
09305062
09305052
09305063
Q.2 Factorize:
09305053
09305064
09305054 Q.4 Factorize:
09305055
09305065
09305056
09305066
(iii) (x  2) ( x 3) (x  4) (x  5) 15 09305067 Application of reminder theorem:
Example 1 09305079

09305068 Find the remainder when is

09305069
divided by
Q.5 Factorize: (i) x – 3 (ii) x + 3 (iii) 3x + 1 (iv) x=0
Example 2 09305080
(Board 2014) 09305070
Find the value of k if the expression
09305071
leaves a remainder of 2
09305072 when divided by .
093050073 Q. Define Zero of a polynomial. 09305081
Q.6 Factorize: Q. Define Factor Theorem. 09305082
Example 1 09305083
09305074
Determine if is a factor of
09305075

09305076 Example 2 09305084

(Board 2014)
Find a polynomial of degree 3 that
09305077
has 2, 1, and 3 as zeros (i.e., roots).
09305078
Q. Define Remainder Theorem.

Exercise 5.3
Q.1 Use the remainder theorem to find Q.4 For what value of m is the polynomial
the remainder, when. 09305085
exactly divisible by
x+2? 09305096
09305086 Q.5 Determine the value of k if
09305087 and q (x)= x3 – 4x + k.
is divided by (x + 2) Leaves the same remainder when divided
09305088 by x3. 09305097
Q.6 The remainder of dividing the
is divided by
2x+1 09305089 polynomial by (x + 1) is
2b. Calculate the value of ‘a’ and ‘b’ if this
is divided by x + 2
09305090
expression leaves a remainder of (b + 5) on
Q.2(i) If (x+2) is a factor of being divided by (x  2) 09305098

Q.7 The polynomial has

then find the value(s) of k.
09305091 a factor (x + 4) and it leaves a remainder of
36 when divided by (x2). Find the value of
(ii) If (x 1) is factor of
and m. (Board 2013) 09305099
then find the value of k. 09305092
Q.3 Without actual long division determine Q.8 The Expression leaves
whether 09305093 remainder of 3 and 12 when divided by
(i) (x  2) and (x  3) are factors of (x1) and (x+2) respectively. Calculate the
09305094 values of and m. 09305100

(ii)(x – 2), (x + 3) and (x  4) are factors of Q.9 The expression is

09305095 exactly divisible by . Find the
values of a and b. 09305101
 is a zero of P(x).
Q. Define Rational Root Theorem.09305102
Example 09305103 Hence is the third factor of P(x).
Factorize the polynomial , by Thus the factorized form of
using Factor Theorem.
 Exercise 5.4
Factorize each of the following cubic
polynomials by factor theorem. 09305104
Q.1 09305105
So, x = 2 is a zero of P(x).
Q.2 09305106

Q.3 09305107
Solution:
Let

Expected zeros of P(x) are  1,  2, 5

So, x = 1 is not a zero of P(x)

Q.4 09305108

Q.5 09305109
So, x = 1 is a zero of P(x).
Q.6 09305110

Q. 7 09305111

Q.8 (Board 2015) 09305112

 Review Exercise 5 OBJECTIVE
Q.1 Multiple Choice Questions. Chose the correct answer.
33. The factor of x25x+6 are: __ 09305113 (c) 4 (d) 5
2
(a) x +1, x  6 (b) x 2, x3 (Board 2014) 42. 4a +4ab+(…..) is a complete square
2
(c) x + 6, x 1 (d) x +2 , x + 3 (a) b (b) 2b 09305122
2 2
3 3
34. Factors of 8x + 27y are:___ 09305114 (c) a (d) 4b
(a) (2x+3y) (4x29y2)
(b) (2x-3y) (4x2 – 9y2)
(c) (2x + 3y) (4x2 – 6xy + 9y2) 43. 09305123

(d) (2x3y) (4x2 + 6xy + 9y2)

35. Factors of 3x2 x2 are:(Board 2013,14)09305115
(a) (x+1) (3x2) (b) (x+1) (3x+2) (a) (b)
(c) (x1) (3x2) (d)(x1) (3x+2)
36. Factors of a4 4b4 are: ___ 09305116
(c) (d)
(a) (ab) (a+b) (a2+4b2) (Board 2014) 2
44. (x+y) (x – xy + y2) = ___ 09305124
(b) (a22b2) (a2 + 2b2)
(a) x  y3 3 3
(b) x + y 3
(c) (ab) (a+b) (a24b2) 3
2 2 (c) (x+y) (d) (x – y)3
(d) (a2b) (a + 2b ) 45. Factors of x4 – 16 is ___ 09305125
37. What will be added to complete the 2
(a) (x2)
square of 9a212ab?___ 09305117
(b) (x2) (x+2) (x2+4)
(a) –16 b2 (b) 16 b2 (Board 2013, 15)
(c) (x2) (x+2)
(c) 4b2 (d) –4b2
(d) (x+2)2
38. Find m so that x2 + 4x+m is a complete
46. Factors of 3x – 3a + xy – ay. 09305126
square: 09305118
(a) (3+y) (xa) (b) (3y) (x+a)
(a) 8 (b) 8
(c) (3y) (xa) (d) (3+y) (x+a)
(c) 4 (d) 16
47. Factors of pqr + qr2 –pr2 – r3 is: 09305127
39. Factors of 5x2 – 17xy 12y2 are___09305119
(a) r(p+r) (qr)
(a) (x+4y) (5x+3y) (b) (x4y) (5x – 3y)
(c) (x4y) (5x + 3y) (d) (5x – 4y) (x +3y) (b) r(pr) (q + r)
(c) r(pr) (qr)
(d) r(p+r) (q+r)
40. Factors of are___ 09305120
48. If is a factor of , then remaider
is: 09305128
(a) (b)
(a)
(c) (d) 1
(b) 49. What is the value of at
? 09305129

(a) (b) 3
(c) (c) – 3 (d) 4
50. What is the value of

(d) at ?
09305130
41. If x–2 is a factor of
p(x) = x2+2kx+8, then k = __ 09305121
(a) 9 (b) 8
(a) –3 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 7
51. 09305131
(a) zero (b) a
(c) p (a) (d) (x – a)
(a) (b)
55. If a polynomial can be expressed
(c) (d)
as , then each of the
52. 09305132
polynomial and is called a
(a)
_________ of . 09305135

(b) (a) remainder (b) factor

(c) zero (d) product
(c) 56. (x – y) (x + xy + y2) = ___ 09305136
2

(a) x3 y3 (b) x3 + y3

(c) (x+y)3 (d) (x – y)3
(d)
53. How many factors of a cubic expression
are there? 09305133
(a) zero (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
54. If a polynomial is divided by a
linear divisor , then the
remainder is: 09305134

Q.2.Completion items fill in the blanks. 09305137

i. x2 + 5x + 6 = …………. 09305138
ii. 4a2 – 16 = ………….. 09305139
iii. 4a2 + 4ab + (………) is a complete square. 09305140

iv. = ……….. 09305141

v.(x + y) (x2 – xy + y2) = ………. 09305142

vi. Factorized form of x4 – 16 is 09305143
vii. If x – 2 is a factor of p(x) = x2+2kx + 8, then k = ……. 09305144

Q.3.Factorize the following:

(i) x2 + 8x + 16 – 4y2 09305145
(ii) 4x2 – 16y2 09305146
(iii)9x2 + 27 x + 8 09305147

(iv) 1 – 64 09305148

(v) 8x3 – 09305149

2
(vi) 2y + 5y – 3 09305150
(vii) x3 + x2 – 4x – 4 09305151
(viii) 25m2 n2 + 10mn + 1 09305152
2 2
(ix) 1 – 12 pq + 36 p q 09305153
Q.4.Factorize the following:
(i) 09305154

(ii) 09305155
(iii) 09305156

(iv) 09305157

(v) 09305158

Q5. What will be added to complete the square of ? 09305159

Q6. Find m so that x2 + 4x+m is a complete square. 09305160
 ALGEBRAIC MANIPULATION

Q. Define Highest Common Factor (H.C.F) By factorization, find (i) H.C.F (ii) L.C.M of
09306001
Q. Define Least Common Multiple (L.C.M) and q(x)=8
09306002 Establish a relation between , and
Q. Write the name of Methods to find H.C.F and L.C.M of the expressions and
H.C.F: 09306003
.
H.C.F. by Factorization:
Example 1: 09306008
Example: 09306004
Find H.C.F of the polynomials,
Find the H.C.F of the following polynomials.

H.C.F. by Division:
Example: 09306005 Then using the above formula (I) find the
Use division method to find the H.C.F. of L.C.M of and .
the polynomials Example 2: Find the L.C.M of 09306009

and
Example: 09306006
Application of H.C.F. and L.C.M
Find the L.C.M of Example: 09306010
The sum of two numbers is 120 and their
Relation between H.C.F and L.C.M: H.C.F is 12. Find the numbers.
Example: 09306007

Exercise 6.1
Q.1 Find the H.C.F of the following
expressions. 09306011
(ii) 09306022

(i) and 09306012

(ii) and 09306013 (iii) 09306023

Q.2 Find the H.C.F of the following

expressions by factorization. 09306014 Q.4 Find the L.C.M of the following
2 2
(i) x + 5x + 6 , x – 4x – 12 09306015 expressions: 09306024

(ii) 09306016 (i) and 09306025

(iii) 09306017 (ii) and

(Board 2015) 09306018 Q.5 Find the L.C.M of the following
(v) 09306019
expressions by factorization: 09306027
Q.3 Find the H.C.F of the following by (i) and (Board 2013)
division method. 09306020
(ii)
(i) Solution: By factorization 09306029

09306021
(iii)
(iv) 09306031 . If one polynomial is
Q.6 For what value of is , the and the second polynomial is
H.C.F of and ? find the value of .
09306032 09306036
Q.11 Waqas wishes to distribute 128
Q.7 If is the H.C.F of bananas and also 176 apples equally among
a certain number of children. Find the
and
highest number of the children who can get
find and . the fruit in this way. 09306037
09306033 Basic Operation on algebraic Fractions
Q.8 The L.C.M and H.C.F of two Example 1: Simplify:
polynomials and are
and respectively. If 09306038

, find . 09306034
Example 2: 09306039

Q.9 Let and Express the product as an

algebraic expression reduced lowest form
. If the H.C.F. of
is find their
L.C.M. 09306035
Example 3: Divide by
Q.10 Let the product of L.C.M and
and simplify by reducing to lowest form.
H.C.F of two polynomials be
: 09306040

Exercise 6.2
Simplify each of the following as a rational
expression. 09306041
Q.7
09306048

Q.1 09306042 Q.8 What rational expression should be

subtracted from to get

Q.2 09306043
09306049
Perform the indicated operations and
Q.3 09306044
simplify to the lowest forms. 09306050

Q.4 09306045 Q.9 09306051

Q.5 09306046 Q.10 09306052

Q.11 09306053
Q.6 where 09306047

Q.12 09306054
so
Q.13
Q. Define square root of algebraic
expression. 09306055
Square Root by factorization Example 2: 09306059
Example 1: 09306056 Find the square root of the expression
Use factorization to find the square
root of the expression
Example 3: 09306060
Example 2: 09306057 To make the expression
Find the square root of
a perfect square,
(i) What should be added to it?
(ii) What should be subtracted from it?
Square Root by Division Method (iii) What should be the value of x?
Example 1: 09306058
Find the square root of

Exercise 6.3
Q.1 Use factorization to find the square root of the following expressions. 09306061

(i) 09306062 (iii) 09306074

(ii) ( x  0) 09306063 (iv) 09306075

(iii) (Board 2013) 09306064 (v)

09306076
(iv) Q.3 Find the value of for which the
09306065 following expressions will become a perfect
squares. 09306077

(i) 09306078
(v) 09306066
(ii) 09306079

Q.4 Find the values of and ‘ ’ for which

(vi) 09306067 the following expressions will become
perfect squares. 09306080

(i) 09306081
(vii)
09306068 (ii) 09306082

(viii) 09306069
Q.5 To make the expression
a perfect
(ix) square 09306083
09306070
Q.2 Use division method to find the square (i) What should be added to it? 09306084
root of the following expressions. (ii) What should be subtracted from it?
09306085
(Board 2014) 09306071
(iii) What should be the value of ‘ ’?09306086
(i) 09306072

ii) 09306073
Review Exercise 6 OBJECTIVE
Q.1 No.1 Choose the correct answer.
57. H.C.F of p3qpq3 and p5q2 p2q5 is _
(a) pq(p2q2) (b)pq(pq) 09306087
(c) (d)
2 2
(c) p q (pq) (d)pq(p q )(Board 2014)
3 3

58. H.C.F. of 5x2y2 and 20 x3y3 is:___ 09306088

(a) 5x2y2 (b) 20 x3y3 68. Simplify = 09306098
(c) 100 x5y5 (d) 5xy
59. H.C.F of x – 2 and x2 + x – 6 is _ 09306089
(a) (b)
(a)x2 + x – 6 (b) x + 2 (Board 2014)
(c)x – 2 (d) x + 3
60. H.C.F of a3 + b3 and a2 – ab + b2 is ___ (c) (d)
(Board 2013) 09306090
(a)a + b (b) a2 – ab + b2
(c)(ab)2 (d) a2 + b2 69. Simplify  = 09306199
61. H.C.F of x –5x+6 and x2–x–6
2

is __: 09306091 (a) (b)

(a) x – 3 (b) x + 2
(c) x2 4 (d) x  2
62. H.C.F of a b and a3 – b3 is___
2 2 (c) (d)
(a) a – b (b) a + b 09306092
(c) a + ab + b (d) a2–ab + b2
2 2
70. Simplify: 09306100
63. H.C.F of x2 + 3x + 2, x2 + 4 x +3,
x2 + 5x + 4 is: 09306093
(a) (b)
(a) x+1 (b)
(c) (x + 3) (d) (x +4) (x + 1)
64. L.C.M of 15x2,45xy and 30 xyz is: (c) (d)
(Board 2013, 14, 15) 09306094
71. The square root of a2 – 2a +1 is _ 09306101
(a) 90 xyz (a)  (a+1) (b) (a1)
(b) 90x2yz (c) a1 (d) a+ 1
(c) 15 xyz 72. What should be added to complete the
(d) 15x2yz square of x4 + 64? 09306102
2 2
65. L.C.M of a2+b2 and a4b4 is:__ 09306095 (a) 8x (b) –8x
(a) a2 + b2 (b) a2 – b2 (Board 2013, 15) (c) 16x2 (d) 4x2
4 4
(c) a – b (d) a – b
66. The product of two algebraic 73. The square root of is __ 09306103
expression is equal to the ___ of their
H.C.F and L.C.M. 09306096
(a) (b)
(a)Sum (b) Difference
(c)Product (d) Quotient
(c) (d)
67. Simplify 09306097
74. The square root of 4x2–12x+9 is:
(a) (2x – 3) 09306104
(b) (2x + 3)
(a) (b) (c) (2x + 3)2
(d) (2x – 3)2
75. L.C.M = ___ 09306105

