CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

—CHO
ENGLISH represents the functional group
(a) esters (b) carboxylic acid 1
1 (c) alcohols (d) aldehydes

ANS: (d)

2 A functional group mainly determines the

(a) physical properties
(b) chemical properties 1
(c) both
(d) none of these

ANS: (b)

3 Solubility of alcohol in water is due to

(a) low density of alcohol
(b) volatile nature of alcohol 1
(c) ionisation
(d) hydrogen bonding

ANS: (d)

4 Artificial flavour for orange is obtained from

(a) amyl acetate
(b) isoamyl valerate 1
(c) methyl butyrate
(d) octyl acetate

ANS: (d)

5 Drinking alcohol is very harmful and it ruins the health. “Drinking alcohol” stands for
(a) drinking methyl alcohol
(b) drinking ethyl alcohol 1
(c) drinking propyl alcohol
(d) drinking isopropyl alcohol

ANS: (b)

6 The ionic part of synthetic detergent is

(a) — OSO3– Na+ (b) —COO–Na+ 1
(c) — COO–H+ (d) —COO– CH3+

ANS: (a)

7 The difference in the formula and molecular masses of CH3OH and C2H5OH is
(a) CH3 and 16u (b) CH2 and 14u 1
(c) CH4 and 18u (d) CH3 and 16u

ANS: (b)

8 Which of the following statements about graphite and diamond is true?

(a) They have the same crystal structure
(b) They have the same degree of hardness 1
(c) They have the same electrical conductivity
(d) They can undergo the same chemical reactions

ANS: (d)
9 Which of the following is ethanol?
(a) CH3CHO (b) CH3COOH 1
(c) CH3CH2OH (d) CH3COOCH3

ANS: (c)

10 Which of the following contains covalent bond?

(a) MgCl2 (b) CaF2 1
(c) Al2O3 (d) HCl

ANS: (d)

11 The number of covalent bonds in C4H10 is

(a) 10 (b) 8 1
(c) 13 (d) 12

ANS: (c)

12 Which amongst the following will conduct electricity?

(a) C6H12O6 (b) KCl(s) 1
(c) C2H5OH (d) NaCl (aq)

ANS: (d)

13 The self linkage property (catenation) is maximum in

(a) carbon (b) silicon 1
(c) sulphur (d) phosphorus

ANS: (a)

14 Ethane and ethene can be distinguished by

(a) Br2(l) (b) Br2 (aq) water 1
(c) Cl2 (d) I2

ANS: (b)

15 Carbon exists in the atmosphere in the form of

(a) carbon monoxide only
(b) carbon monoxide in traces and carbon dioxide 1
(c) carbon dioxide only
(d) coal

ANS: (b)

16 Which of the following statements are usually correct for carbon compounds? These
(i) are good conductors of electricity
(ii) are poor conductors of electricity
(iii) have strong forces of attraction between their molecules 1
(iv) do not have strong forces of attraction between their molecules
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iv)

ANS: (d)

17 A molecule of ammonia (NH3) has

(a) only single bonds
(b) only double bonds 1
(c) only triple bonds
(d) two double bonds and one single bond
 ANS: (a)

18 Buckminsterfullerene is an allotropic form of

(a) phosphorus (b) sulphur 1
(c) carbon (d) tin

ANS: (c)

19

Which of the following are correct structural isomers of butane?

(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii)

and (iv) (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)

ANS: (c)

20
CH3CH2OHCH3COOH
In the above given reaction, alkaline KMnO4 acts as
(a) reducing agent 1
(b) oxidising agent
(c) catalyst
(d) dehydrating agent

ANS: (b)

21 Oils on treating with hydrogen in the presence of palladium or nickel catalyst form fats. This is an
example of
(a) Addition reaction
1
(b) Substitution reaction
(c) Displacement reaction
(d) Oxidation reaction

ANS: (a)

22 Which of the following is the correct representation of electron dot structure of nitrogen?

ANS: (d)
23

Structural formula of ethyne is

ANS: (a)

24 Chlorine reacts with saturated hydrocarbons at room temperature in the

(a) absence of sunlight
(b) presence of sunlight 1
(c) presence of water
(d) presence of hydrochloric acid

ANS: (b)

25 Pentane has the molecular formula C5H12. It has

(a) 5 covalent bonds
(b) 12 covalent bonds 1
(c) 16 covalent bonds
(d) 17 covalent bonds

ANS: (c)

26 Ethanol reacts with sodium and forms two products. These are
(a) sodium ethanoate and hydrogen
(b) sodium ethanoate and oxygen 1
(c) sodium ethoxide and hydrogen
(d) sodium ethoxide and oxygen

ANS: (c)

27 Vinegar is a solution of
(a) 50 % – 60 % acetic acid in alcohol
(b) 5 % – 8 % acetic acid in alcohol 1
(c) 5 % – 8 % acetic acid in water
(d) 50 % – 60 % acetic acid in water

ANS: (c)

28 Carbon forms four covalent bonds by sharing its four valence electrons with four univalent atoms,
e.g. hydrogen. After the formation of four bonds, carbon attains the electronic configuration of
1
(a) helium (b) neon
(c) argon (d) krypton

ANS: (b)

29
1
The correct electron dot structure of a water molecule is

ANS: (c)

30 Which among the following are unsaturated hydrocarbons? 1

 (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)

ANS: (c)

31 Which of the following does not belong to the same homologous series?
(a) CH4 (b) C2H6 1
(c) C3H8 (d) C4H8

ANS: (d)

32 The heteroatoms present in

CH3—CH2—O—CH2—CH2Cl are
(i) oxygen (ii) carbon
1
(iii) hydrogen (iv) chlorine
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)

ANS: (d)

33 Which of the following represents saponification reaction?

(a) CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3
1
(b) CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
(c) 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2
(d) CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH

ANS: (d)

34 Ethanol reacts with Na metal to form

(a) CH3ONa + H2
(b) C2H5ONa + H2 1
(c) CH3COONa + H2
(d) CH3COOH + H2O

ANS: (b) C2H5OH + 2Na → C2H5ONa + H2

35 The alcoholic drinks contain

(a) CH3OH (b) CH3CH2OH 1
(c) CH3COOH (d) CH3COOH3

ANS: (c) CH3CH2OH is present in alcoholic drinks.

36 The blindness and death is caused by consuming adultrated liquor contains.

(a) CH3OH (b) CH3COOH 1
(c) CH3COCH3 (d) CH3CHO

ANS: (a) Methanol causes blindness and even death.

37
1
Ethanol, on heating at 443 K with conc H2SO4 gives

ANS: (a) CH3CH2OH CH2==CH2 + H2O

38 In the following questions, the Assertion and Reason have been put forward. Read the statements
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
1
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true Assertion: Methane is simplest
saturated hydrocarbon which is a major component of natural gas.
Reason: Methane belongs to alkene.

ANS: (c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.

39 In the following questions, the Assertion and Reason have been put forward. Read the statements
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
1
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true. Assertion: Ethanol is present in
alcoholic drinks.
Reason: Ethanol has formula CH3OH.

ANS: (c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.

40 In the following questions, the Assertion and Reason have been put forward. Read the statements
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
1
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true. Assertion: Ethanoic acid reacts
with ethyl alcohol in presence of conc H2SO4 to form ethyl ethanoate.
Reason: Esters are used in ice creames and cold drinks.

ANS: (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

41 In the following questions, the Assertion and Reason have been put forward. Read the statements 1
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true. Assertion: Vegetable oils are
unsaturated, react with hydrogen in presence of nickel to form vegetable ghee.
 Reason: This reaction is saponification.

ANS: (c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.

42 In the following questions, the Assertion and Reason have been put forward. Read the statements
carefully and choose the correct alternative from the following:
(a) Both the Assertion and the Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the
1
Assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(d) The statement of the Assertion is false but the Reason is true. Assertion: Soaps are 100%
biodegradable but do not work well with hard water.
Reason: Some detergents are not biodegradable but work well with hard water.

