Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Screenshot 2024-02-21 at 7.53.41 PM
Screenshot 2024-02-21 at 7.53.41 PM
SI unit Symbol
Power Watts W
Energy joules J
Current amps A
Charge coulombs C
Resistance ohms Ω
Voltage volts V
Distance metres m
Time seconds s
Momentum - Kg m/s
Moment - Nm
Acceleration - m/s2
Force newtons N
Density - Kg/cm3
Weight newtons N
Frequency hertz Hz
Radioactivity Becquerel Bq
Mains electricity
What is a diode?
- A device which allows current to flow in one direction only
What is a thermistor?
- A temperature dependent resistor
- Its resistance decreases when temperature increases
What is a LDR?
- Light dependent resistor
- Its resistance decreases when light intensity increases
What are the current and voltage rules in a series circuit?
- Current is the same everywhere
- Total voltage is the sum of all the individual components’ voltage
What are the current and voltage rules in a parallel circuit?
- Voltage is the same everywhere
- Total current is the sum of the individual components’ current
Why is current conserved at a junction?
- In parallel circuit, current is shared between each component
- Total amount of current flowing into the junction is equal to the total current flowing out
- Current is described as being conserved
Electric charge (static electricity)
Properties of waves
- Longest wavelength
- Lowest energy Radiowaves
- broadcasting
- Lowest frequency - communications
- cooking
- internal heating of
Microwaves - satellite communica-
body tissues
tion
- heaters/cooking
Infra-red - remote controls - skin burns
- night vision
Visible
- optical fibres
- photography
- damaged to surface
- detecting forged cells (e.g. skin can-
bank notes cer)
Ultra violet
- fluorescent lamps in - blindess
sun beds - protective goggles,
glasses, suncream
Describe how a light ray changes direction when it enters and leaves a glass block
- Bends towards the normal as it enters the block
- Bends away from the normal as it leaves the block
n = sin i
sin r
Energy transfers
Define power
- The rate of energy transfer (or rate of doing work)
Power = work done
time taken
P=W
t
- expensive
- lots of cables
an electricity generator on - renewable
Wind power needed
top of tall tower - little pollution
- unreliable
- visual pollution
- renewable
generators are turned by - expensive
Hydroelectric - reliable
water running downhill - destroys habitats
- little pollution
density = mass
volume
Change of state
Explain the relationship between temperature of an object and its internal energy
- Temperature measures how hot something is, measured in Celsius or Kelvin
- Higher temperatures means more internal energy
- Thermal energy makes the molecules of a substance vibrate more (increases kinetic
energy)
- This vibration means each molecule is carrying more energy
What happens to the temperature of a substance as it changes state (e.g. from liquid to a
gas)?
- It remains constant
Define specific heat capacity
- The energy required to change the temperature of an object by 1C per kilogram of
mass (J/KgC)
The relationship between the pressure and volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant
temperature:
- p1V1 = p2V2
Magnetism
Summary of magnetism
- South poles attract north poles (and vice versa)
- Some material may become magnetised when placed in a magnetic field
- Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt are magnetic
What is the difference between steel and iron’s magnetism?
- Steel - hard magnetic material - retains magnetism
- Iron - soft magnetic material - loses magnetism
Define magnetic field line
- The space around a magnet where magnetism can be detected
- Magnetic field line can be seen through use of either plotting compasses or iron filings
What are the properties of a uniform magnetic field?
- Field lines are parallel
- Field lines are evenly spaced
How may an objects’ magnetism be induced (created)?
- Place a magnetic object e.g. one made from steel or iron into a magnetic field
- Object becomes a magnet (magnetism has been induced)
- The magnetism is temporary as the object loses its magnetism when it’s removed from
the magnetic field
Electromagnetism
Vp = np
Vs ns
VpIp = VsIs
Radioactivity
Mass Charge
Electron 1/2000 -1
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
E.g.
23Na
11
Na - sodium
Mass number = 23
Atomic number = 11
Proton number = 11
Neutron number = 12
What is the nature of a beta particle and what happens when a nucleus emits beta?
- Fast moving electron
- A neutron turns into a proton and stays in the nucleus
- Mass number unchanged, atomic number (proton number) increases by 1
What are the limitations of tossing a coin as a model for radioactive decay?
- You can only toss the coin at most 1000 times really
- In radioactive material there are millions of nuclei that have the potential to decay
Copyright © 2019 Hazel Lindsey & Martin Bailey 25
When the radioactive source is on the ob- When an object is exposed to a source of
ject radiation
Radiation can not be blocked using lead Radiation can be blocked using lead
shielding shielding
The object is radioactive as long as the Doesn’t cause the object to become ra-
source is on the object dioactive
What is a universe?
- Large collection of billions of galaxies
What is a galaxy?
- Large collection of billions of stars
What is the name of our galaxy?
- The Milky Way
What is a satellite?
- An object which orbits a planet - can be either natural (moon) or artificial (man-made)
What is a comet
- Ball of ice and dust that orbits the sun
What is a day?
- time taken for Earth to rotate once on its axis
What is a month?
- time taken for the Moon to orbit the Earth once
What is a year?
- time taken for the Earth to complete one orbit of the Sun
What does the size of the gravitational force depend on?
- masses of objects
- distance between the objects
Why do larger planets exert larger gravitational forces?
- Larger masses (not larger size!)
Why does our weight vary on Earth and on the Moon?
- Gravitational field strength is weaker on the moon
- Weight = mass x gravitational field strength
- Mass is unchanged
Stellar evolution
Cosmology
efficiency = useful energy output from system/ total energy output into system x 100
KE = ½ mass x speed²
KE = ½mv²
v2 = u2 + 2as
where v = final speed
u = initial speed
a = acceleration
s = distance