(a) (b)
80. 09306110

(c) (d)
76. H.C.F. = ___ 09306106 (a) (b)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(c) (d) 81. If , then is: 09306111

77. L.C.M x H.C.F =...... 09306107

(a) (b) (a) (b)

(c) (d) None
78. Any unknown expression may be found (c) (d)
if ____ of them are known by using 82. How many methods are used to find
the relation 09306108 H.C.F of given expressions? 09306112
L.C.M x H.C.F = p(x) x q(x) (a) one (b) two
(a) Two (b) Three (c) three (d) four
(c) Four (d) None 83. How many methods are used to find
square root of given expression?09306113
79. The H.C.F of and
(a) one (b) two
is: 09306109 (c) three (d) four
L.C.M x H.C.F = p(x) x q(x)
(a) 84. If , then is
(b) called _______ of . 09306114
(a) square (b) square root
(c) (c) L.C.M. (d) H.C.F.
(d)
Q.2 Find H.C.F of 8x4 – 128, 12x3 – 96 by Q12. Find H.C.F. of and
factorization. 09306115 09306126
Q.3 Find H.C.F of y3 + 3y2 – 3y – 9, y3 + Q13. Find H.C.F of and .
3y2 – 8y – 24 by division method. 09306127
09306116
Q14.Find L.C.M of and .
Q.4 Find L.C.M of 12x2 –75, 6x2–13x – 5, 09306128
4x2 – 20x +25 by factorization. 09306117 Q15. Find L.C.M of and
Q.5 If H.C.F of x4+3x3+5x2+26x+56 and 09306129
x4 + 2x3 – 4 x2 – x + 28 is x2 + 5x + 7, find Q16. Find H.C.F of and .
their L.C.M. 09306118 09306130
Q.6 Simplify (Board 2014)
Q17. Find H.C.F of
and . 09306131
(i) 09306119

Q18. Simplify:
(ii) (Board 2014)
09306132
09306120
Q.7 Find square root by using factorization
Q19. Simplify:
09306121 09306133
Q.8 Find square root by using division
method. 09306122 Q20. Simplify: 09306134

Q21. Simplify:
Q9. Find H.C.F of and . 09306135
09306123

Q10. Find H.C.F of 09306124

Q11. Find H.C.F. of and .

09306125
 LINEAR EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
Q. Define linear equation in one variable
and write down its standard form. Solve the equation 09307005
09307001 Example 22 09307006
Q. What is Solution of Equation? 09307002
Q. Define Equivalent Equations. 09307003
Solve
Q. Define Identity. 09307004
Example 3 09307007
Q. Define inconsistent equation.
Example 1:
Solve
Q. Define Radical Equation. 09307008 Example 2 09307011
Q. What is Extraneous Solution? 09307009
Example 1 Solve the equations 09307010 Solve and check:  =0
Example 3 09307012
(a) (b)
Solve

Exercise 7.1
Q.1 Solve the following equations. 09307013 Q.2 Solve each equation and check for
extraneous solution, if any. 09307024
(i) 09307014

(i) 09307025
(ii) (Board 2014) 09307015

(ii) (Board 2015) 09307026

(iii) 09307016

(iv) 09307017
(Board 2014) 09307027

(iv) 09307028
(v) 09307018

(vi) , 09307019 (Board 2015)

(v) 09307029
(vii)
09307020
(vi) 09307030

(vii) or 09307031

(viii) 09307021

(Board 2014) (viii) 09307032

(ix) 09307022 Q. Define Absolute Valued Equation.

09307033
Example 1: 09307034
(x) Solve and check |2x + 3| = 11
09307023 (Board 2014)
Example 2: 09307035 Example 3:
Solve |8x  3| = |4x + 5| (Board 2015) Solve and check |3x + 10| = 5x + 6 09307036

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 7.2
Q.1 Identify the following statements as
True or False. 09307037 (vi) 09307049

(i) has only one solution. 09307038

(ii) All absolute value equations (vii) 09307050
have two solutions. 09307039

(iii) The equation is 09307040 (viii) (Board 2015) 09307051

equivalent to .
(iv) The equation
has no solution. 09307041
Example 1: 09307052

Solve
(v) The equation is
Example 2: 09307053
equivalent to
or 09307042
Solve , where .
Q.2 Solve for ‘ ’. 09307043
Example 3 Solve the double inequality
(i) 09307044

2 < , where . 09307054

(ii) 09307045 Example 4: 09307055

Solve the inequality
(iii) (Board 2013) 09307046

(iv) 09307047

(v) 09307048

Exercise 7.3
Q.1 Solve the following inequalities. 09307056 Q.2 Solve the following inequalities. 09307065
(i) 09307057 (i) 09307066

(ii) 09307058

(ii) 09307067

(iii) 09307059

(iii) 09307068
(iv) 09307060
(iv) 09307069

(v) 09307061 (v) (Board 2014) 09307070

(vi)
(vi) 09307071
09307062
(vii) 09307072
(vii) 09307063
(viii) 09307073

(viii) 09307064
Review Exercise 1 OBJECTIVE
Q.1 Choose the correct answer:
85. Which of the following is the solution of 93. Absolute value of a real number a is
the inequality 3 – 4x  11? defined as: 09307082
(Board 2014) 09307074
(a) 8 (b) 2
(a)

(c) (d) None of these

86. A statement involving any of the (b)
symbols <, > or  or  is called:
09307075
(a) Equation (c)
(b) Identity (d) None of these
(c) Inequality 94. is equivalent to: 09307083
(d) Linear equation (a) x = a or x = a
87. x = ________ is a solution of the

(b)
inequality 2 < x < 09307076

(c)
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) (d) None of these
88. If x is no larger than 10, then: 95. A linear inequality in one variable x is:
(Board 2015) 09307077 09307084
(a) (b) (a) a x + b > 0, a0
(c) x < 10 (d) x > 10 (b) ax + bx + c < 0, a  0
2

89. If the capacity c of an elevator is at (c) ax +by + c > 0, a  0

most 1600 pounds, then_ 09307078 (d) ax2 + by2 + c < 0, a  0
(Board 2013, 15)
(a) c < 1600 (b) 96. Law of Trichotomy is …
(c) (d) c > 1600 09307085
90. x=0 is a solution of the inequality: (a) a < b or a = b or a > b
(Board 2014) 09307079 (b) a < b or a = b
(a) x > 0 (c) a < b or a > b
(b) 3x + 5 < 0 (d) None of these
(c) x + 2 < 0 97. Transitive law is____ 09307086

(d) x  2 < 0 (a) a < b and b < c, then a < c

91. The linear equation in one variable x is: (b) a > b and b < c, then a > c
09307080 (c) a > b and b < c, then a = c
(a) ax + b = 0 (d) None of these
(b) ax2 + bx + c = 0 98. If a > b, c > 0 then: 09307087

(c) ax + by + c = 0 (a) a c < bc (b) ac > bc

(d) ax2 + by2 + c = 0 (c) ac = bc (d) ac bc
92. An inconsistent equation is that whose 99. If a > b, c > 0 then: 09307088
solution set is: 09307081
(a) Empty (b) Not empty
(c) Zero (d) Positive
 107. A _ equation is an equation that is
(a) (b) satisfied by atleast one number but
is not an identity: 09307096
(a) Identity (b) Conditional
(c) (d) (c) Inconsistent (d) None
100. If a > b, c < 0, then: 108. x + 4 = 4 + x is _ equation: 09307097
09307089 (a) Identity (b) Conditional
(c) Inconsistent (d) None
(a) (b) 109. 2x + 1 = 9 is ___ equation: 09307098
(a) Identity (b) Conditional
(c) Inconsistent (d) None
(c) (d)
110. x = x + 5 is ___ equation: 09307199
101. If a, b  R then: b 0 09307090
(a) Identity (b) Conditional
(c) Inconsistent (d) None
(a) (b) 111. Equations having exactly the same
solution are called ___ equations.
(c) (a) equivalent (b) Linear 09307100
(c) Inconsistent (c) In equations
(d) 112. A solution that does not satisfy the
102. When the variable in an equation original equation is called ____
occurs under a radical, the equation solution: 09307101
is called a _______ equation. (a) Extraneous (b) Root
09307091 (c) General (d) Proper
(a) Radical (b) Absolute value
113. If is positive, then: 09307102
(c) Linear (d) None of these
(a) (b)
103. has only ___ solution. 09307092
(c) (d)
(a) one (b) two
114. If is negative, then: 09307103
(c) three (d) none of these
(a) (b)
104. The equation is equivalent to: (c) (d)
(a) 115. If is zero, then: 09307104
09307093
(a) (b)
(b) x = –2 or x = 2
(c) (d)
116. If then is:
(c) x = 2 or x =
09307105
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(d) x = 2 or x = (c) Zero (d) Complex
105. An __ is equation that is satisfied by 117. If , then is: 09307106
every number for which both sides (a) Positive (b) Negative
are defined: 09307094
(c) Zero (d) Complex
(a) Identity (b) Conditional 118. Which of the following inequality is
(c) Inconsistent (c) In equation strict? 09307107
106. An__ equation is an equation whose
(a) (b)
solution set is the empty set: 09307095
(a) Identity (b) Conditional (c) (d)
(c) Inconsistent (d) None 119. Which of the following inequality is
non-strict? 09307108
 (a) (b) (a) zero (b) positive
(c) negative (d) fractional
(c) (d)
120. If and , then 09307119
123. If and , then: 09307112
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(a) (b)
121. If and , then 09307110

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(c) (d)
122. The sign of inequality is reversed if
each side is multiplied by _____ real
number. 09307111

Q.2 Identify the following statements as True or False. 09307113

(i) The equation 3x – 5 = 7 – x is a linear equation. 09307114
(ii) The equation x – 0.3x = 0.7x is an identity. 09307115
(iii) The equation -2x + 3 = 8 is equivalent to –2x = 11. 09307116
(iv) To eliminate fractions, we multiply each side of an equation by the L.C.M. of
denominators 09307117
(v) 4(x + 3) = x + 3 is a conditional equation. 09307118
(vi) The equation 2(3x + 5) = 6x + 12 is an inconsistent equation. 09307119

(vii)To solve x = 12, we should multiply each side by . 09307120

(viii) Equations having exactly the same solution are called equivalent equations. 09307121
(ix) A solution that does not satisfy the original equation is called extraneous solution. 09307122
_________________________________________________________________________
Q.3 Answer the following short Q.5 Solve for x 09307129
questions. 09307123
(i) 09307130
(i) Define a linear inequality in one
variable. 09307124
(ii) State the trichotomy and transitive (ii) 09307131

properties of inequality. 09307125 Q.6 Solve the following inequality. 09307132

(iii) The formula relating degrees

Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius is (i) 09307133

. For what value of C is F < 0?

(iv) Seven times the sum of an integer and
(ii) 09307134
12 is at least 50 and at most 60. Write and
09307135
solve the inequality that expresses this Q7. Solve:
relationship. 09307126
Q.4 Solve each of the following and check
for extraneous solution, if any. Q.8 What are strict and non strict
09307118 inequalities?
(i) 09307127
Squaring both sides
(ii) 09307128
 LINEAR GRAPHS AND THEIR
APPLICATION
Q. Define Ordered Pair of Real Numbers.
09308001 (b) Triangle
Q. Define Cartesian Plane. 09308002 Example1: 09308006
Q. What do you mean by coordinates of a Plot the points P(3, 2), Q(6, 7) and R(9, 3).
point ?
Q Define abscissa and ordinate.
Q. What is a line segment?

Drawing different geometrical Shapes in Example 2: 09308007

Cartesian Plane For points O(0, 0), P(3, 0) and
(a) Line-Segment R(3, 3), the triangle OPR is constructed.
Example 1: 09308003
Let P(2, 2) and Q(6, 6) be two points.

Example 2: 09308004 (c) Rectangle

Plot points P(2, 2) and Q(6, 2). By joining
them, we get a line segment PQ parallel to x- Example 1 09308008

axis, Plot the points P(2, 3), Q(2, 0), S(2, 0)

and R (2, 3). Joining the points P, Q ,S and
Example 3: 09308005 R, we get a rectangle PQSR.
Plot points P(3, 2) and Q(3, 7). By joining
them, we get a line segment PQ parallel to
y-axis. In this graph abscissas of both points
are equal.

Exercise 8.1:
Q.7 Determine the quadrant of the 09308024
coordinate plane in which the following (i) x = 2
points lie. 09308009 (ii)
Ans.
(iii) (Board 2015)
(i) P (4, 3)IIquadrant(Board 2013)
(ii) Q (5, 2) IIIquadrant (iv)
(iii) P (2, 2) Iquadrant
(iv) S(2, 6) IVquadrant(Board 2013) (v)
2.Draw the graph of each of the following.09308010 (vi)
(i) x = 2 09308011 (ii) x = – 3 09308012 (vii)y = 3x(Board 2014)
(iii) y = – 1 09308013 (iv) y = 3 09308014 Table for y = 3x
(v) y = 0 09308015 (vi) x = 0 09308016 x –1 0 1
(vii) y = 3x 09308017 (viii) – y = 2x0930818
y –3 0 3
(ix) 09308019 (x) 3y = 5x09308020
(xi) 2x – y = 009308021 (xii)2x – y = 209308022 (viii) y = 2x
xiii)x – 3y + 1=009308023(xiv) 3x – 2y + 1 = 0
 Table for –y = 2x
x –1 0 1

y 2 0 –2 Q.3 Are the following lines: 09308025

(i) Parallel to xaxis
(ii) Parallel to yaxis
(ix) x = (i) 2x  1 = 3 09308026
(x) 3y = 5x

2x = 3 + 1x = =2
Table for 3y = 5x
Parallel to yaxis
x –3 0 3

y –5 0 5 (ii) x + 2 = 1 09308027
 x =12
x = 3
(xi) 2x–y = 0 (Board 2014) Parallel to yaxis
Table for 2x – y = 0
x –1 0 1 (iii) 2y + 3 = 2 09308028

y –2 0 2  2y = 2  3y =
Parallel to xaxis
(xii)2x  y = 2 (iv) x + y = 0 09308029
Table for 2x – y = 2  x = y
or 2x – 2 = y Graph of x = y is neither parallel to x-axis
y = 2x -2 nor parallel to y-axis but passes through the
x 0 1 2 3 origin.
(v) 2x  2y = 0 09308030
y –2 0 2 4
2x = 2y
x=y
Graph of x = y is neither parallel to x-axis nor
(xiii) x  3y + 1 = 0
parallel to y-axis but passes through the origin.
Table for x – 3y + 1 = 0
or x + 1 = 3y Q.4 Find the value of m and c of the
3y = x +1 following lines by expressing them in
the form y = mx + c 09308031
y= (a) 2x + 3y  1 = 0 09308032
x –1 2 5 (b) x 2y = 2 09308033
(c) 3x + y  1 = 0 09308034
y 0 1 2 (d) 2x  y = 7 09308035
(e) 3  2x + y = 0 09308036
(f) 2x = y + 3 09308037
(xiv) 3x2y + 1 = 0
Q.5Verify whether the following points lies
or 3x + 1 = 2y
on the line 2x  y + 1 = 0 or not. 09308038
(i) (2, 3)  x = 2, y = 3 09308039
2y = 3x +1 y= (ii) (0, 0)  x = 0, y = 0 09308040
Table for 3x2y + 1 = 0 (iii)(1, 1)  x = 1, y = 1 09308041
x –1 1 3 (iv) (2, 5)  x = 2, y = 5 09308042
(v) (5, 3)  x = 5, y = 3 09308043
y –1 2 5
Conversion Graphs
(a) Example: (Kilometre (Km) and Mile (M) Graphs) 09308044
To draw the graph between kilometre (Km) and Miles (M), we use the following relation:
One kilometre = 0.62 miles,
(approximately)
AndOne mile = 1.6 km (approximately)

(ii) The conversion graph of kilometer C 0o 10o 20o 50o 100o…

against mile is given by
y = 1.6x (approximately) F 32o 50o 68o 122o 212o…
If y represents kilometers and x a mile, then
the values x and y are tabulated as: (d) Conversion graph of US$ and Pakistani
x 0 1 2 3 4 …. Currency 09308047
The daily News, on a particular day
y 0 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 … informed the conversion rate of Pakistani
currency to the US$ currency as.
(b)Conversion Graph of Hectares andAcres 1 US$ = 66.46 Rupees
(i)The relation between Hectare and Acre is If the Pakistani currency y is an expression
of US$ x, expressed under the rule
defined as: Hectare = Acres
= 2.5 Acres (approximately) y = 66.46 x  66x (approximately)
In case when hectare = x and Then draw the conversion graph.
acre= y, then relation between them is given
by the equation, y = 2.5x
If x is represented as hectare along the
horizontal axis and y as Acre along
y-axis, the values are tabulated below:
x 0 1 2 3 4 ….