ANS: (b) The Assertion and the Reason are correct but the Reason is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.

43 100% pure ethyl alcohol is called ___________ . 1

ANS: absolute alcohol

44 Carboxylic acid containing one carbon atom is called ___________ . 1

ANS: Formic acid

45 Methane reacts with 1 mole of chlorine in presence of sunlight to give ____________ the reaction
1
is called ____________ reaction.

ANS: chloromethane, substitution

46 The number of isomers of C6H14 are ________ . 1

ANS: 5

47 Buckminster fullerene is an isomer of carbon containing clusters of carbon atom joined together to
1
forms spherical molecules. [True/False]

ANS: False

48 The general formula of saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2. [True/False] 1

ANS: True

49
1
The structural formula of ethyne is [True/False]

ANS: False

50 The IUPAC name of ethylene is ethyne.

1
[True/False]

ANS: False

51 When the oxygen supply is insufficient, then fuel burn incompletely producing mainly a blue flame.
1
[True/False]

ANS: False

52 Match Column I with Column II. 1

 Column I Column II

(A) Unsaturated hydrocarbon

(i) CH4 + Cl2 (B) Used in wood polish
(ii) H2C==CH2 (C) CH3Cl + HCl
(iii) CH3OH (D) Used in ice cream, cold drinks and
(iv) Ester artificial flavours

ANS: (i) (C) (ii) (A) (iii) (B) (iv) (D)

ENGLISH
Write the electron dot structure of ethene molecule (C2H4). 1
53

ANS:

54 Write the electron dot structure of ethane molecule (C2H6). 1

ANS:

55
1
Name the following compounds:

ANS: (a) Ethanol (b) Ethanal

56 Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell. How does carbon attain stable electronic
1
configuration.

ANS: By sharing four electrons with other atoms.

57 Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of ethane. 58

ANS:

58 Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of propane, C3H8. 1

ANS:

59 Write the number of covalent bonds in the molecule of butane, C4H10 1

 ANS:

60 Write the general formula of hydrocarbon alkene. Write the name of simplest alkene. 1

ANS: CnH2n, Ethene

61 Write the molecular formula of benzene and state the number of double bonds in its structure. 1

ANS: C6H6 It has three double bonds.

62 State two characteristic features of carbon which when put together give rise to large number of
1
carbon compounds.

ANS: (i) Catenation

(ii) Tetravalency of carbon

63 Select saturated hydrocarbons from the following:

1
C3H6, C5H10, C4H10, C6H14, C2H4.

ANS: C6H14 and C4H10 are saturated hydrocarbons.

64 Which element exhibits the property of catenation to maximum extent and why? 1

ANS: Carbon shows catenation to maximum extent because it forms strong covalent bonds.

65 Name the functional group present in each of the following organic compounds:
1
(i) C2H5Cl (ii) C2H5OH

ANS: (i) (—Cl) Halogen (Chloro)

(ii) (—OH) Alcohol

66 Name the functional group present in each of the following compounds:

1
(i) HCOOH (ii) C2H5CHO

ANS: (i) —COOH (Carboxylic acid)

(ii) —CHO (Aldehyde)

67 Name the functional group present in each of the following organic compounds:
1
(i) CH3COCH3 (ii) C2H5COOH

ANS: (i)
(ii) Carboxylic acid (—COOH)
68 Write the name and formula of the second member of the carbon compounds having functional
1
group —OH.

ANS:

69 Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group
1
—COOH.

ANS:

70 Write the name and formula of the first member of the carbon compounds having functional group
1
—CHO.

ANS:

71 Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of the series of carbon compounds whose
1
general formula is CnH2n+1OH.

ANS: Ethanol, C2H5OH or CH3CH2OH

72 Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of the series of carbon compounds whose general
1
formula is CnH2n.

ANS: C3H6, H2C=CH—CH3

Propene is second member of series whose general formula is CnH2n.

73 Draw the structure for ethanoic acid molecule, CH3COOH. 1

ANS:

74 Draw the structure of butanone molecule, CH3COC2H5. 1

ANS:

75 Draw the structure of the hexanal molecule, C5H11CHO. 1

 ANS:

76 Butanone is a four carbon per molecule compound. Name the functional group present in it. 1

ANS: Ketone

77

Name the following compound:

ANS: 1-Hexyne is IUPAC name of the compound.

78 Write the structural formula of chloroethane. 1

ANS:

79 Write the next homologue of each of the following

1
(i) C2H4 (ii) C4H6

ANS: (i) C3H6 (ii) C5H8

80 Write the name and structure of an alcohol with three carbon atoms units molecule. 1

ANS:

81 What is a homologous series of carbon compounds? 1

ANS: It is series of organic compounds which have same functional group and similar chemical
properties and successive members differ by CH2 or 14 in terms of mass.

82 Write molecular formulae of alcohol which can be derived from butane. 1

ANS:

83 Write the general formula of hydrocarbon alkene. Write the name of simplest alkene. 1

ANS: CnH2n, Ethene

84 Write molecular formula of an alkyne containing 10 atoms of hydrogen. 1

 ANS: C6H10

85 Write the formula and name of first member of ketone. 1

ANS:

86 Write the name and molecular formula of the fourth member of alkane series. 1

ANS: Butane, C4H10

87 Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula
1
CnH2n.

ANS: C3H6, Propene

88 Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula
1
CnH2n+2.

ANS: C2H6, Ethane

89 Write the name and formula of the 2nd member of homologous series having general formula
1
CnH2n–2.

ANS: C3H4, Propyne

90
1
Write the name of each of the following functional groups: (a) —OH (b)

ANS: (a) Alcohol (b) ketone

91 Name the process by which unsaturated fats are changed to saturated fats. 1

ANS: Hydrogenation.

92 Write the name and molecular formula of the first member of the homologous series of alkynes. 1

ANS: C2H2, Ethyne or H—C≡C—H

93 Write the name and structure of an aldehyde with four carbon atoms in its molecule. 1

ANS:

94 What is an oxidising agent? What happens when an oxidising agent is added to propanol? 1
 Explain with the help of a chemical equation.

ANS: Those substances which add oxygen are called oxidising agent and propanoic acid is

formed. Propanol will

get oxidised to propanoic acid by acidified KMnO4.

95 Name one hydrocarbon which undergoes substitution reaction. 1

ANS: Methane (CH4)

ENGLISH
Give reason why carbon neither forms C4+ cations nor C4– anions, but forms covalent compounds
3
which are bad conductor of electricity and have low melting and low boiling points.
96

ANS: Carbon can not lose four electrons to form C4+ ions as very high energy is required to
remove four electrons. Carbon can not gain four electrons to form C4– ions as 6 protons can not
hold 10 electrons and energy needs to be supplied to overcome repulsion.
Carbon can share four electrons to form covalent compounds. Carbon compounds do not conduct
electricity as they are non-polar and do not form ions.
They have low melting and boiling points due to weak van der Waal’s forces of attraction between
molecules.

97 Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which an addition reaction with
hydrogen can take place. Stating the essential conditions required for an addition reaction to
3
occur. Write the chemical equation giving the name of the reactant and the product of such a
reaction.

ANS: Name and general formula of the chains of hydrocarbons undergoing addition reaction
with hydrogen:
Alkene — CnH2n
Alkyne — CnH2n – 2
Essential conditions required for an addition reaction to occur:
(a) Multiple bonds (double or triple) must be present between carbon atoms in the chain of
hydrocarbon.
(b) Addition of hydrogen should be carried out in the presence of catalyst such as nickel or
platinum.

Chemical Equations:

98 What are covalent compounds? Why are they different from ionic compounds? List their three
3
characteristic properties.

ANS: Those compounds which are formed by sharing of electrons are called covalent
compounds. They differ from ionic compounds because they do not have ions. Ionic compounds
are formed by transfer of electrons.
Properties
1. They have low melting and boiling points.
2. The do not conduct electricity in molten state or in aqueous solution.
3. They are mostly insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

99 With the help of an example, explain the process of hydrogenation. Mention the essential 3
conditions for the reaction and state the change in physical property with the formation of the
 product.

ANS: Hydrogenation is the process in which unsaturated hydrocarbon like alkenes react with
hydrogen in presence of nickel as catalyst to form saturated compounds.

The liquid reactant changes into solid

product. Vegetable oils are converted into vegetable ghee by hydrogenation.

10 Draw the electron-dot structure for ethyne. A mixture of ethyne and oxygen is burnt for welding. In
3
0 your opinion, why cannot we use a mixture of ethyne and air for this purpose?

ANS: Ethyne and air will not produce enough heat

due to incomplete combustion needed for welding purpose. Ethyne and oxygen will produce lot of
heat due to complete combustion which can be used for welding purposes.

10 (a) Define the term functional group. Identify the functional group present in
1

3
(i) (ii)
(b) What happens when 5% alkaline KMnO4 solution is added drop by drop to warm ethanol taken
in a test tube? State the role of alkaline KMnO4 solution in this reaction.

ANS: (a) It is atom or group of atoms or reactive part of compound which largely determine the
chemical properties of compound.
(i) Methanal (ii) Ethanoic acid.

(b) CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O

Alkaline KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent.

10 Write the name and general formula of a chain of hydrocarbons in which an addition reaction with
2 hydrogen is possible. State the essential condition for an addition reaction. Stating this condition, 3
write a chemical equation giving the name of the reactant and the product of the reaction.

ANS: CnH2n and CnH2n–2 are general formula of alkene and alkynes in which addition reaction
with hydrogen is possible. Hydrogen is added to unsaturated hydrocarbon (having double or triple
bond) in presence of heated nickel as catalyst.

10 Write the molecular formula of the following compounds and draw their electron-dot structures:
3
3 (i) Ethane (ii) Ethene (iii) Ethyne
 ANS: (i) Ethane (C2H6)

(ii) Ethene (C2H4)

(iii) Ethyne (C2H2)

10 (a) What are isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane, C4H10.
3
4 (b) Differentiate between alkenes and alkynes.

ANS: (a) Isomers are those compounds which have same molecular formula but different
structural formulae.
Structures of two isomers of butane are:

(b) Alkenes have double bonds whereas alkynes have triple bonds.
General formula of alkene is CnH2n
General formula of alkyne is CnH2n–2

10 Define the term ‘structural isomerism’. Explain why propane cannot exhibit this property. Draw the
3
5 structures of possible isomers of butane, C4H10.

ANS: The phenomenon in which compounds have same molecular formula but different
structures are called structural isomerism.
Lower alkanes till propane do not show isomerism. They cannot have a branched chain structure
to exhibit isomerism.
The structures of possible isomers of butane, C4H10 are:

10 What are isomers? Why can’t we have isomers of first three members of alkane series? Draw the
3
6 possible structures of isomers of butane, C4H10.

ANS: Isomers are those compounds which have same molecular formula and different structural
formula.
In first three members of alkane series, branching is not possible, therefore, isomers are not
possible. The possible structures of isomers of butane, C4H10 are:
10 Write the name and molecular formula of an organic compound having its name suffixed with ‘ol’
7 and having two carbon atoms in its molecule. Write balanced chemical equation to indicate what
3
happens when this compound is heated with excess conc. H2SO4 and the name of main product
formed. Also state the role of conc. H2SO4 in the reaction.

ANS: Ethanol, C2H5OH

Conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent.

10 An aldehyde as well as ketone can be represented by the same molecular formula, say C3H6O.
8 Write their structures and name them. State the relation between the two in the language of 3
science.

ANS: They are functional isomers.

10 C3H6, C4H8 and C5H10 belong to the same homologous series.

9 (i) Define homologous series.
3
(ii) Why the melting and boiling points of C5H10 is higher than C4H8?
(iii) Arrange these hydrocarbons in order of increasing boiling points.

ANS: (i) The series of organic compounds which have similar chemical properties, same
functional group is called homologous series.
(ii) It is because C5H10 has higher molecular weight, more Vander Wall’s force of attraction and
higher boiling points and melting points.
(iii) C3H6 < C4H8 < C5H10 is increasing order of boiling point.

11 What is meant by homologous series of carbon compounds? Classify the following carbon
0 compounds into two homologous series and name them. 3
C3H4, C3H6, C4H6, C4H8, C5H8, C5H10

ANS: Homologous series is series of organic compounds which have same functional group,
similar chemical properties but gradation in physical properties.

11 What is meant by functional group in an organic compound? State in tabular form the structural
3
1 formula and the functional groups present in (i) ethanol and (ii) ethanoic acid.

ANS: Functional group is an atom or group of atoms or reactive part of compound which
determine mainly chemical properties of the compound.
Structural

formula:
11 State the meaning of the functional group in a carbon compound. Write the functional group
3
2 present in (i) ethanol and (ii) ethanoic acid and also draw their structures.

ANS: Functional group is an atom or group of atoms that is bonded to a carbon chain. It defines
the chemical property of the organic compound.

Group Structure

(i) Ethanol = Hydroxy (–OH) CH3CH2OH

(ii) Ethanoic acid = Carboxylic acid (–COOH) CH3COOH

11 State the meaning of the functional group in an organic compound. Write the formula of the
3
3 functional group present in alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.

ANS: Functional group is an atom or group of atoms or reactions part of the compound which
determines chemical properties of compound.

11 Why homologous series of carbon compounds are so called? Write chemical formula of two
4 consecutive members of a homologous series and state the part of these compounds that 3
determines their (i) physical properties, and (ii) chemical properties.

ANS: The series consists of members of same family with similar physical and chemical
properties, therefore, called homologous series.
(i) CH3OH
(ii) CH3CH2OH are two consecutive members of homologous series.
Alkyl group CH3— & CH3CH2— part determines physical properties.
Functional group —OH determines chemical properties of the compounds.

11 What are homologous series of carbon compounds? Write the molecular formula of two
5 consecutive members of homologous series of aldehydes. State which part of these compounds 3
determines their (i) physical and (ii) chemical properties.

ANS: A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitutes for hydrogen in a
carbon chain is called a homologous series of carbon compounds. They differ from each other by
the number of —CH2— units in the main carbon chain.
Molecular formula of two consecutive members of homologous series of aldehydes:
CH3—CHO and CH3—CH2—CHO
Alkyl group —CH3 and —CH2CH3 part determines physical properties while the functional group —
CHO determines chemical properties.

11 What is meant by isomers? “We cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane series.”
3
6 Give reason to justify this statement. Draw the structures of two isomers of pentane, C 5H12.

ANS: Isomers are those compounds which have same molecular formula and different structural
formula.
In first three members of alkane series, branching is not possible, therefore, isomers are not
 possible.

11 What is meant by isomers? Draw the structures of two isomers of butane, C4H10. Explain why we
3
7 cannot have isomers of first three members of alkane series.

ANS: Isomers are those compounds which have same molecular formula but different structural
formula.

CH3CH2CH2CH3 and are two isomers of C4H10. Isomers are not possible for
first three members because branching is not possible.

11 Define homologous series of organic compounds. List its two characteristics. Write the name and
3
8 formula of the first member of the sereis of alkenes.

ANS: The series of organic compounds having same functional group and similar chemical
properties is called homologous series.
Each member differs from successive member by —CH2— group. The difference in molecular
weight between two successive members is 14 u. Characteristics:
(i) It has same general formula, from which, all members can be derived.
(ii) They have similar chemical properties.
C2H4, CH2=CH2, Ethene is first member of alkene series.