Y 0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10 ….

(c) Conversion Graph of Degrees Celsius
and Degrees Fahrenheit 09308045
(i) The relation between Celsius (C) and
degree Fahrenheit (F) is given by

F C + 32 09308046

The value of Fat C = 0 is obtained as

F= 0 + 32 = 0 + 32 = 32
Similarly,

F= 10 + 32 = 18 + 32 = 50,

F= 20 + 32 = 36 + 32 = 68,

F= 100 + 32 = 180 + 32 = 212

We tabulate the values of C and F.
x 1 2 3 4…

y 66 132 198 264 …

 Exercise 8.2:
Q.1Draw the conversion graph between 1 (a) x3y + 2 = 0 09308053
litre and gallons using the relation 9 litres = (b) 3x  2y  1 = 0 09308054
2 gallons (approximately) and taking litres (c) 2y  x + 2 = 0 09308055
along horizontal axis and gallons along (d) y2x = 0 y = 2x 09308056
vertical axis.From the graph,read:09308048 (e) 3y – 1 = 0 09308057
(i) The number of gallons in 18 litres09308049 (f) y + 3x = 0 09308058
(ii) The number of litres in 8 gallons09308050 (g) 2x + 6 = 0 09308059
Q.2 On 15.03.2008 the exchange rate of Q.4 Draw the graph for following
Pakistani currency and Saudi Riyal was as, relations: 09308060
under 1 S. Riyal = 16.70 rupees. (i) One mile=1.6 km 09308061
If Pakistani currency y is an expression of Let mile be represented by x and km
S.Riyal x, expressed under the rule y = by y:
16.70x then draw conversion graph between y =1.6 x
two currencies by taking S. Riyal along (ii) One acre =0.4 Hectare 09308062
xaxis. 09308051 Let acres = x
Q.3 Sketch the graph of each of the Hectare = y
following lines: 09308052

(iii) (Board 2014)

09308063

The value of F at C = 0 is obtained as

We tabulate the values of C and F

C 0o 5 o 10 15 20 25
o o o o

F 32 41 50 59 68 77
o o o o o o

iv. One Rupee = $ Or 86 Rupees = 1 $ Or 1$ = 86 Rupees 09308064

Let dollarsare x and rupees are y
y = 86x.
 x 0 1 2 3 4

y 0 86 172 258 344

Example 09308065
Solve graphically, the following linear system ................(i)
of two equations in two variables andy;
…………..(ii)

Exercise 8.3:
Solve the following pair of equations in x and y graphically. 09308066
Q.1 x + y = 0 and 2x  y + 3 = 009308067
Q.2 x  y + 1 = 0 and x  2y = 1
09308068
Q.3 2x + y = 0 and x + 2y = 2 09308069
Q.4 x + y  1 = 0 09308070
x y + 1 = 0
Q.5 2x + y  1 = 0, x = y 09308071

Review Exercise 8OBJECTIVE

Q.1 Chose the correct answers.

124. If (x–1, y+1) = (0, 0), then (x, y) is:09308072 (a) Two (b) Three
(a) (1, 1) (b) (1, 1)(Board 2013, 14) (c) Four (d) Five
(c) (1, 1) (d) (1, 1) 132. The point of intersection of two
125. If (x, 0) = (0, y), then (x, y) is:09308073 coordinate axes is called: 09308080
(a) (0, 1) (b)(1, 0) (Board 2013) (a) Origin (b) Centre
(c) (0, 0) (d)(1, 1) (c) X-coordinate (d) y-coordinate
126. Point (2 3) lies in quadrant: 09308074 133. The x-coordinate of a point is called__
(a) I (b) II(Board 2014, 15) 09308081

(c) III (d) IV (a) Origin (b) abcissa

127. Point (3, 3) lies in quadrant:09308075 (c) y-coordinate (d) Ordinate
(a) I (b) II(Board 2014,15) 134. The y-coordinate of a point is called:
(c) III (d) IV (a) Origin (b) x-coordinate
128. If y = 2x + 1, x = 2 then y is: (c) y-coordinate (d) ordinate09308082
09308076 135. The set of points which lie on the same
(a) 2 (b) 3(Board 2013) line are called ___ points. 09308083
(c) 4 (d) 5 (a) Collinear
129. Which ordered pair satisfy the equation (b) Similar
y = 2x: 09308077 (c) Common
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 1) (d) None of these
(c) (2, 2) (d) (0, 1) 136. The plane formed by two straight lines
130. The real numbers x, y of the ordered perpendicular to each other is called:
pair (x, y) are called _____ of point (a) Cartesian plane 09308084

P(x,y) in a plane. 09308078 (b) Coordinate axes

(a) co-ordinates(b) x co-ordinates (c) Plane
(c) y-coordinates(d) ordinate (d) None of these
131. Cartesian plane is divided into __ 137. An ordered pair is a pair of elements in
quadrants. 09308079 which elements are written in specific:
 (a) Order (b) Array 09308085
(c) (d)
(c) Point (d) None
149. If two lines do not intersect, their
138. Point lies in quadrant. solution set will be: 09308097
(a) I (b) II 09308086 (a) Singleton Set (b) Empty Set
(c) III (d) IV (c) Not Possible (d) None
150. y = x is a line on which ___ lies.
139. Point lies in quadrant. (a) (b) 09308098

(a) I (b) II 09308087

(c) (d)
(c) III (d) IV
140. Point lies in quadrant.
(a) I (b) II 09308088
(c) III (d) IV
141. Which of the following lines is
horizontal?
(a) (b) 09308089

(c) (d)
142. Which of the following is vertical line?
(a) (b) 09308090

(c) (d)
143. ______ is a line on which origin lies.
(a) (b) 09308091

(c) (d)
144. Which of the following points is on the
x-axis? 09308092

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
145. Which of the following points is on the
y-axis? 09308093

(b)
(a)
(c) (d)
146. Which of the following points is on the
origin? 09308094

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
147. Which of the following lines is parallel
to x-axis? 09308095
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
148. Which of the following lines is parallel
to y-axis? 09308096

(a) (b)
Q.2 Identify the following statements as True or False. 09308099
(i) The point O(0, 0) is in quadrant II. 09308100
(ii) The point P(2, 0) lies on x –axis. 09308101
(iii) The graph of x = –2 is a vertical line. 09308102
(iv) 3 – y = 0 is a horizontal line. 09308103
(v) The point Q(–1, 2) is in quadrant III. 09308104
(vi) The point R(–1, –2) is in quadrant IV. 09308105
(vii) y = x is a line on which origin lies. 09308106
(viii) The point P(1, 1) lies on the line x + y = 0. 09308107
(ix) The S(1, –3) lies in quadrant III. 09308108
(x) The point R(0, 1) lies on the x-axis. 09308109
Q. No.3 Draw the following points on the
graph paper: (–3, –3), (–6, 4), (4, –5), (5, 3)
09308110
(iii) x = 09308113

Q. No.4 Draw the graph of the following:

(i) x= – 6 09308111
(iv) y = 09308114

(ii) y=7 09308112

(v) y = 4x 09308115

(vi) y = – 2x + 1 09308116
Q. No. 5 Draw the graph of the following: (ii) x = 3y 2x – 3y = – 6 09308120
(i) y = 0.62x 09308117
(ii) y = 2.5x 09308118
(iii) (x + y) = 2 09308121
x 0 1 2 3
y 0 2.5 5 7.5
(x – y) = - 1 09308122

Q. No. 6 Solve the following pair of equations (iv)

graphically.
(i) x – y =1 09308119
Q7. If y = 2x +1, then find the value of y
for x = 2. 09308123

x+y=
 INTRODUCTION TO
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Q. Define Plane Geometry and Coordinate
Geometry. 09309001 Q. Define Right Angle Triangle. 09309011
Q. Derive Distance Formula. 09309002 Example: 09309012
Let O(0, 0), P(3, 0) and Q(0, 2) be three non-
Use of Distance Formula collinear points. Verify that triangle OPQ is
Example 1: 09309003 right-angled.
Using the distance formula, find the Q. Define Scalene Triangle. 09309013
distance between the points. Example: 09309014
(i) P(1, 2) and Q(0,3) Show that the points P(1, 2), Q(2, 1) and
(ii) S(1, 3) and R(3, 2) R(2, 1) in the plane form a scalene triangle.
(iii) U (0, 2) and V(3, 0)
(iv) Q. Define Square. 09309015
Q. Define Collinear or Non-Collinear Points. Example: 09309016
(Board 2013)09309004 If A(2, 2), B(2, 2), C(2, 2) and D(2, 2) be
Use of Distance Formula to show the four non-collinear points in the plane, then
Collinearity of Three or more Points in the verify that they form a square ABCD.
Plane:
Examples: 09309005 Q. Define Rectangle. 09309017
Using distance formula show that the points. Example: Show that the points A (–2, 0),
(i) P(2,1), Q(0, 3) and R(1, 5) are B (–2, 3), C(2, 3) and D (2,0) form a rectangle.
collinear. Using distance formula. 09309018
(ii) The above P,Q,R and S (1,–1) are Q. Define Parallelogram. 09309019
non collinear Example: 09309020
Show that the points A(2, 1), B(2, 1),
Q. Define Triangle. 09309006 C(3, 3) and D(1, 3) form a parallelogram.
Q. Define Equilateral Triangle. 09309007 Q. Derive Mid-Point Formula. 09309021
Example: 09309008 Example 1: 09309022
The triangle OPQ is an equilateral triangle Find the mid-point of the line segment
joining A(2,5) and B(1, 1).
Example 2 09309023
since the points O(0,0), and Let P(2, 3) and Q (x, y) be two points
plane in the plane such that R(1, –1) is the
mid-point of the points P and Q. Find x and y.
Example 3: 09309024
Q. Define Isosceles Triangle. 09309009
Let ABC be a triangle as shown below. If
Ans. Isosceles Triangle:
An isosceles triangle is a triangle which and are the middle points of the
has two of its sides with equal length while the line-segments AB, BC and CA respectively,
third side has a different length. find the coordinates of M1, M2 and M3. Also
Example: 09309010 determine the type of the triangle M1M2M2.
The triangle PQR is an isosceles triangle
as for the non-collinear points P(1,0), Q(1, 0)
and R(0, 1) shown in the following figure.
Example 4 09309025 AB and M2 of OB, then show that
Let O(0,0), A(3,0) and B(3,5) be three
points in the plane. If is the mid point of .

Exercise 9.1
Q.1 Find the distance between the following Q2. Let P be the point on x-axis with x-
pairs of points 09309026 coordinate a and Q be the point on y-axis
with y-coordinate b, as given below. Find
(a) 09309027
distance between P and Q. 09309033

(b) 09309028 ii) 09309035

(c) 09309029 iii) 09309036

iv) 09309037
(d) (Board 2013)
09309030
v) 09309038

vi) 09309039
(e) (Board 2013, 14) 09309031
(f) A(0,0) , B(0,-5) (Board 2013) 09309032

Exercise 9.2
Q.1 Show whether the points with vertices Q.6 Use distance formula to verify that the
and are vertices of an points are
equilateral triangle or an isosceles triangle? collinear. 09309045
09309040 Q.7 Verify whether or not the points
Q.2 Show whether or not the points with
are vertices of
vertices and form an equilateral triangle. 09309046
a square? 09309041 Q.8 Show that the points
Q.3 Show whether or not the points with
A( 6, 5), B(5, 5), C(5, 8),
coordinates and are are vertices of a rectangle. Find the lengths
vertices of a right triangle? 09309042 of its diagonals. Are they equal? 09309047
Q.4 Use the distance formula to prove
Q.9 Show that the points
whether or not the points and
and are the
lie on a straight line. 09309043 vertices of a parallelogram. 09309048

Q.5 Find K given that the point is Q.10 Find the length of the diameter of

equidistance from and . the circle having centre at and

09309044 passing through . 09309049
 Exercise 9.3
Q.1 Find the mid-point of the line segment Q.4 O (0, 0), A(3, 0) and B(3, 5) are three
joining each of the following pairs of points. points in the plane, find M1 and M2 as
09309050
midpoints of the line segments and
(a) 09309051

(b) 09309052
respectively. Find 09309059
Q.5 Show that the diagonals of the
(c) (Board 2014, 15) 09309053
parallelogram having vertices
(d) (Board 2014) 09309054
, bisect each
(e) 09309055
other. 09309060

(f) 09309056 Q.6 The vertices of a triangle are P(4,6),

Q.2 The end point P of a line segment PQ is (– Q(–2,–4) and R(–8, 2) show that the length
3,6) and its mid point is (5,8). Find the of line segment joining the mid points of
co-ordinates of the end point Q. 09309057
Q.3 Prove that midpoint of the hypotenuse of
line segment PR, QR is PQ. 09309061
a right triangle is equidistant from its three
vertices and 093090358