11 (a) What is a homologous series of compounds? List any two of its characteristics.
3
9 (b) What is the next higher homologue of C3H7OH? What is its formula and what is it called?

ANS: (a) Homologous series is a series of organic compounds which have same functional
group and similar chemical properties. Each member differs from successive member by —CH2—
group. The difference in molecular weight between two successive members is 14 u.
Characteristics:
(i) Each homologous series has same general formula and same functional group.
(ii) There is gradation in physical properties.
(b) C4H9OH is higher homologue of C3H7OH. It is called Butanol. Its formula is CH3CH2CH2CH2OH.

12 What is meant by homologous series of carbon compounds? Write the general formula of (i)
0 alkenes, and (ii) alkynes. Draw the structures of the first member of each series to show the 3
bonding between the two carbon atoms.

ANS: The series of chemical compounds having same functional group and similar chemical
properties is called homologous series. Each member differs from successive member by —CH2—
group.
The general formula of
(i) alkenes is CnH2n, and (ii) alkynes is CnH2n–2.
First member of alkenes is C2H4 (ethene) and alkyne is C2H2 (ethyne). Their structures are shown

below:

12 Name the functional group of organic compounds that can be hydrogenated. With the help of 3
1 suitable example explain the process of hydrogenation mentioning the conditions of the reaction
and any one change in physical property with the formation of the product. Name any one natural
source of organic compounds that are hydrogenated.
 ANS: Double bond (=), Triple bond , are functional groups (reactive part of compounds)

which can be hydrogenated. When unsaturated

hydrocarbons are heated with hydrogen in presence of nickel as catalyst, saturated hydrocarbons
are formed. If the starting unsaturated hydrocarbons are liquids, they will change into solids.
Vegetable oils are hydrogenated to form vegetable ghee. Plants are natural source of vegetable
oils which can be hydrogenated.

12 What is a homologous series? Write the molecular formula of the fourth and fifth members of the
2 homologous series of carbon compounds represented by the general formula CnH2n+1OH. Mention 3
any two characteristics of the compounds of a homologous series.

ANS: Homologous series is a series of compounds which have same functional group, similar
chemical properties and gradation in physical properties. Each successive member differs by —
CH2—. Successive members differ by 14 u in terms of mass.
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH is fourth member.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH is fifth member.
Characteristics:
(i) They can be prepared by general method e.g., C2H6 and C3H8 can be obtained by
decarboxylation of sodium salts of propanoic acid and butanoic acid, respectively.
(ii) They have gradation in physical properties e.g., boiling point increases with increase in
molecular weight.

12 Two carbon compounds P and Q have the molecular formula C3H6 and C3H8 respectively. Which
3 one of the two is most likely to show addition reaction? Justify your answer. Also give the chemical 3
equation to explain the process of addition reaction in this case.

ANS: C3H6 is likely to show addition reaction because it has double bond.

Addition Reaction:

12 (a) Differentiate between alkanes and alkenes. Name and draw the structure of one member of
4 each. 3
(b) Alkanes generally burn with clean flame. Why?

ANS: (a) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons and contain single bonds only

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons having double or triple bonds.

(b) Alkanes have higher percentage of hydrogen and less

percentage of carbon, therefore burn with clear flame.

12 A carboxylic acid C2H4O2 reacts with an alcohol in the presence of H2SO4 to form a compound ‘X’. 3
5 The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by acidification gives the same carboxylic
acid, C2H4O2. Write the name and structure of (i) carboxylic acid, (ii) alcohol and (iii) the compound
‘X’.
 ANS:

12 Complete the following equations:

6 (i) CH4 + O2 → 3
(ii) C2H5OH (iii) CH3COOH + NaOH →

ANS: (i) CH4 + 2O2 → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

(ii) C2H5OH CH2=CH2 + H2O
(iii) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

12 Write a chemical equation in each case to represent the following types of chemical reactions of
7 organic compounds :
(i) Oxidation reactions 3
(ii) Addition reactions
(iii) Substitution reactions

ANS: (i) Oxidation reaction: (ii)

Addition reaction: (iii) Substitution reaction:

12 Two carbon compounds A and B have the molecular formula C3H8 and C3H6 respectively. Which
8 one of the two is most likely to show addition reaction? Justify your answer. Explain with the help 3
of a chemical equation, how an addition reaction is useful in vegetable ghee industry.

ANS: C3H6 will show addition reaction. C3H6 is an unsaturated compound with a double bond.
Vegetable oils have long unsaturated carbon chains which on addition of hydrogen in the
presence of catalyst Nickel, change into saturated carbon chains. This is called hydrogenation of

oils.

12 Under what conditions an oxidation reaction can be called as combustion reaction? Illustrate your
3
9 answer with examples.

ANS: When complete oxidation of fuel takes place with release of high amount of heat and light,
it is called combustion reaction. It is highly exothermic and generally accompanied by heat and
light.

13 Write the structural formula of ethanol and list its two physical properties. What happens when it is 3
0 heated with excess of conc. H2SO4 at 443 K? State the role of conc. H2SO4 in this reaction.

ANS: CH3—CH2OH is structural formula

Physical properties:
(i) It is liquid with specific smell.
(ii) It is soluble in water.
When ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4 at 443 K, ethene is formed.

conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent.

13 Write the name and structural formula of the compound obtained when ethanol is heated at 443 K
1 with excess of conc. H2SO4. Also write chemical equation for the reaction stating the role of conc. 3
H2SO4 in it.

ANS: is structural formula. Its name is ethene.

Conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent.

13 What happens when:

2 (a) ethanol is burnt in air,
3
(b) ethanol is heated with excess conc. H2SO4 at 443 K,
(c) a piece of sodium is dropped into ethanol?

ANS: (a) CO2 and H2O are formed. Heat and light is produced.
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O + Heat and light
(b) Ethene is formed

CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O

(c) Hydrogen gas and sodium ethoxide is formed.
2C2H5OH + 2Na → 2C2H5ONa + H2

13 Write the respective chemical equations to show what happens when

3 (i) methane is burned in presence of oxygen?
3
(ii) ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K?
(iii) ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid acting as a catalyst?

ANS:

13 Write the chemical equation to explain what happens when ethanol is heated with alkaline solution 3
4 of potassium permanganate. Mention two physical properties and two uses of ethanol.

ANS: Alkaline KMnO4 is dark

pink in colour. So when it is added to ethanol and heated, the pink colour of the solution
disappears. When excess of KMnO4 is added, the pink colour does not disappear, indicating that
all the ethanol has been converted to ethanoic acid.
Ethanol will evaporate quickly. It is also soluble in water in all proportions. As it is a good solvent, it
is used in medicines. It is used to make paints, coatings, adhesives, etc.

13 Write chemical equations to describe two examples of different oxidations of ethanol. List two uses
3
5 of ethanol.

ANS: CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3CHO + H2O

CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O

Uses of ethanol:
(i) Used as a solvent in the manufacture of varnishes and perfumes.
(ii) Used as a preservative for biological specimens.

13 What are oxidizing agents ? Write their role in the carboxylation to ethanol and give the chemical
3
6 equation.

ANS: Those substance which can add oxygen or remove hydrogen are called oxidising agents.
Alkaline KMnO4 is oxidising agent to oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid.

CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O

13 Write the equation for reaction when acetic acid and ethyl alcohol are warmed together in the
7 presence of conc. H2SO4. Name the reaction. Also write the reaction by which acetic acid and ethyl 3
alcohol can be obtained back from the product formed. Name this reaction also.

ANS: This reaction is

 called esterification The
reaction is called saponification basic or alkaline hydrolysis of ester.

13 A compound ‘X’ is formed by the reaction of carboxylic acid C2H2O4 and an alcohol in the presence
8 of Conc. H2SO4. This alcohol on treating with alkaline KMnO4 gives the same carboxylic acid used
3
in the reaction. Give the name and structure of carboxylic acid, alcohol. Write the reaction
involving formation of ‘X’.