Review Exercise 9 OBJECTIVE

Q.1 Choose the correct answer
151. Distance between points (0, 0) and if: 09309068
(1, 1) is: (Board 2014) 09309062
(a)
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) (d) 2 (b)
152. Distance between the points (1, 0) (c)
and (0, 1) is: 09309063 (d) None of these
(a) 0 (b) 1 158. The distance between two points
(c) (d) 2 P(x1, y1) and Q (x2, y2) in the coordinate
153. Mid-point of the points (2, 2) and plane is: d > 0 09309069

(0,0) is: (Board 2015) 09309064 (a)

(a) (1, 1) (b) (1, 0)
(c) (0, 1) (d) (1, 1) (b)
154. Mid-point of the points (2, 2) and
(2, 2) is: (Board 2013, 15) 09309065 (c)
(a) (2, 2) (b) (2, 2)
(c) (0, 0) (d) (1, 1) (d)
155. A triangle having all sides equal is 159. A triangle having two sides equal is
called: (Board 2013) 09309066 called: 09309070
(a) Isosceles (b) Scalene (a) Isosceles (b) Scalene
(c) Equilateral (d) None of these (c) Equilateral (d) None of these
156. A triangle having all sides different 160. A right angled triangle is that in
is called: 09309067 which one of the angles has measure equal
(a) Isosceles (b) Scalene to: 09309071
(c) Equilateral (d) None of these (a) 80o (b) 90o
157. The points P, Q and R are collinear (c) 45o (d) 60o
 161. In a right angled triangle ABC, (a) non-collinear (b) collinear 09309075
where m ACB = 900. 09309072 (c) parallel (d) perpendicular
165. A ________ has two end points.
(a)
09309076
(a) line (b) line segment
(b)
(c) ray (d) triangle
(c) 166. A line segment has __ midpoint.
09309077
(d) (a) one (b) two
162. If M is the mid-point of a line (c) three (d) four
segment , which of the following is 167. Each side of triangle has ____
true? collinear vertices. 09309078

09309073
(a) one (b) two
(c) three (d) four
(a) 168. A triangle is formed by _____ non-
collinear points. 09309079

(b) (a) one (b) two

(c) three (d) four
(c) 169. All points on x-axis are ____.
09309080
(a) collinear (b) non-collinear
(d)
(c) perpendicular (d) parallel
163. In a if 170. All points on y-axis are ____.
the triangle will be: 09309074 09309081

(a) isosceles (b) scalene (a) collinear (b) non-collinear

(c) equilateral (d) right-angled (c) perpendicular (d) parallel
164. If three or more than three points
lie on the same line then points are called
______.

Q.2 Answer the following, which is true and which is false. 09309082
(i) A line has two end points. 09309083
(ii) A line segment has one end point. 09309084
(i) A triangle is formed by three collinear points. 09309085
(ii) Each side of a triangle has two collinear vertices. 09309086
(iii) The end points of each side of a rectangle are collinear. 09309087
(iv) All the points that lie on the x-axis are collinear. 09309088
(v) Origin is the only point collinear with the points of both the axes separately. 09309089
Q.3 Find distance between pairs of points
(ii) 09309096
09309090

(i) 09309091
(iii) 09309197
Q.5 Define the following: 09309198
(ii) 09309092 (i) Co-ordinate Geometry 09309199
(ii) Collinear points 09309100
(iii) 09309093
(iii) Non-collinear points 09309101
Q.4 Find the midpoint between the (iv) Equilateral Triangle 09309102
following pairs of points. 09309094
(v) Scalene Triangle 09309103

Solution: (i) 09309095 (vi) Isosceles Triangle 09309104

(vii)Right Triangle 09309105
(viii) Square 09309106 Q8. Find midpoint of the points (2,2) and
(0,0). 09309109
Q6. Find distance between the points
Q9. Find midpoint of the points and
and . 09309107
Q7. Find distance between the points (1,0) . 09309110
and (0,1). 09309108
 CONGRUENT TRIANGLES

Q. What is correspondence of Triangles? Q. Define S.A.S Postulate. 093010003

093010001
Q. Define Congruency of Triangles. 093010002

Theorem 10.1.1: 093010004

In any correspondence of two triangles, if one side and any two angles of one triangle are
congruent to the corresponding, side and angles of the other, then the triangles are congruent.

Given:
In

Example: 093010005
In any correspondence of two triangles, if one side and any two angles of one triangle are
congruent to the correspondence side and angles of the other, then the triangles are congruent.
(S.A.A  S.A.A.)
Given:
In ABC  DEF
, ,

Example: 093010006

If ABC and DCB are on the opposite sides of common base such that
, , , then bisects .
Given:
ABC and DCB are on the opposite sides of such that

Exercise 10.1:
Q.1 In the given figure. 093010007

Prove that
ABD CBE
Given:

1= 2
Q.2 From a point on the bisector of an angle, perpendiculars are drawn to the arms of the
angle. Prove that these perpendiculars are equal in measure. 093010008
Given: ABC, the bisector of ABC, M any point on , perpendicular on ,
.
Q.3 In a triangle ABC, the bisectors of B and C meet in a point I. Prove that I is equidistant
from the three sides of ABC. 093010009
Given:

In ABC, are the bisectors of the angles B and C respectively.

Theorem: 10.1.2 093010010

If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite to them are also congruent.
Given:
In ABC, B  C
Example 1: 093010011
If one angle of a right triangle is of 30 o, the hypotenuse is twice as long as the side opposite to
the angle.
Given:
In ABC, mB = 90o and mC = 30o
Example 2: 093010012
If the bisector of an angle of a triangle bisects the side opposite to it, the triangle is isosceles.
Given: In ABC, bisects A and 

Exercise: 10.2
Q.1 Prove that any two medians of an equilateral triangle are equal in measure. 093010013
Given:
An equilateral ABC, and two medians and
Q. 2 Prove that a point, which is equidistant from the end points of a line segment, is on the
right bisector of the line segment. 093010014

Theorem 10.1.3: 093010015

In a correspondence of two triangles, if three sides of one triangle are congruent to the
corresponding three sides of the other, then the two triangles are congruent. (S.S.S.  S.S.S.)
Given:
In C  DEF

Corollary::
If two isosceles triangles are formed on the same side of their common base, the line through
their vertices would be the right bisector of their common base.
Given: ABC and DBC are formed on the same side of such that
 Exercise 10.3:
Q.1 In the figure, , .
Prove that A  C, ABC  ADC. 093010016

Given:

Q.2 In the figure, , .

Prove that NP,NML PLM.
Given: 093010017

Q.3 Prove that the median bisecting the base of an isosceles triangle bisects the vertex and it is
perpendicular to the base. 093010018

Given: In isosceles ABC, is the base and A is the vertex angle such that . Median
meets side at point D.
Theorem 10.1.4 093010019
If in the correspondence of the two right-angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other, then the triangles
are congruent. (H.S  H.S)
Given:
In ABC  DEF
B E (right angles)
,

Example: 093010020
If perpendiculars from two vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides are congruent, then the
triangle is isosceles.
Given:
In ABC,
Such that 
Exercise 10.4
Q.1 In PAB of figure, , prove that  and APQ BPQ.
093010021
Given:
In PAB, and
Q.2 In the figure, mC = mD = 90o and  . Prove that 
and BAC ABD. 093010022
Given:
mC = mD = 90o

Q.3 In the figure, mB = mD = 90o and  . Prove that ABCD is a rectangle. 093010023
Given:
m B = m D = 90o,
To Prove:
ABCD is a rectangle

Review Exercise 10 OBJECTIVE

Choose the correct answer.
1. ________ triangle is an equiangular 9. If perpendiculars from two vertices of a
triangle. 093010024 triangle to the opposite sides are
(a) A scalene (b) An isosceles congruent, then the triangle is.
(c) An equilateral (d) A right angled (a) scalene (b) isosceles 093010032
2. A _______ has two end points (c) equilateral (d) right angled
093010025 10. All the medians of _______ triangle are
(a) line (b) line segment equal in measure. 093010033
(c) ray (d) angle (a) a scalene
3. A ________ has no end point 093010026 (b) an isosceles
(a) line (b) line segment (c) an equilateral
(c) ray (d) angle (d) a right angled
4. A _______ has one end point 093010027 11. If the bisectors of the angles of a
(a) line (b) line segment triangle bisect the sides opposite to
(c) ray (d) plane them, the triangle is 093010034
5. In a triangle there can be only one: (a) scalene (b) isosceles
(Board 2014) 093010028 (c) equilateral (d) right angled
(a) acute angle (b) right angle 12. If one angle of a right triangle is of
(c) straight angle (d) reflex angle ____ then hypotenuse is twice as long
6. Three points are said to be collinear, if as the side opposite to this angle
they lie on the same: 093010029 (a) 60o (b) 45o 093010035
o
(a) plane (b) line (c) 30 (d) 0o
(c) interior (d) area 13. Symbol for congruent is: 093010036
7. Two lines can intersect at: 093010030 (a) (b) N
(a) one point (b) two points (c) (d) =
(c) no point (d) infinite point 14. Symbol for correspondence is
8. Two ________ lines cannot intersect 093010037

each other: 093010031 (a) (b) N

(a) perpendicular (b) parallel (c) (d) =
(c) non-parallel (d) coplanar 15. How many end points has a ray? 093010038
(a) 1 (b) 2 (Board 2015)
(c) 3 (d) 4
16. Symbolically two congruent triangles (c) 90o (d) 180o
ABC and PQR are written as: 093010039 22. Corresponding sides of congruent
(a) triangles are: 093010045

(b) (a) equal (b) different

(c) perpendicular (d) parallel
(c)
23. Median bisecting the base angle of an
(d) isosceles triangle bisects the _____
17. Which of the following is postulate? angle. 093010046
(a) 093010040 (a) base (b) vertical
(b) (c) right (d) acute
(c) 24. The median bisecting the base of an
(d) isosceles triangle is ___ to the base.
18. If sum of measures of two angles is 180 o 093010047

then angles are ____ angles. 093010041 (a) parallel (b) perpendicular
(a) Complementary (b) Supplementary (c) collinear (d) adjacent
(c) Equal (d) Right 25. Corresponding angles of congruent
19. If sum of measure of two angles is 90 o triangles are: 093010048
then angles are _____ angles. (a) congruent (b) non-congruent
093010042 (c) unequal (d) supplementary
(a) Complementary (b) Supplementary 26. Any two medians of an ____ triangle
(c) Congruent (d) Acute equal is measure. 093010049
20. Hypotenuse is a side opposite to _____ (a) isosceles (b) equilateral
in right angled triangle. 093010043 (c) acute (d) obtuse
(a) 30o (b) 60o 27. An equilateral triangle is ____ triangle.
o
(c) 90 (d) 120o
093010050
21. In equilateral triangle each angle is of
(a) acute (b) obtuse
______. 093010044
o (c) right (d) isosceles
(a) 30 (b) 60o

Q.1 Which of the following are true and which are false? 093010051
(i) A ray has two end points. 093010052
(ii) In a triangle, there can be only one right angle. 093010053
(iii) Three points are said to be collinear if they lie on same line. 093010054
(iv) Two parallel lines intersect at a point. 093010055
(v) Two lines can intersect only in one point. 093010056
(vi) A triangle of congruent sides has non-congruent angles. 093010057

Q.2 If ABC LMN, then 093010058

(i) mM 093010059
(ii) mN 093010060
(iii) mA 093010061

Q.3 If ABC LMN, then find the unknown x. 093010062

Q.4 Find the value of unknowns for the Q.5 If PQR ABC, then find the
given congruent triangles. 093010063 unknowns. 093010064

ABD  ACD
 PARALLELOGRAMS AND
TRIANGLES
Theorem 11.1.1: 093011001
In a parallelogram
(i) Opposite sides are congruent.
(ii) Opposite angles are congruent.
(iii) The diagonals bisect each other.
Given: In a quadrilateral ABCD, and the diagonals , meet each other at
point O.

Example: 093011002
The bisectors of two angles on the same side of a parallelogram cut each other at right angles.

Given:
A parallelogram ABCD, in which

The bisectors of A and B cut each other at E.

EXERCISE 11.1:
Q.1 One angle of a parallelogram is 130o. Find the measures of its remaining angles.
093011003
Given:
ABCD is a parallelogram that
mA = 130o
To Find
The measures of B, C, D
Q.2 One exterior angle formed on producing one side of a parallelogram is 40 o. Find the
measures of its interior angles.
Given: 093011004
ABCD is a parallelogram, side AB has been produced to p to form exterior angle mCBP = 40o
and name the interior angles as 1, C, D, A.
Required:
To find the degree measures of 1, C, D, A

Theorem 11.1.2: 093011005

If two opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent and parallel, it is a parallelogram.
D C
1
4

3
2
A B
Given:
In a quadrilateral ABCD,
 EXERCISE 11.2:
Q. 1 Prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its 093011006
D C
(a) Opposite angles are congruent. 093011007
(b) Diagonals bisect each other. 093011008
Given: Given ABCD is a quadrilateral. O
mA = mC,
mB = mD
To prove: ABCD is a parallelogram. A B

Q. 2prove that a quadrilateral is a parallelogram if its

opposite sides are congruent.
Given 093011009
In quadrilateral
ABCD, ,

Required:
ABCD is a || gm

Construction:
Join point B to D and name the angles 1, 2, 3 and  4
Theorem 11.1.3:
The line segment, joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle, is parallel to the third side
and is equal to one half of its length. 093011010

Given: In ABC, the mid-points of and are L and M respectively.

N L 2 M
1

3
C
B
To Prove:
and

Construction:
Join M to L and produce to N such that . Join N to B and in the figures name the
angles 1, 2, 3 and  4 as shown.

Example: 093011011
The line segments, joining the mid-points of the sides of
a quadrilateral, taken in order, form a parallelogram.
Given:
 A quadrilateral ABCD, in which P is the mid-point of , Q is the mid-point of , R is the
mid-point of , S is the mid-point of .
P is joined to Q, Q is joined to R. R is joined to S and S is joined to P.
To prove:
PQRS is a parallelogram.
Construction:
Join A to C.
EXERCISE 11.3:
Q.1 Prove that the line-segments joining the mid-points of the
opposite sides of a quadrilateral bisect each other. 093011012
Given:
ABCD is a quadrilateral.
P, Q, R, S are the mid-points of
respectively.
P is joined to R, Q is joined to S. intersect at point “O”

Q.2 Prove that the line-segments joining the mid-points of the

opposite sides of a rectangle are the right-bisectors of
each other. 093011013
Given:
ABCD is a rectangle.
and P, Q, R, S are the mid-points of sides ,
, respectively.
P is joined to R, S to Q These intersect at “O”
To Prove:
and
Note: Diagonals of a rectangle are congruent.
Q.3 Prove that the line-segment passing through the mid-point of one side and parallel to
another side of a triangle also bisects the third side. 093011014
Given: In ABC, D is mid-point of
which meets at E.
Required:
E is mid-point of

Theorem 11.1.4: 093011015

The medians of a triangle are concurrent
and their point of concurrency is the point of
trisection of each median.
Given:
ABC
 To Prove:
The medians of the ABC are concurrent and the point of concurrency is the point of trisection
of each median.

EXERCISE 11.4:
Q. 1The distances of the point of Given: Let ABC be a triangle with
concurrency of the medians of a triangle
center of gravity at G where ,
from its vertices are respectively 1.2cm; 1.4
cm and 1.5 cm. Find the lengths of its ,
medians. 093011016
Required: To find the length of ,

Q. 2Prove that the point of concurrency of the medians of a triangle and the triangle which is
made by joining the mid-points of its sides is the same. 093011017
Given:
In ABC, are its medians that are concurrent at point G.
is formed by joining mid-points of
To Prove:
Point G is point of concurrency of triangle PQR.

Theorem 11.1.5: 093011018

If three or more parallel lines make congruent segments on a transversal, they also intercept
congruent segments on any other line that cuts them.
Given: AB CD EF
The transversal L X intersects A B , C D an d E F at the
points M, N and P respectively, such that .
The transversal Q Y intersects them at points R, S
and T respectively.
To Prove:

Corollaries: (i) A line, through the mid-point of one side, parallel to another side of a triangle,
bisects the third side. 093011019

Given: In ABC, D is the mid-point of .

which cuts at E.
To prove:
 Exercise 11.5:

Q. 1In the given figure. and if m =1cm then find the

length of and 093011020

Given: In given figure ,

,
Required:: To find
Q. 2 Take a line segment of length 5cm Joint T to B. Draw line parallel to from
and divide it into five congruent parts. 093011021 the points P, Q, R and S.]

[Hint: Draw an acute angle BAX. On A X
take .
 Review Exercise 11 OBJECTIVE
Choose the correct answer.
171.In a parallelogram opposite sides are… respectively. Find the value of m .
(Board 2014) 093011022 093011031
(a) different (b) perpendicular (a) 6cm (b) 9cm
(c) congruent (d) intersecting (c) 18cm (d) 10cm
172.In a parallelogram opposite angles are 181.In parallelogram congruent parts are:
……………. : 093011023
(Board 2015) 093011032
(a) parallel (b) congruent (a) Opposite sides
(c) complementary (d) adjacent (b) Diagonals
173.Diagonals of a parallelogram …….. (c) Opposite angles
each other at a point. (d) Opposite sides and angles
093011024
182.Alternate angles on parallel lines
(a) perpendicular to (b) intersect intersected by a transversal are_____.
(c) equal to (d) parallel to 093011033
174.Medians of triangle are………. (a) Congruent
093011025
(b) Non-congruent
(a) equal (Board 2015) (c) Complementary
(b) concurrent (d) Supplementary
(c) congruent 183.Corresponding angles on parallel lines
(d) parallel intersected by a transversal are ____.
175.Diagonal of a parallelogram divides the 093011034
parallelogram into ……. triangles. (a) Congruent
(Board 2013)093011026 (b) Non-congruent
(a) two equal (b) two different (c) Complementary
(c) three different (d) three equal (d) Supplementary
176.In a parallelogram shown in fig. 184.If two lines intersect each other, then
yo = …… 093011027 vertical angles so formed are ______.
(a) 115o (b) 90o 093011035
o
(c) 75 (d) 105o (a) Congruent
177.In a parallelogram (b) Non-congruent
shown in fig. xo = …… 093011028 (c) Complementary
(a) 115o (b) 90o (d) Supplementary
o
(c) 75 (d) 105o 185.Diagonals of a rectangle are ____.
178.In a parallelogram shown in fig. 093011036
xo………… 093011029 (a) Congruent
(a) 55o (b) 5o (b) Non-congruent
o
(c) 44 (d) 125o (c) Unequal
(d) Parallel
179.In a parallelogram shown in fig. 186.Which of the following is true for a
m=……… 093011030 P 8
55
N
parallelogram ABCD? 093011037
4m+ n
(a) 8 (b) 10 10

(c) 2 (d) 4 55 (a) (b)

L 8m - 4n M

180.In ABC E and D are (c) (d)

187.Symbolically two parallel lines AB and PQ
midpoints of the sides and written as: 093011038
 188.The point of concurrency of median is the
(a) (b) point of _____ of each median. 093011039
(a) bisection (b) trisection
(c) (d) (c) centre (d) end

Q.1.Fill in the blanks.

(i) In a parallelogram opposite sides are….. (v) Diagonal of a parallelogram divides the
093011040 parallelogram into two ……….. triangles.
(ii) In a parallelogram opposite angles are 093011044
……. 093011041 2. In parallelogram ABCD 093011045
(iii) Diagonals of a parallelogram ….. each other (i) 093011046
at a point. 093011042
(iv) Medians of a triangle are …………. (ii) 093011047

093011043 (iii) m1 m3 093011048

(iv) m2 m4 093011049

Q. 3 Find the unknowns in the given figure. 093011050

Given: Let ABCD be the given figure with

To Find: The values of mo, no, xo and yo

Q.4 If the given figure ABCD is a parallelogram, then find x, m. 093011051

Given: ABCD is a parallelogram with angles as shown in figure.
To Find: The value of xo and mo
Q. 5 The given figure LMNP is a parallelogram.
Find the value of m, n. 093011052
Given: The parallelogram LMNP with lengths and angles as shown in figure.
To find: The values of mo and no

Q.6 In the question 5, sum of the opposite angles of the parallelogram is 110 o, find the
remaining angles. 093011053
Given: LMNP is a parallelogram with angles 55o, 55o as shown
To Find: All angles
 LINE BISECTORS AND ANGLE
BISECTORS
Q. Define Right Bisector of a Line Segment. 093012001

Q. Define Angle Bisector. (Board 2014) 093012002

Theorem: 12.1.1: 093012003

Any point on the right bisector of a line segment is equidistant from its end points.
Given::

A line LM intersects the line segment AB at the point C such that L M  A B and P is a

point on L M
To Prove::

Theorem 12.1.2: (Board 2014) 093012004

Any point equidistant from the end points of a line segment is on the right bisector of it.
Given: is a line segment. Point P is such that .
To Prove: The Point P is on the right bisector of .
Construction:: Joint P to C, the midpoint of
 Exercise 12.1:
Q. 1Prove that the centre of a circle is on the right bisectors of each of its chords. 093012005

Given: Circle with centre O. Draw any chord .

To Prove:Centre of the circle is on right bisectors of each of its chords
Construction:Draw Join O with A and B.

Q. 2Where will be the centre of a circle passing through three non-collinear points and why?
(Board 2014) 093012006
Q. 3Three villages P, Q and P are not on the same line. The people of these villages want to
make a Children Park at such a place which is equidistant from these three villages. After
fixing the place of children Park, prove that the Park is equidistant from the three villages.
093012007
Given: Three villages P, Q, and R not on the same line and a park O
To Prove:
A place for park O is equidistant from villages P,Q and R.

Theorem 12.1.3: (Board 2013, 15) 093012008

The right bisectors of the sides of a triangle are concurrent.
Given: ABC
To Prove:
The right bisectors of and are concurrent.

Theorem 12.1.4 (Board 2013) 093012009

Any point on the bisector of an angle is equidistant from its arms.
Given:

A point P is on , the bisectors of AOB.

To Prove

i.e., P is equidistant from and

Theorem 12.1.5: Any point inside an angle, equidistant from its arms, is on the bisector of it.
(Board 2015) 093012010

Given: Any point P lies inside AOB such that where

and
To Prove: Point P is on the bisector of AOB.
Construction: Join P to O.

Exercise 12.2:
Q.1 In a quadrilateral ABCD, and the right bisectors of meet each other at point N.
prove that is a bisector of ABC. 093012011

Given: Quadrilateral ABCD in which . Right bisectors of meet each other at

point N.
To prove: is a bisector of ABC
Q.2 The bisectors of A, B and C of a quadrilateral ABCP meet each other at point O. Prove that
the bisectors of P will also pass through the point O. 093012012

Given:Bisector of the angles A, B, C meet at O.

To Prove:
Bisector of P will also pass through O.

Theorem 12.1.6: (Board 2014) 093012013 Construction:

The bisectors of the angles of a triangle Draw the bisectors of B and C which
are concurrent.
intersect at point I. From I, draw ,
Given: ABC
To Prove: and .
The bisectors of A, B and C are
concurrent.

Exercise 12.3:
Q.1 Prove that the bisector of the angles of base of an isosceles triangle intersect each other
on its altitude. 093012014

Given:An isosceles ABC and A and B are its base angles. and intersecting at O are
angle bisectors of A and B respectively .
To prove: point O is on the altitude of ABC
Construction:Draw perpendicular (altitude) from the vertex C to the base

Q.2 Prove that the bisector of two exterior and third interior angles of a triangle are
concurrent: 093012015

Given:A ABC, A L angle bisector of its interior A,

and C N are angle bisectors of its two exterior angles
B and C respectively which intersect each other at point I.

To prove: and are concurrent

Construction: Draw perpendiculars and from point I to the produced side and
respectively

Review Exercise 12 OBJECTIVE

Choose the correct answers
1. Bisection means to divide into ___ (c) Congruent
equal parts 093012016 (d) Mid-point
(a) Two (b) Three 3. Any point on the _____ of a line
(c) Four (d) Five segment is equidistant from its end
2. __ of line segment means to draw points: 093012018
perpendicular which passes through (a) Right bisector (b)
the midpoint of line segment.093012017 Median
(a) Right bisection (b) Angle bisector (d)
(b) Bisection Altitude
 4.Any point equidistant from the end (a) Outside (b) Inside
points of line segment is on the ____ of (c) Midpoint (d) None
it: 093012019 12. The point of line segment through
(a) Right bisector (b) which the right bisector passes is
Median called its _____ point. 093012027

(b) Angle bisector (d) Altitude (a) end (b) mid

5. The bisectors of the angles of a (c) non-collinear (d) trisection
triangle are: (Board 2015) 093012020 13. The ______ of a circle is on the right
(a) Concurrent (b) Congruent bisectors of each of its chords.
(c) Parallel (d) None 093012028

6. Bisection of an angle means to draw a (a) radius (b) centre

ray to divide the given angle into ___ (c) diameter (d) area
equal parts: 093012021 14. The point of intersection of right
(a) Four (b) Three bisectors of sides of a triangle is
(c) Two (d) Five equidistant from the ____ of triangle.
(a) sides (b) vertices 093012029
7. If is right bisector of line segment (c) centre (d) angles
15. The point of intersection of right
then: (i) 093012022
bisectors of sides of a triangle is
(a) (b) equidistant from the _______ of
C triangle. 093012030
(c) (d) (a) one vertex (b) two vertices
A O B
(c) three vertices (d) central
point
Q
D
16. The altitudes of a triangle are _____.
093012031
(a) congruent (b) concurrent
(c) equal (d) parallel
8. If is right bisector of line segment 17. The bisectors of two exterior angles
and third interior angle of a triangle
, then =____ 093012023
are __________. 093012032
(a) (b) (a) congruent (b) concurrent
(c) perpendicular (d) parallel
(c) (d) 18. The bisectors of the base angles of an
9. The right bisectors of the sides of an
acute triangle intersects each other ___ isosceles triangle intersect each other
the triangle. 093012024
on its ______. 093012033

(a) Inside (b) Outside (a) base (b) vertex

(c) Midpoint (d) None (c) altitude (d)vertical
10. The right bisectors of the sides of a angle
right triangle intersect each other on
the ___ 093012025
(a) Vertex (b) Midpoint
(c) Hypotenuse (d) None
11. The right bisectors of the sides of an
obtuse triangle intersect each other
___ the triangle. 093012026

Q.1 Which of the following are true and which are false?
(i) Bisection means to divide into two equal parts. 093012034
(ii) Right bisection of line segment means to draw perpendicular which passes
through the mid-point of line segment 093012035
(iii) Any point on the right bisector of a line segment is not equidistant from its
 end points. 093012036
(iv) Any point equidistant from the end points of a line segment is on the right
bisector of it. 093012037
(v) The right bisectors of the sides of a triangle are not concurrent. 093012038
(vi) The bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent. 093012039
(vii) Any point on the bisector of an angle is not equidistant from its arms 093012040
(viii) Any point inside an angle, equidistant from its arms, is on the bisector of it.
093012041

Q.2 If is right bisector of line segment , then: 093012042

Q.3 Define the following 093012043
(i) Bisector of a line segment
(ii) Bisector of an angle
Q.4 The given triangle ABC is equilateral triangle and is bisector of angle A , then find the
values of unknowns xo, yo and zo. (Board 2013) 093012044
Q. 5In the given congruent triangles LMO and LNO find the unknown x and m. 093012045

is right bisector of the line segment . 093012046

(i) If then find the and 093012047

(ii) If , then find . 093012048

Given: CD is a right bisector on the line segment AB.

To find(i)
(ii)
 SIDES AND ANGLES OF A
TRIANGLE
Theorem 13.1.1: If two sides of a triangle are unequal in length, the longer side has an angle of
greater measure opposite to it. 093013001

Given: In ABC,
To Prove: mABC > mACB
Construction:On take a point D such that Join B to D so that ADB is an isosceles
triangle. Label 1 and 2 as shown in the given figure.
Example 1: Prove that in a scalene triangle, the angle opposite to the largest side is of measure
greater than 60o. (i.e., two-third of a right-angle). 093013002

Given:InABC, > , > .

To Prove:
mB > 60o.

Example 2: In a quadrilateral ABCD, is the longest side and is the shortest side. Prove that
mBCD > mBAD. 093013003

Given: In quad. ABCD, is the longest side and is the shortest side.
To Prove: mBCD > mBAD

Theorem: 13.1.2: (Converse of theorem 13.1.1) 093013004

If two angles of a triangle are unequal in measure, the side opposite to the greater angle is longer
than the side opposite to the smaller angle.
Given: In ABC, mA > mB
Example: 093013005

ABC is an isosceles triangle with base . On a point D is taken away from C. A line
segment though D cuts at L and at M. Prove that .
Given:
In ABC, .
D is a point on away from C.
A line segment through D cuts and L and at M.
Theorem: 13.1.3: 093013006
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length of the third side.
(iii)
Given:
Construction:
ABC
Take a point D on such that
To Prove: . Join B to D and name the angles.
(i) 1, 2 as shown in the given figure.

Example 1: 093013007
Which of the following sets of lengths can be the lengths of the sides of a triangle.
(a) 2cm, 3cm, 5cm
(b) 3cm, 4cm, 5 cm
(c) 2cm, 4cm, 7cm
Example 2:Prove that the sum of the measures of two sides of a triangle is greater than twice the
measure of the median which bisects the third side. 093013008
Given:
In ABC,
median AD bisects side at D.
To Prove:

Example 3: 093013009
Prove that the difference of measures of two sides of a triangle is less than the measure of the third side.
Given:ABC
To Prove:
 Exercise 13.1:
Q. 1 Two sides of a triangle measure 10 cm and 15 cm. Which of the following measure is
possible for the third side?
(a) 5 cm 093013010 (b) 20 cm 093013011
(c) 25 cm 093013012 (d) 30 cm 093013013
Ans. 20cm.
Q. 2O is an interior point of the ABC. Show that

093013014
Given: O is the interior point of ABC
To Prove::

Q. 3 In the ABC, mB = 70o and mC = 45o. Which of the sides of the triangle is longest
and which is the shortest? 093013015

Q. 4Prove that in a right-angled triangle, the hypotenuse is longer than each of the other two
sides. 093013016

Given:A right angled triangle ABC and its hypotenuse .