ANS:

13 Write the chemical equations to show what happens when

9 (i) sodium hydroxide is added to ethanoic acid?
3
(ii) solid sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to ethanoic acid?
(iii) ethanol reacts with sodium?

ANS:

14
0
3

Complete the following equations:

ANS:

14 Name the oxidising agent used for the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid. Distinguish between
1 ethanol and ethanoic acid on the basis of (i) litmus test, (ii) reaction with sodium 3
hydrogencarbonate.

ANS: Alkaline potassium permanganate or Acidified potassium dichromate is the oxidising

agent used for conversion.
(i) Ethanol will not affect litmus paper.
Ethanoic acid will turn blue litmus paper red.
(ii) Ethanol will not react with sodium hydrogen-carbonate.
Ethanoic acid will give brisk effervescence due to colourless, odourless carbon dioxide gas.

14 How are esters most commonly prepared? Write the equation for the chemical reaction involved.
3
2 What are the two uses of esters?
 ANS: Esters are prepared by the reaction between alcohol and carboxylic acid in the presence

of conc. sulphuric acid.

Uses of esters:
(i) Esters are used as flavouring agents in ice creams, cold drink etc.
(ii) They are used in perfumes.

14 Distinguish between esterification and saponification reactions of organic compounds with the help
3
3 of the chemical equation for each. What is the use of (i) esters and (ii) saponification process?

ANS: Esterification: It is a process in which alcohol and carboxylic acid combine in the presence
of conc. H2SO4 to form ester.

Saponification: When an
ester reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium salt of acid and alcohol is formed.

(i) Esters are used in cold drinks,

ice creams, perfumes and as artificial flavouring agents.
(ii) Saponification process is used in manufacture of soaps.

14 Write one chemical equation to represent each of the following types of reactions of organic
4 substances: 3
(i) Esterification (ii) Saponification (iii) Substitution

ANS: (i) Esterification:

(ii)

Saponification: (iii)

Substitution:

14
What is an ‘esterification’ reaction? Describe an activity to show esterification. 3
5

ANS: When carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol in presence of conc. H2SO4, pleasant fruity
smelling compound is formed.

Activity:

 Take 1 ml of ethanol in a test tube. Add 1 ml of acetic acid in this test tube.
 Add few drops of conc. H2SO4 in the mixture.
 Heat the content on water bath for 5 minutes.
 Smell the resulting mixture formed.
 Result: Pleasant fruity smelling ester is formed.
14
What are esters? How are they prepared? List two uses of esters. 3
6

ANS: Esters are organic compounds (R—COO—R′) formed by a reaction between an alcohol
(R′—OH) and an organic acid (R—COOH), i.e. carboxylic acid and usually some catalyst with
water as a by-product. Esters are used to make perfumes and soap. They are also used to
produce pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, plasticizers and detergents.

14 Write the chemical equations to show what happens when

7 (i) an ester reacts with a base?
3
(ii) methane is treated with chlorine in the presence of sunlight?
(iii) ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of sulphuric acid?

ANS: Reaction does not

stop here and all the hydrogen in the methane can in turn be replaced by chlorine atoms.

14 Out of HCl and CH3COOH, which one is a weak acid and why? Describe an activity to support
3
8 your answer.

ANS: Acetic acid (CH3COOH) is a weaker acid because it does not dissociate completely into
aqueous solution.
Activity: Add zinc metal in HCl and CH3COOH respectively. The hydrogen gas will be evolved
faster in HCl and slowly in CH3COOH. It shows acetic acid is a weak acid.
Alternative Method: If we use pH paper, the colour of pH paper will be dark red in HCl and light red
 in CH3COOH which shows HCl is strong acid and CH3COOH is a weak acid.

14 Write chemical equations for what happens when

9 (i) sodium metal is added to ethanoic acid.
3
(ii) solid sodium carbonate is added to ethanoic acid.
(iii) ethanoic acid reacts with a dilute solution of sodium hydroxide.

ANS: (i) H2 gas is evolved. (ii) Brisk

effervescence due to carbon dioxide gas is formed.

(iii) Sodium ethanoate and

water are formed.

15 Write chemical equations to show what happens when

0 (i) ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K.
3
(ii) ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of an acid acting as a catalyst.
(iii) an ester reacts with a base.

ANS: (i) Ethene is formed by dehydration of ethanol.

(ii) Pleasant fruity smelling ester is formed.

(iii) Sodium
ethanoate and ethanol are formed.

15 Describe two examples of different oxidations of ethanol. Name the products obtained in each
3
1 case.

ANS: (i) When ethanol is heated with copper at 573K, ethanal is formed.

(ii) When ethanol is oxidised with alkaline

potassium permanganate solution, ethanoic acid is formed.

15 An ester has the molecular formula C4H8O2. Write its structural formula. What happens when this
2 ester is heated in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution? Write the balanced chemical 3
equation for the reaction and name the products. What is a saponification reaction?
 ANS: There are three possible structural formulae of esters with molecular formula C4H8O2.
CH3CH2COOCH3, HCOOCH2CH2CH3, CH3COOC2H5

or

or

Saponification is the
process in which an ester is treated with sodium hydroxide to form sodium salt of acid and
alcohol is formed.
15 An organic compound ‘A’ is an essential constituent of wine and beer. Oxidation of ‘A’ yields an
3 organic acid ‘B’ which is present in vinegar. Name the compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’ and write their
3
structural formula. What happens when ‘A’ and ‘B’ react in the presence of an acid catalyst? Write
the chemical equation for the reaction.

ANS: ‘A’ is ethanol (C2H5OH) which is essential constituent of wine and beer and ‘B’ is acetic
acid (CH3COOH) which is present in vinegar.

When ‘A’ and ‘B’ react in

the presence of an acid catalyst, ethyl ethanoate is formed.

15 What is ethanol? State its two properties. What happens when it is heated with excess of conc.
4 H2SO4 at 443 K ? What role does conc. H2SO4 play in this reaction? Write chemical equation of the 3
reaction involved and the structural formula of the main product formed.

ANS: Ethanol is C2H5OH.

(i) It has specific smell (ii) It is soluble in water.
When ethanol is heated with excess of conc. H2SO4, ethene is formed along with water.

Conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating

agent. Structural formula of ethene is

15 With the help of balanced chemical equations explain what happens when ethanol is heated with 3
5 (i) alkaline solution of potassium permanganate, (ii) excess concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K.
 Mention any two uses of ethanol.

ANS: (i) Ethanol gets oxidised to ethanoic acid.

(ii) Ethene will be formed.

Uses:
(i) It is used in tonics and cough syrups.
(ii) It is used as fuel.
(iii) It is used as solvent.
(iv) It is used in wine, beer and whisky.

15 When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of conc. H2SO4, a substance with fruity
6 smell is produced. Answer the following:
(i) State the class of compounds to which the fruity smelling compounds belong. Write the 3
chemical equation for the reaction and write the chemical name of the product formed.
(ii) State the role of conc. H2SO4 in this reaction.

ANS: (i) Esters are formed which have pleasant fruity smell.

Ethyl ethanoate is name of

the product formed (ii) Conc. H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent. It helps in removal of water formed
in the reaction.

15 Write chemical equation of the reaction of ethanoic acid with the following: (a) Sodium;
7 (b) Sodium hydroxide; (c) Ethanol. 3
Write the name of one main product of each reaction.

ANS: (a) 2CH3COOH + 2Na → 2CH3COONa + H2

(b) CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
(c) CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

15 (a) Give chemical tests to detect the presence of

8 (i) Ethanol
3
(ii) Ethanoic acid
(b) Why ethanoic acid is called glacial acetic acid?

ANS: (a) Add sodium hydrogen carbonate. Ethanol will not react. Ethanoic acid will give brisk
effervescence due to carbon dioxide.
(b) Pure ethanoic acid exist as solid like glaciers at 291 K, therefore, called glacial acetic acid.