Q. 5In the triangular figure,

To Prove::
and are the bisectors of B and
A
C respectively. Prove that
093013017
D

Given: m , and are the B C

bisectors of the angles B and C
Theorem: 13.1.4:From a point, outside a line, perpendicular is the shortest distance from the point to
the line. 093013018

Given: A line AB and a point C (not lying on A B ) and a point D on A B such that AB
To Prove:
is the shortest distance from the point C to A B .
Construction:
Take a point E on A B . Join C and E to form a CDE

Exercise 13.2:
Q. 1In the figure, P is any point and AB is a Q. 3In the figure, is perpendicular to the
line. Which of the following is the shortest
distance between the point P and the line line AB and > . Prove that
AB. 093013019 . 093013024
P
P

o
o o 90
A 30 60 70
o
B
L M N O

(a) (b)
A L M N B
(c) (d) Proof::
Q. 2In the figure, P is any point lying away Here
from the line AB. Then will be the As is the shortest distance from P
shortest distance if: 093013020
P
(a) mPLA = 80o 093013021 to line AB. So
(b) mPLB = 100o 093013022 As we go away from point L, the distance
(c) mPLA = 90 o
093013023 from points to L increases Hence
A L B

Review Exercise 13 OBJECTIVE

Choose the correct answer:
189. Which of the following sets of distance between the point P and line
lengths can be the lengths of the AB. 093013027
P
sides of a triangle: 093013025
(a) 2cm, 3cm, 5cm
(b) 3cm, 4cm, 5cm
(c) 2cm, 4cm, 7cm 30
o
60
o 90
o o
70
B
(d) 1cm, 2cm, 3cm A L M N O
190. Two sides of a triangle measure (b)
(a)
10cm and 15cm. Which of the
following measure is possible for the (c) (d)
third side! 093013026 192. In the figure, P is any point lying away
(a) 5cm (b) 20cm from the line AB. Then will be
(c) 25cm (d) 30cm shortest distance if: 093013028
191. In the figure, P is any point and AB is a P

line. Which of the following is the short

A L B
 (a) m< PLA = 80o (a) congruent (b) concurrent
(b) m < PLB = 100o (c) unequal (d)non-congruent
(c) m < PLA = 90o 203. In a triangle, the side opposite to
(d) None smaller angle is ____. 093013039
193. The angle opposite to the longer side (a) smaller (b) greater
is: 093013029 (c) congruent (d) concurrent
(a) Greater (b) Shorter 204. An exterior angle of a triangle is ___
(c) Equal (d) None non-adjacent interior angle.093013040
194. In right angle triangle greater angle (a) equal to (b) smaller than
of: 093013030 (c) greater than (d) congruent to
o
(a) 60 (b) 30o 205. For a , which of the following
o
(c) 75 (d) 90o is true? 093013041
195. In an isosceles right-angled triangle
angles other than right angle are (a)
each of: 093013031 (b)
(a) 40o (b) 45o
(c)
(c) 50o (d) 55o
196. A triangle having two congruent (d)
sides is called ___ triangle. 093013032 206. For a , which of the following
(a) Equilateral is true? 093013042
(b) Isosceles
(c) Right (a)
(d) None (b)
197. Perpendicular to line form an angle
(c)
of __ 093013033
(a) 30o (b) 60o (d)
(c) 90o (d) 120o 207. What is the supplement of a right
198. Sum of two sides of triangle is ___ angle? 093013043
than the third. 093013034 (a) (b)
(a) Greater (b) Smaller
(c) Equal (d) None (c) (d)
199. The distance between a line and a 208. The sum of the measures of two
point on it is ___ 093013035
sides of a triangle is greater
(a) Zero (b) One than_____ the measure of the
(c) Equal (d) None median which bisects the third side.
093013044
200. The difference of two sides of a
triangle is ___ the third side.093013036 (a) twice (b) thrice
(a) greater than (b) smaller than (c) hypotenuse (d) angles
(c) equal to (d) congruent to 209. In an obtuse angled triangle, the side
201. In a triangle, the side opposite to opposite to the obtuse angle is ____
greater angle is_____. 093013037 than each of the other two sides.
093013045
(a) smaller (b) greater
(c) equal (d) congruent (a) smaller (b) longer
202. In a triangle the angles opposite to (c) twice (d) thrice
congruent sides are ____. 093013038

Q. 1 Which of the following are true and which are false?

(i) The angle opposite to the longer side is
greater. 093013046
(ii) In a right-angled triangle greater angle is
of 60o. 093013047
(iii) In an isosceles right-angled triangle, angles
other than right angle are each of 45o.
093013048
(iv) A triangle having two congruent sides is
called equilateral triangle.
(Board 2015)093013049
(v) A perpendicular from a point to the line is
shortest distance. 093013050
(vi) Perpendicular to line form an angle of 90o.
093013051
(vii)A point out-side the line is collinear.
093013052
(viii) Sum of two sides of triangle is
greater than the third. 093013053
(ix) The distance between a line and a point
on it is zero. 093013054
(x) Triangle can be formed of lengths 2 cm, 3
cm and 5 cm. 093013055
Q.2 What will be angle for shortest distance
from an outside point to the line? 093013056
Q.3 If 13 cm, 12 cm, and 5 cm are the
lengths of a triangle, then verify that
difference of measures of any two sides of a
triangle is less than the measure of the third
side. 093013057
Q.4 If 10 cm,6 cm and 8 cm are the lengths
of a triangle, then verify that sum of
measures of two sides of a triangle is
greater than the third side. 093013058
Q.5 3 cm, 4 cm and 7cm are not the lengths
of the triangle. Give the reason. 093013059
Q. 6 If 3 cm and 4 cm are lengths of two
sides of a right angle triangle then what
should be the third length of the triangle.
093013060
Q7. 3 cm,6cm and 9 cm are not lengths of
triangle. Why? (Board 2015) 093013061
Q8. Define acute angled triangle.(Board 2015)
093013062
Q8. Define obtuse angled triangle. 093013063
Q9. Which side is longer in a triangle?
093013064
Q10. Which side is longer in right triangle?
093013065
Q11. Which side is longer in obtuse angled
triangle? 093013066
Q12. What is the distance between a line
and a point not on it? 093013067
Q13. What is the distance between a line
and a point on it? 093013068
 RATIO AND PROPORTION

Theorem: 14.1.1
A line parallel to one side of a triangle and intersecting the other two sides divides them
proportionally. 093014001

Given
In the line is intersecting the sides and at points E and D respectively such
that .

To Prove

Theorem 14.1.2 093014002

(Converse of Theorem)
If a line segment intersects the two sides of a triangle in the same ratio then it is parallel to the third
side.
Given In intersects and such that
To Prove
Construction If , then draw to meet produced at F.
 Exercise 14.1

Q. 1 In 093014003 cm, cm, find

093014007

v) If 093014008

, and find the

value of 093014009

Q. 2 If is an isosceles triangle,
is vertex angle and intersects the sides
i) cm, cm, and as shown in the figure so that.
cm then find . 093014004
093014010
ii) If cm, cm, Prove that is also an isosceles
cm, find 093014005
triangle.
Given: An isosceles triangle ABC in which

iii) If , cm, find 093014006

and A is its vertical angle
To Prove:
iv) If cm, cm, (L.B.2014) ADE is an isosceles triangle.

Q. 3 In an equilateral triangle ABC shown in the figure. 093014011 A

Find all three angles of and name it also. D

1 2
E
Given: is an equilateral triangle.
B C

To Prove: is isosceles triangle.

Q. 4 Prove that the line segment drawn through the mid-point of

one side of a triangle and parallel to another side bisects the third side.

Given in is such that and 093014012

To Prove:
Q. 5 Prove that the line segment joining the mid-points of any
two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side. 093014013

Given: In , points D, E are such that

and
To Prove:
Construction: Let D E | | B C and take a point k on produced
such that D E | | B K .

Theorem: 14.1.3
The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the side opposite to
it in the ratio of the lengths of the sides containing the angle. 093014014
Given: In internal angle bisector of
meets at the point D.
To Prove:
Construction:
Draw a line segment to meet produced at E.

Theorem: 14.1.4 If two triangles are similar, then the measures of their corresponding sides are
proportional. 093014015

Given:
i.e., and
To Prove:

Construction:
(i) Suppose that (ii)
On take a point L such that
On take a point M such that . Join L and M by the line segment LM.

Exercise 14.2
Q. 1 In as shown in the figure, Q. 3 Show that in any correspondence of
two triangles if two angles of one triangle
C D bisects and meets at D, are congruent to the corresponding angles
is equal to of the other, then the triangles are similar.
(a) 5 093014016 (b) 16 093014017 093014021
(c) 10 093014018 (d) 18 093014019

Q. 2 In as shown in the figure,

bisects . If and
then find and .
093014020

Given: In
and
To Prove:

Q. 4If line segments and are intersecting at point X and

A
D

then show that and are similar. 4

5
093014022 1 2
6 X
3
C
B
Given:

intersect each other at point x and

To Prove:

Review Exercise 14 OBJECTIVE

Choose the correct answers
210. In ABC as shown in figure, C D bisects 214. The ratio between two alike
quantities is defined as:
C and meets at D, m A is equal
093014027
to: 093014023
(a) a : b (b) b - a
(a) 5
6 12 (c) a : b = c : d (d) a + b
(b) 16 D
215. If a line segment intersects the two
(c) 10
sides of a triangle in the same ratio
(d) 18 B C
10 then it is parallel to the __ side.
211. In ABC shown in figure, C D (a) Third (b) Fourth
bisects C, if , 093014028
(c) Second (d) None
and then = 093014024 216. Two triangles are said to be similar
C

3 6
if these are equiangular and their
corresponding sides are 093014029
A
D 7
B (a) Proportional (b) congruent
(c) concurrent (d) None
217. In LMN shown in the figure
(a) (b) if = 5cm, ,
then : 093014030
(c) (d) (a) 4.6cm
L
(b) 4.5cm
212. In ABC shown in figure, C D (c) 3.5cm (d) 4.0
bisects P Q

C, if , and
M N
then 093014025
C
9. A line segment has ________mid-point
3 6 (a) only one (b) only two 093014031
(c) only three (d) infinite
A
D 7
B 10. Ratio has no (Board 2014) 093014032
(a) value (b) symbol
(c) unit (d) importance
11. Statement of equality of two ratios is
(a) (b) called ……. 093014033
(a) double ratio (b) simple ratios
(c) (d) (c) proportion (d) Relation
213. One and only one line can be drawn 12. The symbol used for similarity is……
(a) = (b) 093014034
through ___ points. 093014026
(a) Two (b) Three (c) (d)
(c) Four (d) Five 13. The symbol used for congruency is …..
 (a) = (b) 093014035
(c) (d)
(c) (d) 26. Two congruent triangles ABC and DEF
14. The symbol used for ratio is ……. are symbolically written as……. 093014048
(a) (b) 093014036
(a)
(c) ~ (d) :
15. The ratio between two alike quantities (b)
has no…… 093014037 (c)
(a) value (b) symbol (d)
(c) unit (d) importance 27. Two similar triangles ABC and DEF are
16. The symbol used for line AB is ……
symbolically written as …… 093014049
(a) AB (b) 093014038
(a)
(c) (d) (b)
17. The symbol used for ray AB is ……. (c)
(a) AB (b) 093014039 (d)
(c) (d) 28. Correspondence between two triangles
ABC and DEF are symbolically written
18. The symbol used for line segment AB is
……. 093014040
as…….. 093014050

(a) AB (b) (a)

(b)
(c) (d) (c)
19. stands for …….. 093014041
(d)
(a) line AB (b) Ray AB 29. Symbol used for proportion is….
(c) line segment AB (d) points AB (a) (b) 093014051
20. stands for …….. 093014042 (c) ~ (d) :
(a) line AB (b) Ray AB 30. Proportion is a equality of …… ratios.
(c) line segment AB (d) points AB (a) Two (b) Three 093014052
(c) Four (d) Five (Board 2013)
21. stands for …….. 093014043 31. Similar triangles are of the same shape
(a) line AB (b) Ray AB but …… in sizes. (Board 2015) 093014053
(c) line segment AB (d) points AB (a) The same (b) Different
22. The symbol used for parallel is ……. (c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) = (b) || 093014044 (d) None of these
(c) (d) 32. is the symbol of: (Board 2015) 093014054
23. The symbol used for perpendicular is… (a) equal (b) parallel
(a) = (b) || 093014045 (c) perpendicular (d) congruent
(c) (d) 33. Development of prints of different sizes
24. Which of the following show that from the same negative of a photograph is
an example of _______. 093014055
and are parallel? 093014046 (a) Congruency (b) Similarity
(a) (b) (c) Geometry (d) Equality
34. In a ratio elements must be expressed in
(c) (d) ______ units. 093014056
25. Which of the following show that (a) Different (b) Similar
(c) Same (d) New
and are perpendicular? 093014047
35. At least how many points determine a
(a) (b) line? 093014057
(a) one (b) two
 (c) three (d) four (c) equal to (d) greater than
39. Congruent Triangles are also: 093014061
(a) similar
36. At least how many non-collinear points (b) different shapes
determine a plane? 093014058 (c) with different angles
(a) one (b) two (d) none
(c) three (d) four 40. Triangles are of same size and shape:
37. If two intersecting lines form equal (a) similar (b) congruent 093014062
adjacent angles, the lines are ___. 093014059 (c) scalene (d) none
(a) parallel (b) perpendicular
(c) non-congruent (d) collinear
38. The line segment obtained by joining
the midpoints of any two sides of a triangle
is ______ third side. 093014060
(a) parallel to (b) perpendicular to

Q. 1Which of the following are true and which are false?

i. Congruent triangles are of same size and shape. 093014063
ii. Similar triangles are of same shape but different sizes. 093014064
iii. Symbol used for congruent is ‘ ’. 093014065
iv. Symbol used for similarity is ‘~’. 093014066
v. Congruent triangles are similar. 093014067
vi. Similar triangles are congruent. 093014068
vii. A line segment has only one mid-point. 093014069
viii. One and only one line can be drawn through two points. 093014070
ix. Proportion is non-equality of two ratios. 093014071
x. Ratio has no unit. 093014072
Q. 2 093014073
(i) Define Ratio.
(ii) Define Proportion. (Board 2014, 15)
(iii)Define Congruency of Triangles.
(iv) Define Similar Triangles.
Q. Write to practical applications of similar triangles in daily life. 093014074
Q. How many midpoint a line segment has? 093014075
Q. How many lines can be drawn through two points? 093014076
Q. Why does ratio has no unit? 093014077

Q. 3 In show in the figure, .

i) If 5cm, 2.5cm, 2.3cm, then find .
093014078

(ii) If 6cm, , 5cm, then find

Given: In 093014079

To Find: =?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
(ii)
Given:
To Find: Q.5 In LMN shown in the figure L A
Q.4 In the shown figure, let , bisects . If
093014080 , then find and .
(Board 2015) 093014081
. Find
the value of if .

Given:
In L A is angle bisector of

If || then To Find:
_________________________________________________________________________________
Q.6 In Isosceles shown in the figure, find the value of and . 093014082
P

Given: 1 0 cm

In and .
To Find: x=? y=?
Q R
6 cm L
 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

Pythagoras Theorem 15.1.1: 093015001

In a right angled triangle, the square of the length of hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the lengths of the other two sides.
Given:ACB is a right angled triangle in which m C = 90o and =a, = b and = c.
B y
To Prove: D c
Construction: x
2
a h
Draw perpendicular from C on . 1
Let = h, = x and = y. Line segment CD
C b A
splits ABC into two s ADC and BDC.
B (i)
Corollary:
In a right angled ABC, right C c
a
angled at A.

(i) A B
D b C b A

Given:
(ii)
Converse of Pythagoras’ Theorem: In a ABC, and =b
Q. What is meant by Converse of such that a2 + b2 = c2.
Pythagoras’ Theorem? (Board 2015) 093015002 To Prove:
ACB is a right angled triangle.
Construction:
Draw perpendicular to such that
 . Join the points B and D.

Exercise 15:
1. Verify that the s having the following measures of sides are right-angled.
(i) a = 5 cm, b = 12 cm, c = 13 cm 093015003
(ii) a = 1.5 cm,b = 2 cm, c = 2.5 cm 093015004
(iii) a = 9 cm, b = 12 cm, c = 15 cm 093015005
(iv) a = 16 cm, b = 30 cm, c = 34 cm 093015006
Q.2 Verify that a2 + b2, a2 b2 and 2ab are the measures of the sides of a right angled triangle
where a and b are any two real numbers (a > b). 093015007
Q.3 The three sides of a triangle are of measure 8, x and 17 respectively. For what value of x
will it become base of a right angled triangle? (Board 2014) 093015008
Q.4 In an isosceles , the base = 28 cm, and = 093015009

If , then find:
(i) Length of 093015010
(ii) Area of ABC 093015011
Given A

50 cm 50 cm

B D C
28cm
 Q.5 In a quadrilateral ABCD, the diagonals and are perpendicular to each other.

Prove that: 093015012

Given: Quadrilateral ABCD diagonal and

are perpendicular to each other.
2 2 2 2
To Prove: + = +

Q.6 (i) In the ABC as shown in the figure, mACB = 90o and . Find the lengths a, h
and b if = 5 units and units. 093015013

Given: A  ABC as shown in figure ,m ACB = 900and

To Find The value of a, h and b.
(ii)Find the value of x in the shown figure.
A

15 cm 13 cm

093015015
B
x C Q.8 A ladder 17 m long rests against a
D 5 cm 093015014
vertical wall. The foot of the ladder is 8m
Q.7 A plane is at a height of 300 m and is away from the base of the wall. How high up
500 m away from the airport as shown in the wall will the ladder reach?
the figure. How much distance will it travel 093015016
to land at the airport? Q.9 A student travels to his school by the
route as shown in the figure. Find
the direct distance from his house to school.
093015017

__________________________________________________________________________
Review Exercise 15 OBJECTIVE
Choose the correct answer:
218. In a right angled triangle, the square of 220. Let c be the longest of the sides a, b and
the length of hypotenuse is equal to the c of a triangle. If a2 +b2 = c2, then the
____ of the squares of the lengths of the triangle is ___: 093015020
other two sides. 093015018 (a) Right (b) Acute
(a) Sum (b) Difference (c) Obtuse (d) None of these
(c) Zero (d) None of these 221. Let c be the longest of the sides a, b and
219. If the square of one side of a triangle is c of a triangle. If a2 + b2> c2 then
equal to the sum of the squares of the triangle is: 093015021
other two sides then the triangle is a (a) Acute (b) Right
____ triangle. 093015019 (c) Obtuse (d) None of these
(a) Right angled (b) Acute angled 222. Let c be the longest of the sides a, b and
(c) Obtuse angled c of a triangle. If a2+b2< c2, then the
(d) None of these triangle is: 093015022
 (a) Acute (b) Right (a) x = 2cm (b) x = 1cm
(c) Obtuse (d) None of these (c) (d) x = 3cm
223. If 3cm and 4cm are two sides of a right 228. In right angled triangle greater angle is
angled triangle, then hypotenuse is; ________. 093015028
093015023
(a) 5cm (b) 3cm (a) (b)
(c) 4cm (d) 2cm (c) (d)
224. In right triangle ____ is a side opposite 229. In right angled triangle on angle is
to right angle. 093015024
and other two angles are_____.093015029
(a) Base (b) Perpendicular (a) obtuse (b) acute
(c) Hypotenuse (d) None (c) right (d) supplementary
225. In the fig. 093015025
230. If hypotenuse of an isosceles right
1 0cm
6 cm angled triangle is then each of
other side is: 093015030
x
(a) 1cm (b) 2cm
(a) x = 6cm (b) x = 8cm
(c) 3cm (d) 4cm
(c) x = 10cm (d) x = 16cm
231. In right angled triangle which side is
the longest side? 093015031
(a) perpendicular
226. In the fig. 093015026
(b) base
x 1 3cm (c) hypotenuse
(d) none of these
5 cm 232. In right angled triangle if
(a) x = 5cm (b) x = 8cm then which of the following is true?
(c) x = 12cm (d) x = 18cm 093015032

227. In the fig. 093015027

(a) (b)
(c) (d)
x 2 cm 233. In a Isosceles right angled triangle two
acute angles are equal to: 093015033

1 cm (a) 30o (b) 45o

(c) 60 o (d) 90o

Q.1 Which of the following are true and which are false?
(i) In a right angled triangle greater angle is 90o. 093015034
o
(ii) In a right angled triangle right angle is 60 . 093015035
(iii) In a right triangle hypotenuse is a side opposite to right angle. 093015036
2 2 2
(iv) If a, b, c are sides of right angled triangle with c as longer side then c = a + b . 093015037
(v) If 3 cm and 4 cm are two sides of a right angled triangle, then hypotenuse is 5 cm. 093015038
(vi) If hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle is cm then each of other side
is of length 2 cm. 093015039
Q. 2 Find the unknown value in each of the following figures.
(i)
(ii)

x
4 cm 1 0 cm
6 cm

3 cm (Board 2014) 093015040 x 093015041

 Q. If a2 + b2 = c2 what kind of triangle it is?
093015044
Q. If a2 + b2 > c2 what kind of triangle it is?
093015045
(iii) If two sides of a triangle are 5cm and Q. Define hypotenuse of right angled triangle.
13cm, then find perpendicular of triangle. 093015046
(Board 2015) 093015042 Q. If a2 + b2 < c2 what kind of triangle it is?
093015047

x
Q. Which angle is greater angle in right angled
13cm
triangle? 093015048

5cm
(iv)

x 2 cm

1 cm (Board 2013, 15) 093015043

 THEOREMS RELATED WITH
AREA
Q. Define Area of a Figure. 093016001
Q. Define interior of triangle.
Q. Define Triangular Region. 093016002
Q. What is Congruent Area Axiom? 093016003
Q. Define interior of a rectangle. 093016004
Q. Define Rectangular Region. 093016005
Q. In how many triangular regions a
rectangular region can be divided? 093016006
Q. What is meant by ||gm between the same
parallels? 093016007
__________________________________________________________________________
Q. What is meant by the triangles between
the same parallels? 093016008
Q. What is meant by the triangle and
parallelogram between the same parallels?
093016009
Q. Define Altitude of Parallelogram.
093016010
Q. Define Altitude of the Triangle. 093016011
Q. Under what condition areas of a
parallelogram and rectangle are equal?
093016012

Theorem 16.1.1: Parallelograms on the same base and between the same parallel lines (or of the
same altitude) are equal in area. 093016013 F D E C
Given: Two parallelograms ABCD and ABEF having the
same base and between the same parallel lines and .
To Prove: A B
Area of parallelogram ABCD = area of parallelogram ABEF

Theorem 16.1.2: (Board 2013, 14) 093016014

Parallelograms on equal bases and having the same (or equal)

altitude are equal in area.
Given: Parallelograms ABCD, EFGH are on the equal bases
, , having equal altitudes.
To Prove: Area of (parallelogram ABCD) = area of
(parallelogram EFGH)
Construction: Place the parallelograms ABCD and EFGH so that their equal bases , are
in the straight line BCFG. Join and .
Exercise 16.1:
Q. 1Show that the line segment joining the Given: ABCD is parallelogram. Point p is
mid-points of opposite sides of a
midpoint of side i.e. and point
parallelogram, divides it into two equal
parallelograms. 093016015 Q is midpoint of side i.e. .
To Prove: ||gm AQPD ||gm QBCP
Construction:
Join P to Q and Q to C.
Q. 2In a parallelogram ABCD, = 10cm. The altitudes D C
corresponding to sides AB and AD are respectively 7 cm and 8cm. F
Find . 093016016 8cm
7cm
Given: Parallelogram ABCD, m =10cm. The altitudes.
Corresponding to the sides and arc 7cm and 8cm. A E 10cm B

To Find: m =?
Construction: Make ||gm ABCD and show the given altitudes = 7cm, = 8cm.

Q. 3If two parallelograms of equal areas have the same or equal bases, their altitudes are
equal. 093016017 H G D C

Given: Two parallelograms of same or equal bases and

same areas.
To Prove: Their altitudes are equal.
Construction: Make the ||gm ABCD and EFGH. Draw E M F A L B

and
Theorem 16.1.3: Triangles on the same base and (Board 2014)
of the same (i.e., equal) altitudes are equal in area. 093016018

Given: s ABC, DBC on the same base

and having equal altitudes.
To Prove: Area of (ABC) = area of (DBC) (Board 2013, 15)
Construction: Draw || to , || to meeting
produced in M, N.
Theorem 16.1.4: Triangles on equal bases and of equal altitudes are equal in area. (Board 2014)
093016019
Given: s ABC, DEF on equal bases
, and having altitudes equal.
To Prove:
Area ( ABC) = Area ( DEF)

Construction
Place the s ABC and DEF so that their equal bases and are in the same straight line
BCEF and their vertices on the same side of it. Draw BX || to CA and FY || to ED meeting AD
produced in X, Y respectively
Corollaries:
(1) Triangles on equal bases and between the same parallels are equal in area.
(2) Triangles having a common vertex and equal bases in the same straight line, are equal in area.
Exercise 16.2:
Q. 1 Show that a median of a triangle divides it into two triangles C
of equal area. 093016020

Given: In is a median i.e.

To Prove: Median divides the triangle into two triangles of equal area.
i.e. A E D B

Construction: Draw altitude

Q. 2 Prove that a parallelogram is divided by its diagonals into four triangles of equal area. 093016021

Given: ||gm divided by its diagonals into four triangles D C

To Prove: Areas of the four triangles are equal

O

Construction: Make the ||gm ABCD with diagonals intersecting each other at O
to make four triangle, AOB BOC, COD and DOA. A B

Q.3 Divide a triangle into six equal triangular parts. 093016022

Review Exercise 16 OBJECTIVE

Choose the correct Answers:
234. The region enclosed by the bounding (a) Vertex (b) Side
lines of a closed figure is called the (c) Midpoint (d) None
__ of the figure: 093016023 240. Area of given figure is…….
(a) Area (b) Circle 093016029
(c) Boundary (d) None (a) 18cm
235. Base × altitude = 093016024 (b) 9cm
(a) Area of parallelogram (c) 18cm2
(b) Area of square (d) 9cm2
(c) Area of Rectangular 241. Area of given
(d) Area of Triangle figure is…… 093016030
236. The union of a rectangle and its (a) 4cm
interior is called: 093016025 (b) 8cm2
(a) Circle region (c) 16cm
(b) Rectangular region (d) 16cm2
(c) Triangle region (d) None 242. Area of given figure is…… 093016031
(a) 4cm2
237. If a is the side of a square, its area (b) 12cm2
will be equal to… 093016026 (c) 32cm
(a) a square unit (b) a2 square units (d) 32cm2
(c) a3 square units (d)a4 square units 243. Area of given
238. The union of a triangle and its figure is…..
interior is called as: 093016027 093016026
(a) Triangular region (a) 160cm2
(b) Rectangular region (b) 80cm2
(c) Circle region (d) None of these (c) 80cm
239. Altitude of a triangle means (d) 160cm
perpendicular distance to base from 244. Area of triangle is …… 093016032
its opposite___ 093016028
 (c) A = L  w
(a) A = Base  Height (d) A = L2
(b) A = Base  Height 248. If the length and breadth of a
rectangle are ‘a’ and ‘b’ then its
(c) A = L  w
area will be: 093016036
(d) A = L2
245. Area of square is …… 093016033 (a) a + b (b)
(c) (d) a = b
(a) A = Base  Height 249. In most cases similar figures have
(b) A = Base  Height _____ areas. 093016037

(c) A = L  w (a) same (b) different

(d) A = L2
246. Area of rectangle is ……
(a) A = Base  Height
(b) A = Base  Height
(c) A = L  w
(d) A = L2
247. Area of parallelogram is …
(c) equal (d) congruent
093016034
250. All congruent figures have _____
areas. 093016038
(a) same (b) different
(c) zero (d) non-congruent
251. Area of a geometrical figure is
always ___ real number. 093016039
(a) zero (b) positive
093016035 (c) negative (d) rational

(a) A = Base  Height

(b) A = Base  Height

Q.1 Which of the following are true and which are false?
(i) Area of a figure means region enclosed by bounding lines of closed figure. 093016040
(ii) Similar figures have same area. 093016041
(iii) Congruent figures have same area. 093016042
(iv) A diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into two non-congruent triangles. 093016043
(v) Altitude of a triangle means perpendicular from vertex to the opposite side (base). 093016044
(vi) Area of a parallelogram is equal to the product of base and height. 093016045
Q.2 Find the area of the following.

3cm 4cm

(i) 6cm 093016046 (ii) 4cm (Board 2013) 093016047

8cm

10cm
4cm
(iii) 093016048 (iv) 16cm 093016049

Q.3 Define the following: (i) Area of figure 093016050 (ii) Triangular region 093016051
(iii) Rectangular region 093016052 (iv) Altitude or height of triangle 093016053
 PRACTICAL GEOMETRY-
TRIANGLES
Exercise 17.1
Q.1 Construct aABC, in which:
(vi)
(i) = 3.2cm,
093017006
093017001
(Board 2013) Given
Given
The side and angles
The sides = 3.2cm,
of ABC
ofABC

(ii) (vii)
093017002 093017007

Given Given

The sides The side and angles

ofABC , of ABC
Q.2 Construct a XYZ in which
(iii) ,
(i)
093017003
093017008
Given Given
The sides and The sides and
of ABC of XYZ.