15 List two tests for experimentally distinguishing between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid and
3
9 describe how these tests are performed.

ANS: (i) NaHCO3 test: Add sodium hydrogen carbonate to alcohol and a carboxylic acid
separately. Alcohol will not react, whereas carboxylic acid will give brisk effervescence. Pass the
gas through lime water. It will turn milky.
(ii) Blue litmus test: Add few drops of alcohol and solution of carboxylic acid on blue litmus paper
separately. Blue litmus will remain as it is in case of alcohol, whereas it will turn red in carboxylic
acid.

16 An organic compound ‘P’ is a constituent of wine. ‘P’ on reacting with acidified K2Cr2O7 forms
0 another compound ‘Q’. When a piece of sodium is added to ‘Q’ a gas ‘R’ evolves which burns with 3
a pop sound. Identify P, Q and R and write the chemical equations of the reactions involved.
 ANS: ‘P’ is C2H5OH, Ethanol

‘R’ is hydrogen gas which

burns with ‘pop’ sound.

16 A carboxylic acid (molecular formula C2H4O2) reacts with an alcohol in the presence of an acid
1 catalyst to form a compound ‘X’. The alcohol on oxidation with alkaline KMnO4 followed by
3
acidification gives the same carboxylic acid C2H4O2. Write the name and structure of (i) carboxylic
acid, (ii) alcohol and (iii) the compound ‘X’.

ANS: Given: Chemical reactions involved:

(i) The carboxylic acid

involved in the reaction is ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).
(ii) The alcohol involved in the reaction is ethanol (CH3CH2OH).
(iii) X is the ester formed by the condensation of acetic acid and ethanol and is ethyl ethanoate
(CH3COOC2H5).

16 On dropping a small piece of sodium in a test tube containing carbon compound ‘X’ With molecular
2 formula C2H6O, a brisk effervescence is observed and a gas ‘Y’ is produced, On bringing a burning
splinter at the mouth of the test tube the gas evolved burns with a pop sound. Identify ‘X’ and ‘Y’. 3
Also write the chemical equation for the reaction. Write the name and structure of the product
formed, when you heat ‘X’ with excess conc. sulphuric acid.

ANS: ‘X’ is C2H5OH ‘Y’ is H2(g)

which burns with ‘pop’ sound. Ethene,

CH2=CH2 is the product.

16 (a) Define the term functional group. Identify the functional group present in
3

3
(b) What happens when 5% alkaline KMnO4
solution is added drop by drop to warm ethanol taken in a test tube? State the role of alkaline
KMnO4 solution in this reaction.

ANS: (a) It is atom or group of atoms or reactive part of compound which largely determine the
 chemical properties of compound.

(i) Methanal (ii) Ethanoic acid. (b) CH3CH2OH + 2[O] CH3COOH + H2O Alkaline
KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent.

16 (i) Chemical properties of ethanol is different from methyl ethanoate. Justify the statement with
4 proper reason.
(ii) Methyl ethanoate is used in making perfumes. Justify. 3
(iii) Ethanol is converted into ethene with excess of hot concentrated H2SO4. Justify with the help
of chemical equation.

ANS: (i) Ethanol reacts with sodium metal, methyl ethanoate does not. They differ in functional
group,

differ in chemical properties.

(ii) It is because it has pleasant fruity smell. (iii) CH3CH2OH CH2=CH2 + H2O
Ethanol gets dehydrated with conc. H2SO4 to form ethene and H2O.

16
Describe the structure of a soap molecule with the help of a diagram. 3
5

ANS: Soap is a long hydrocarbon chain which is non-polar therefore hydrophobic (water-hating
part) whereas —COONa is polar end, therefore, hydrophillic (water loving)

16
Why is scum formed only with hard water ? Mention the disadvantages of the formation of scum. 3
6

ANS: Ca2+ and Mg2+ present in hard water react with soap to form scum which is insoluble in
Ca2+ and Mg2+ salts of fatty acids.
(i) It is deposited on heating rods of boilers and make them less effective.
(ii) Soap goes waste and soap forms less lather in hard water.

16 What is the difference between the molecules of soaps and detergents, chemically? Explain the
3
7 cleansing action of soaps.

ANS: Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids, e.g. C17H35COONa.
(Sodium stearate) Detergents are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acids of benzene or
alkene. They have –SO3Na or –SO4Na group.
Soaps have hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic and attracts dirt, greese, oil, etc. whereas –
COONa part is hydrophillic which attracts water. Hydrophobic part entraps the dirt and greese
which is washed away by water attracted by hydrophillic part.

ENGLISH
Explain why carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bond. Explain in brief two main reasons
for carbon forming a large number of compounds. Why does carbon form strong bonds with most 5
16
other elements?
8
 ANS: Carbon has atomic number 6. Its electronic configuration is 2, 4. It cannot lose four
electrons because very high energy is required to remove four electrons.
It cannot gain four electrons because 6 protons cannot hold 10 electrons.

Carbon can share four electrons forming four covalent bonds.

(i) Catenation: Carbon forms maximum number of compounds due to property of catenation (Self
linking).
(ii) Tetra valency: Carbon can form four covalent bonds, therefore, it forms large number of
compounds.
Isomerism is also responsible for large number of carbon compounds. Carbon is small in size,
therefore it forms strong bonds with most other elements. It can also form double and triple bonds
with some of elements which are very strong.

16 State the reason why carbon can neither form C4+ cations nor C4– anions, but forms covalent
9 compounds. Also state reasons to explain why covalent compounds:
5
(i) are bad conductors of electricity?
(ii) have low melting and boiling points?

ANS: Atomic number of carbon is six. This means that it has four electrons in its outermost shell
and it needs four more electrons to attain noble gas electronic configuration. It does not form C 4+
cation, as the removal of four valence electrons will require a huge amount of energy. The cation
formed will have six protons and two electrons. This makes it highly unstable. Carbon is unable to
form C4– anion as its nucleus with six protons will not be able to hold ten electrons. Thus, carbon
achieves noble gas electronic configuration by sharing its four electrons with other elements, i.e. it
forms covalent compounds.
(i) Covalent compounds are bad conductors of electricity due to lack of free ions.
(ii) Covalent compounds are formed by covalent bonds and the intermolecular forces of attraction
in these compounds are weak. Thus, their melting and boiling points are quite low.

17 List two reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds. Name the type of bonding
0 found in most of its compounds. Why does carbon form compounds mainly by this kind of bonding:
Give reason why the carbon compounds— 5
(i) generally have low melting and boiling points,
(ii) do not conduct electricity in molten state?

ANS: Two reasons for carbon forming a large number of compounds are:
(a) Tetravalency (b) Property of catenation.
Carbon attains nobel gas configuration by sharing its four electrons with other elements, i.e. it
forms covalent compounds.
(i) Carbon compounds have low melting and boiling points due to weak van der Waals’ forces of
attraction.
(ii) Carbon compounds do not conduct electricity as they are non-polar and do not form ions in
molten state.

17 (a) Define the term ‘isomers’.

1 (b) Draw two possible isomers of the compound with molecular formula C3H6O and write their
5
names.
(c) Give the electron dot structures of the above two compounds.

ANS: (a) Isomers are those compounds which have same molecular formula and different
 structural formula.

17 Give two examples of covalent compounds which you have studied. State any four properties in
5
2 which covalent compounds differ from ionic compounds.

ANS: CCl4 (carbon tetra chloride) and C6H6 (Benzene) are covalent compounds.

17 Elements forming ionic compounds attain noble gas electronic configuration by either gaining or
3 losing electrons from their valence shells. Explain giving reason why carbon cannot attain such a
configuration in this manner to form its compounds. Name the type of bonds formed in ionic 5
compounds and in the compounds formed by carbon. Also explain with reason why carbon
compounds are generally poor conductors of electricity.

ANS: The atomic number of carbon is 6. This means that it has 4 electrons in its outermost shell
and it needs 4 more electrons to attain noble gas electronic configuration. It cannot form C 4+
cation, as the removal of 4 valence electrons requires a huge amount of energy. The cation
formed has 6 protons and 2 electrons. This makes it highly unstable. Carbon cannot form C4–
anion, as its nucleus with 6 protons cannot hold 10 electrons. Thus, carbon achieves noble gas
electronic configuration by sharing its 4 electrons with other elements, i.e. it forms covalent
compounds.
In ionic compounds, ionic bonds are formed; while in carbon compounds, covalent bonds are
formed. Carbon compounds are covalent in nature, they are bad conductors of electricity; because
they lack free electrons.

17 Give reasons for the following:

4 (i) Element carbon forms compounds mainly by covalent bonding.
(ii) Diamond has a high melting point.
5
(iii) Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
(iv) Acetylene burns with a sooty flame.
(v) Kerosene does not decolourise bromine water while cooking oils do.

ANS: (i) It is because carbon has four valence electrons, it cannot gain or lose four electrons
because high energy is needed. It can only share four electrons.
(ii) It is due to strong covalent bonds and compact structure of diamond.
(iii) It is due to presence of free electrons in graphite because each carbon is linked to three more
 carbon atoms.
(iv) It is due to high percentage of carbon, it burns with sooty or smoky flame.
(v) Kerosene oil is mixture of saturated hydrocarbons therefore does not decolourise bromine
water.

17 What are hydrocarbons? Distinguish alkanes from alkenes and each of them from alkynes, giving
5 one example of each. Draw the structure of each compound cited as example to justify your 5
answer.

ANS: A hydrocarbon is an organic compound made of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
Saturated hydrocarbons have as many hydrogen atoms as possibly attached to every carbon.
They have only single bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have
double and/or triple bonds between some of the carbon atoms.
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have single covalent bonds joining the carbon atoms. Molecular
formula, CnH2n+2 , where n is the number of carbon atoms. For example, propane (C3H8).
Alkenes are hydroca rbons that have one or more —C=C— bonds. General formula, CnH2n, which
is two hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane. For example, propene (C3H6).
Alkynes are hydrocarbons that have one or more —C≡C— bonds. Molecular formula– CnH2n–2,
which is four hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane. For example, propyne (C3H4).

17 An organic compound ‘X’ on heating with conc. H2SO4 forms a compound ‘Y’ which on addition of
6 one molecule of hydrogen in the presence of nickel forms a compound ‘Z’. One molecule of
compound ‘Z’ on combustion forms two molecules of CO2 and three molecules of H2O. Identify 5
giving reasons the compounds ‘X’, ‘Y’ and ‘Z’. Write the chemical equations for all the chemical
reactions involved.

ANS: Ethanol, on dehydration with conc.

H2SO4 gives ethene. Ethene, on addition with H2 in presence of Ni as catalyst as undergoes

hydrogenation to form ethane. One molecule of Ethane

on combustion gives 2 molecules of CO2 and 3 molecules of H2O.

17 (a) What are hydrocarbons? Give examples.

7 (b) Give the structural differences between saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons
5
with two examples each.
(c) What is a functional group? Give examples of two different functional groups.

ANS: (a) Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons e.g., CH4 and C2H6 are
hydrocarbons.
 (b) Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds only e.g., Unsaturated hydrocarbons
have double or triple bonds.
(c) Functional group is an atom or group of atoms which determines chemical properties of the
compound.
—OH (alcohol)
—COOH (carboxylic acid)

17 What are hydrocarbons? Write the name and general formula of (i) saturated hydrocarbons, (ii)
8 unsaturated hydrocarbons, and draw the structure of one hydrocarbon of each type. How can an 5
unsaturated hydrocarbon be made saturated?

ANS: Compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms only are called hydrocarbons.

(i) Alkanes, CnH2n+2 are saturated hydrocarbons. (ii) Alkenes, CnH2n and
Alkynes, CnH2n–2 are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons can

be made saturated by hydrogenation.

17 Explain isomerism. State any four characteristics of isomers. Draw the structures of possible
5
9 isomers of butane, C4H10.

ANS: Isomerism is a phenomenon due to which some compounds have same molecular
formula but different structural formulae.
Characteristics:
(i) They differ in structural formula. (ii) They differ in melting point.
(iii) They differ in boiling point. (iv) They differ in solubility in same solvent.

There are two isomers of butane, C4H10.

18 (a) You have three unlabelled test tubes containing ethanol, ethanoic acid and soap solution. 5
0 Explain the method you would use to identify the compounds in different test tubes by chemical
tests using litmus paper and sodium metal.
 (b) Give the reason of formation of scum when soaps are used with hard water.

ANS: (a) Ethanol will not be affected by blue litmus as well as red litmus paper. Ethanoic acid
will turn blue litmus red whereas red litmus will remain as it is. Soap solution will turn red litmus
blue but blue litmus will remain as it is. Sodium metal will liberate hydrogen gas with ethanol as
well as ethanoic acid. Soap solution will not react with sodium metal.
(b) It is because soap will react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present in hand water to form calcium
salts of fatty acids which are insoluble and called scum.

18 (a) Give a chemical test to distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon.
1 (b) Name the products formed when ethane burns in air. Write the balanced chemical equation for
the reaction showing the types of energies liberated. 5
(c) Why is reaction between methane and chlorine in the presence of sunlight considered a
substitution reaction?

ANS: (a) Add bromine water. Unsaturated hydrocarbon will decolourise bromine water whereas
saturated hydrocarbon will not react.
(b) Carbon dioxide and Water are formed.

It is because
hydrogen atom of methane gets substituted by chlorine atom to form chloromethane, therefore, it
is called substitution reaction.

18 A carbon compound X turns blue litmus to red and has a molecular formula C2H4O2. Identify X and
2 draw its structure. Write chemical equation for the reaction and name of the product formed in
each case when X reacts with 5
(a) ethanol in the presence of conc. H2SO4
(b) sodium carbonate.

ANS: ‘X’ is ethanoic acid.

18 When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate a salt X is formed along with a gas Y.
3 Name X and Y. Describe an activity and draw the diagram of the apparatus used to prove that the 5
gas Y is one which you have named. Also write the chemical equation for the reactions involved.

ANS: ‘X’ is sodium ethanoate. ‘Y’ is CO2 gas.

Aim : To demonstrate the reaction of carboxylic acid with sodium hydrogen carbonate and sodium
hydrogen carbonate.
Materials Required: Ethanoic acid, sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, lime
water.
 Evolution of carbon dioxide gas by reaction of ethanoic acid with sodium hydrogen
carbonate Procedure:
1. Set the apparatus as shown in diagram.
2. Take 1 g of NaHCO3 and add 2 ml of ethanoic acid into it.
3. Pass the gas formed through lime water and note down the observations.
4. Repeat the same procedure with sodium carbonate and record your
observations.
Observation: Brisk effervescence due to carbon dioxide formed which turns lime
water milky.
Chemical Reaction:

Conclusion
: Carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to liberate CO2 gas which turns
lime water milky.
18 List in tabular form three physical and two chemical properties on the basis of which ethanol and
5
4 ethanoic acid can be differentiated.

ANS: Physical properties:

Chemical properties:

18 (a) In tabular form, differentiate between ethanol and ethanoic acid under the following heads:
5 (i) Physical state (ii) Taste
5
(iii) NaHCO3 test (iv) Ester test
(b) Write a chemical reaction to show the dehydration of ethanol.

ANS:
18 What is the difference between the chemical composition of soaps and detergents? State in brief
6 the action of soaps in removing an oily spot from a shirt. Why are soaps not considered suitable 5
for washing where water is hard?