(iv) ,
(ii) m =6.4cm,
093017004 m Y = 90o 093017009
Given Given
The sides and The sides
of ABC. (Board 2013, 15) and of XYZ.

(v) m =3.5cm, (iii)

093017005 093017010

Given Given
The sides
The sides
m =3.5cm and of ABC ofXYZ.
Q.3 Construct a right angled  measure of Example 093017020
whose hypotenuse is 5cm and one side is (i) Construct a ABC having given
3.2cm. 093017011
Given = 4.6 cm, =5 cm and =
In right angled  hypotenuse is 5cm and one side 5.1 cm.
is 3.2cm (ii) Draw its angle bisectors and verify that
Q.4 Construct a right angled isosceles they are concurrent.
triangle. Whose hypotenuse is: 093017012 Given
i) 5.2cm long 093017013
Given The side =4.6 cm, = 5 cm and
In right angled isosceles triangle hypotenuse is = 5.1 cm of a ABC.
5.2 cm. (b) Draw altitudes of a given triangle
(ii) 4.8 cm 093017014 and verify their concurrency.
Given Example 093017021
In right angled isosceles triangle hypotenuse is
4.8 cm. (i) Construct a triangle ABC in which
(iii) 6.2 cm 093017015 = 5.9 cm, =56oand m =44o
Given (ii) Draw the altitudes of the triangle and
In right angled isosceles triangle hypotenuse is verify that they are concurrent.
6.2 cm. Given
(iv) 5.4 cm 093017016
The side = 5.9 cm, and =56o,
Given
In right angled isosceles triangle hypotenuse is m =44o
5.4 cm. (c). Draw perpendicular bisectors of the
Q.5 (Ambiguous case) construct a ABC in sides of a given triangle and verify their
which concurrency.
(i) , Example 093017022
(i) Construct a ABC having given
(Board 2014) 093017017
=4cm, = 4.8cm and =3.6cm.
Given
(ii) Draw perpendicular bisectors of its sides
In ABC , and verify that they are concurrent.
Given
Three sides = 4cm, = 4.8cm and
(ii)
=3.6cm of a ABC.
093017018
(d)Draw medians of a given triangle
Given
and verify their concurrency.
In ABC Example 093017023

(i) Construct a ABC in which = 4.8

(iii) cm, = 3.5cm and = 4cm.
(ii) Draw medians of ABC and verify that
093017019
they are concurrent at a point within the
Given triangle. By measurement show that the
medians divide each other in the ratio 2:1.
(a) Draw angle bisectors of a given triangle Given
and verify their concurrency. Three sides =4.8 cm, = 3.5cm and
= 4cm of a ABC.
 Exercise 17.2
Q.1Construct the following sABC. Draw
(iii) ,
the bisectors of their angles and verify their
concurrency. 093017029

(i) Given

093017024 ,
Q.3 Construct the following triangles ABC.
Given
Draw the perpendicular bisectors of their
The sides , and sides and verify their concurrency. Do they
meet inside the triangle?

(ii) (i) ,
093017030
093017025
Given
Given
Side ,
The sides
of a ABC. of a ABC.

(ii)
(iii) m B=60o (Board 2014) 093017031

Given
093017026

Given The side and

The sides and

(iii)
Q.2 Construct s PQR. Draw their (Board 2014) 093017032
altitudes and show that they are Given
concurrent.
The sides
(i)

(Board 2015) 093017027 Q.4 Construct following ’s XYZ.

Given Draw their three medians and show that
they are concurrent.
The sides and
(i)
of a PQR.
(Board 2014) 093017033
(ii)
Given
093017028
The side
Given
and
(ii)
093017034
Given Given
The sides and The side and
of XYZ.
(iii) , . Figure with Equal Areas
093017035
(i) Construct a triangle equal in area to a
given quadrilateral. 093017036
Given:A quadrilateral ABCD.
 Exercise 17.3
Q.1 (i) Construct a quadrilateral ABCD, Given
Parts of the quadrilateral PQRS are given.
having
Q.3 Construct a equal in area to the
and
quadrilateral ABCD, having ,
093017037
, ,
(ii) On the side BC construct a equal in
area to the quadrilateral ABCD. and . 093017040

093017038
C
D 3 .8 c m
m
3c
5.
2.8cm

P A 5.3cm B

Given
Given Parts of the quadrilateral ABCD are given
Sides of quadrilateral ABCD
Q.4 Construct a right-angled triangle equal
in area to a given square. 093017041
B C

4 cm

Q.2 Construct a  equal in area to the E

quadrilateral PQRS, having , A D F

4 cm

, ,
Given
and . 093017039 Square ABCD
S

2 .7
5cm
90
o
Construct a rectangle equal in area to a
P
given triangle.
6c

T
Given: ABC
m

o
60
Q 7cm R A

Exercise 17.4
Q.1 Construct a  with sides 4cm, 5cm and Given
6 cm and construct a rectangle having its 4cm, 5cm, 6cm the sides of the triangle .
area equal to that of the . Measure its
diagonals. Are they equal? Q.2Transform an isosceles  into a
P C Q rectangle. 093017043

A D
5 cm

A 4 cm D B

B E C

093017042
Q.3 Construct a ABC such that Given
Three sides of the ABC
, , .
(iii)Construct a square equal in area to a
Construct a rectangle equal in area to the
given rectangle.
ABC, and measure its sides. 093017044
Given: A rectangle ABCD
P CQ


3.8cm
cm
4.8

A D 3cm B

Exercise 17.5
Q.1 Construct a rectangle whose adjacent 093017047
sides are 2.5 cm and 5cm respectively. Q.4 Construct a square equal in area to the
Construct a square having area equal to the sum of two squares having sides 3cm and 4
given rectangle. 093017045 cm respectively. 093017048
E

3cm A
3 2
4 2
3cm

5
cm

90 o
3cm C 4cm B
Q.2 Construct a square equal in area to a
rectangle whose adjacent sides are 4.5 cm 4cm 4cm

and 2.2 cm respectively. Measure the sides

of the square and find its area and compare
with the area of the rectangle. 093017046
Q.5 Construct a  having base 3.5 cm and
M L
other two sides equal to 3.4 cm and 3.8
cm respectively. Transform it into a
A
square of equal area. 093017049
E F
M L
O D
2.2cm

B 4.5cm C
E C D H
O N l

Q.3 In Q.2 above verify by measurement

that the perimeter of the square is less than
A 3.5cm F B
that of the rectangle.

.
 Q. 6Construct ahaving base 5 cm and other sides equal to 5 cm and 6 cm. Construct a square
equal in area to given. 093017050
Let

REVIEW EXCERSIE 17
Q.1 Fill in the blanks to make the statement true. 093017051
o
(i) The side of a right angled triangle opposite to 90 is called _________.
093017052
(ii) The line segment joining a vertex of a triangle to the mid-point of its
opposite side is called a____________. 093017053
(iii) A line drawn from a vertex of a triangle which is _________to its
opposite side is called an altitude of the triangle. 093017054
(iv) The bisectors of the three angles of a triangle are __________. 093017055
(v) The point of concurrency of the right bisectors of the three sides of
the triangle is ___________ from its vertices. 093017056
(vi) Two or more triangles are said to be similar if they are equiangular and measures of their
corresponding sides are_______________. 093017057
(vi) The altitudes of a right triangle are concurrent at the ____ of the right angle. 093017058
OBJECTIVE
Q.2 Choose the correct answer:
252.A triangle having two sides congruent (a) Three (b) Four
is called: ___ 093017059 (c) Five (d) Two
(a) Scalene (b) Right angled 258.The diagonals of a parallelogram ___
(c) Equilateral (d) Isosceles each other: (Board 2014) 093017065
253.A quadrilateral having each angle (a) Bisect
equal to 90o is called ____ 093017060 (b) Trisect
(a) Parallelogram (b)Rectangle (Board 2014) (c) Bisect at right angle
(c) Trapezium (d)Rhombus (d) None of these
254.The right bisectors of the three sides 259.The medians of a triangle cut each
of a triangle are ___ 093017061 other in the ratio: (Board 2013, 15)
(a) Congruent (b) Collinear 093017066
(c) Concurrent (d) Parallel (a) 4:1 (b) 3:1
255.The __ altitudes of an isosceles (c) 2:1 (d) 1:1
triangle are congruent: 093017062 260.One angle on the base of an isosceles
(a) Two (b) Three (Board 2015) triangle is 30o. What is the measure of
(c) Four (d) None its vertical angle: (Board 2014) 093017067
256.A point equidistant from the end points (a) 30o (b) 60o
of a line segment is on its __ 093017063 (c) 90 o
(d) 120o
(a) Bisector 261.If the three altitudes of a triangle are
(b) Right bisector congruent then the triangle is _
(c) Perpendicular 093017068
(d) Median (a) Equilateral (b) Right angled
257.___ congruent triangles can be made by (c) Isosceles (d) Acute angled
joining the mid points of the sides of a
triangle: (Board 2015) 093017064
 262.If two medians of a triangle are congruent (a) 360o (b) 270o
then the triangle will be: 093017069 (c) 180o (d) 90o
(a) Isosceles (b) Equilateral 273.Sum of four internal angles of a
(c) Right angled (d) Acute angled quadrilateral is ….. 093017080
263.A line segment joining a vertex of a (a) 60o (b) 120o
triangle to the midpoint of its opposite (c) 180o (d) 360o
side is called a ___ of the triangle: 274.The side opposite to right angle in right
(a) Altitude (b)Median 093017070 angled triangle is called….. 093017081
(c) Angle bisector (d)Right bisector (a) Base (b) Perpendicular
264.A line segment from a vertex of (c) Hypotenuse (d) Altitude
triangle perpendicular to the line 275.The altitudes of a right angled triangle
containing the opposite side, is called are concurrent at the …….. 093017082
an __ of the triangle: 093017071 (a) Midpoint of hypotenuse
(a) Altitude (b) Median (b) Vertex of right angle
(c) Angle bisector (d) Right (c) Midpoint of base (d) Vertical angle
bisector 276.The triangles are said to be ….. if they
265.The point of concurrency of the three are equiangular. 093017083
altitudes of a  is called its __ 093017072 (a) Congruent (b) Similar
(a) Ortho centre (b) In centre (c) Equal (d) Scalene
(c) Circumcentre (d) None 277.All the ….. right bisectors of sides of
266.The internal bisectors of the angles of a triangle are concurrent. 093017084
triangle meet at a point called the (a) One (b) Two
_______ of the triangle: 093017073 (c) Three (d) Four
(a) In centre(b) Ortho centre 278.All the three bisectors of angles of
(c) Circumcentre (c) None triangle are…… (Board 2014) 093017085
267.The point of concurrency of the three (a) Congruent (b) Concurrent
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a (c) Parallel(d) Perpendicular
triangle is called the ____ of the 279.All the three medians of a triangle
triangle. 093017074 are…….. 093017086
(a) Circumcentre (b) In centre (a) Congruent (b) Concurrent
(c) Ortho centre (d) None (c) Parallel (d) Perpendicular
268.Point of concurrency of three medians 280.All the three altitudes of a triangle
of a triangle is called. 093017075 are……… 093017087
(a) In centre three (b) Ortho centre (a) Congruent
(c) Centroid (d) Circumcentre (b) Concurrent
269.Sum of interior angles of a triangle is (c)Parallel
…… (Board 2013, 14) 093017076 (d) Perpendicular
(a) 60o (b) 120o 281.In-centre is the point of concurrency of
(c) 180 o
(d) 240o three….. of triangle. 093017088
270.Sum of four interior angle of a (a) Right bisectors (b) Angle bisectors
rectangle is ……. 093017077 (c) Altitudes (d) Medians
(a) 90 o
(b) 180o 282.Circumcentre is point of concurrency
(c) 270 o
(d) 360o of three of three….. of triangle. 093017089
271.Sum of four interior angles of a (a) right bisectors (b) angle
parallelogram is ………… 093017078 bisectors
(a) 90 (b) 180o
o
(c) altitudes (d) medians
(c) 270o (d) 360o 283.Ortho centre is the point of
272.Sum of four interior angles of a square concurrency of three….. of triangle.
is……. 093017079 (a) right bisectors 093017090
 (b) angle bisectors 291.In right-angled triangle if one angle is
(c) altitudes 30o, then other angle will be…..:
(d) medians (a) 15o (b) 30o 093017098
284.Centroid is the point of concurrency of (c) 45o (d) 60o (Board
three….. of triangle. 093017091
2013)
(a) right bisectors (b) angle bisectors 292.In right-angled triangle if one angle is
(c) altitudes (d) medians 60o, then other angle will be…..:
285.In ambiguous case of triangle how (a) 15o (b) 30o 093017099
many maximum triangles are (c) 45 o
(d) 60o
constructed? 093017092 293.In right-angled triangle if one angle is
(a) one (b) two 45o, then other angle will be…..:
(c)three (d) four (a) 15o (b) 30o 093017100
286.Three or more than three lines passing (c) 45 o
(d) 60o
through the same point are called …… 294. By drawing the right bisector of a
Lines. 093017093 line segment we can find its ____
(a) congruent point. 093017101
(b) concurrent (a) end (b) midpoint
(c) parallel (c) fixed (d) trisection
(d) perpendicular 295. By drawing the right bisectors of
287.The common point of three or more sides of a triangle we can find its
than three lines is called…… 093017094 _________. 093017102
(a) central point (a) incentive (b) circumcentre
(b) point of concurrency (c) centroid (d) orthocentre
(c) vertex 296. By drawing the angle bisectors of a
(d) centroid triangle we can find its_____. 093017103
288.Which of the following can be (a) incentre (b) circumcentre
constructed by compass? 093017095 (c) centroid (d) orthocentre
o
(a) 15 (b) 25o 297. By drawing the medians of a triangle
o
(c) 35 (d) 55o we can find its _______. 093017104
289.Which of the following cannot be (a) incentre (b) circumcentre
constructed with compass? 093017096 (c) centroid (d) orthocenter
(a) 30o (b) 45o 298. By drawing the altitudes of a triangle
o
(c) 75 (d) 95o we can find its ____. 093017105
290.Which of the following is used to (a) incentre (b) circumcentre
measure the angle? 093017097 (c) centroid (d) orthocentre
(a) compass (b) protractor
(c) scale (d) set square
Q.3. Define the following:
i) Define in Centre. 093017106
ii) Define Circumcentre. (Board 2015) 093017107

iii) Define Orthocentre. (Board 2014) 093017108

iv) Define Centroid. (Board 2013) 093017109

v) Define Concurrent lines. / What do you mean by Point of concurrency? 093017110

Vi ) Define median of triangle . 093017111
vii) Define Altitude of a triangle.
viii) What is the ambiguous case of triangle?