ANS: Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids having —COONa group. Detergents
are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acids having —SO3Na and —SO4Na group.
Cleansing Action of Soap. Soaps consist of a large hydrocarbon tail which is hydrophobic (water-
hating or water repelling) with a negatively charged head which is hydrophilic (water-loving) as

shown in figure. When a soap is dissolved in water,

the molecules associate together as clusters called micelles in which, water molecules being polar
in nature, surround the ions and the hydrocarbon part of the molecule attracts grease, oil and dirt.

Hard water has Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions when

react with soap to form insoluble compound and soap goes waste.

18 What are detergents chemically? List two merits and two demerits of using detergents for
7 cleansing. State the reason for the suitability of detergents for washing, even in the case of water 5
having calcium and magnesium ions.

ANS: Detergents chemically are sodium or potassium salts of sulphonic acid of benzene or
alkene.
Merits:
(i) They work well with hard water. (ii) They are more effective than soaps.
Demerits:
(i) They are expensive.
 (ii) Some of them having branching are non-biodegradable, therefore create water pollution.
Detergents are suitable for hard water having Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions because they do not form
insoluble salts with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions.

18 (a) What is a soap? Why are soaps not suitable for washing clothes when the water is hard?
5
8 (b) Explain the action of soap in removing an oily spot from a piece of cloth.

ANS: (a) Soap is a sodium or potassium salt of fatty acid. Soaps are not suitable for washing
clothes when the water is hard because Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions react with soap to form calcium and
magnesium salts of fatty acids which are insoluble in water.
(b) Soap has hydrophilic (water loving) and hydrophobic (water hating) hydrocarbon part which
attracts oil and stabilises the emulsion. Hydrophilic part of soap attracts water and oil and dirt is

washed away from the cloth.

18 (a) State two properties of carbon which lead to a very large number of carbon compounds.
9 (b) Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water? Why are micelles not 5
formed when soap is added to ethanol?

ANS: (a) (i) Catenation (ii) Tetravalency

(b) It is because large number of molecular ions of soaps get aggregated and form colloidal
solution. Soap has hydrophobic tail (hydrocarbon) which dissolves in hydrocarbon part and
hydrophilic part dissolves in water. Ethanol is non-polar solvent therefore micelles are not formed
because hydrocarbon part get attracted towards ethanol and ionic end will not dissolve in alcohol.

19 What are micelles? Why does it form when soap is added to water? Will a micelle be formed in
0 other solvents such as ethanol also? State briefly how the formation of micelles help to clean the 5
clothes having oily spots.

ANS: Micelles: When molecular ions in soaps and detergents aggregate, they form micelles.
It is formed because soap has hydrophobic part. Water can attract hydrophilic part but not
hydrophobic part.
No, micelle will not be formed in ethanol, as soap will dissolve in ethanol. Micelles trap (attract)
dirt, grease, oily spot, etc. which is washed away by water.

19 Both soap and detergent are same type of salts. What is the difference between them? Describe in
1 brief the cleansing action of soap. Why do soaps not form lather in hard water? List two problems 5
that arise due to the use of detergents instead of soaps.

ANS: Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids. Detergents are sodium or
potassium salts of sulphonic acids of benzene or alkene type hydrocarbons.
 Soaps have, –COONa group, whereas detergents have –SO3Na or –SO4Na.
Soap have hydrophobic part which attracts dirt, greese whereas hydrophillic part attracts water.
Dirt, greese is washed away by water.
Soaps react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ion present in hard water to form scum (calcium and magnesium
salt of fatty acids) and soap goes waste.
(i) Detergents are more expensive.
(ii) Some detergents are not biodegradable and create water pollution.

Cough
ENGLISH syrups, pudin hara and tonics contain alcohol. Some people are habitual of drinking
alcohol. Instead of drinking alcohol, they have started using cough syrups which contain alcohol
192 and cause addiction. To solve this problem, government is thinking to ban cough syrups.
(a) What is an alcohol? 4
(b) Should production of cough syrups be banned? Give three reasons to support your answer.
(c) As a student ‘what initiative would you take to make people aware of harmful effects of taking
cough syrups unnecessarily’? Give two suggestions.

ANS: (a) In chemistry, an alcohol is an organic compound in which hydroxyl (—OH) functional
group is bound to a carbon atom. An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly
known as alcohol.
(b) No, production of cough syrups should not be banned.
Reasons are:
(i) These syrups give instant relief to the patients.
(ii) Small children can be treated with cough syrups instead of giving antibiotic tablets.
(iii) Old people who cannot gulp medicines can easily use syrup.
(c) (i) A warning should be there on bottles stating ‘it is harmful, if taken in excess or taken
habitually’.
(ii) Posters should be put at important places that, cough syrups are harmful if taken in excess
especially near chemists shops.

193 Petrol and diesel are in great demand as vehicles are increasing day-by-day. Our natural
resources are limited. A major amount of foreign currency is spent on import of petro-products,
that is why prices are increasing day-by-day. Air pollution is increasing day-by-day. CNG can
solve problem to some extent. Car-pooling can also help, i.e. people going to same destination
can go together and share expenses of fuel. Ethanol can be mixed with petrol to reduce pollution.
Use of bicycles can be increased. Hybrid cars, electric cars can also help. Use of public transport
4
and metro is very useful.
(a) How do we get petro-products?
(b) How will you make people aware that petro-products should be used judiciously? Give two
suggestions.
(c) What value is involved in car-pooling?
(d) How can we reduce air pollution? Give two ways.

ANS: (a) Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil (petroleum) after being
processed in oil refineries.
(b) (i) Posters should be pasted at public places that petrol and diesel prices are rising because
our resources are limited. We should use less petro-products.
(ii) Children coming on foot or bicycles should be awarded for conserving natural resources. They
save petrol and diesel used in buses and cars.
(c) Sharing, caring and conservation of natural resources
(d) (i) Using CNG and LPG
(ii) Preferring bicycles for short distances
(iii) Using metros and public transport rather than personal transport (any two)

194 Ice creams contain artificial flavours made up of esters. It also contains condensed milk, cream 4
and lot of sugar. It is harmful for teeth as sugar produces acid which causes tooth decay. Almost
all children are fond of ice creams without knowing its ill effects. It leads to obesity. Children
 should take more milk, fruits, green leafy vegetables.
(a) What is an ester? What is the nutritional value of esters?
(b) Which is better kulfi or ice cream? Give reason.
(c) ‘Sugar intake should be reduced.’ Do you agree with this statement? Give reason to support
your decision.

ANS: (a) Esters are pleasant fruit-smelling compounds. They are formed by the reaction of
carboxylic acids and alcohols. Esters do not have any nutritional value.
(b) Kulfi is little better than ice cream because it has only condensed milk and not cream.
(c) Yes, because it may lead to cavities, diabetes and heart problems.

195 Most of the children of a school, in a village bring parantha and pickle in their tiffin in school.
These children do not share their food with anyone. Some children bring chapatti, fruits, curd,
salad, vegetable. These children share their food with each other.
(a) Which acid is present in curd and vinegar, used in pickles?
4
(b) What class of compounds should be present in our diet?
(c) Which group of children bring healthy food? Give two benefits of this food.
(d) Which group of children bring unhealthy food? Give two harmful effects.
(e) Which group of children have better value system and why?

ANS: (a) Curd contains lactic acid and vinegar contains acetic acid.
(b) Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins should be a part of our diet.
(c) Those children who bring chapatti, fruits, curd, salad, vegetable, bring healthy food.
(i) It provides carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins to the body.
(ii) It makes our body free from diseases.
(d) Those children who bring parantha and pickle, bring unhealthy food.
(i) It is difficult to digest and may cause hyperacidity.
(ii) It does not provide proteins, minerals and vitamins to the body which are essential for growing
children.
(e) Those who bring healthy food have better value system because they keep their body healthy
and can help society.