…

Q4.Why does Pakistan have nuclear weapons?

[7]

Firstly,Pakistan began focusing on nuclear

weapons just one month after the loss of
Secondly.In 1974 India
carried out nuclear
◼ Karachi
East Pakistan.In that year it opened
Nuclear power plant.It was known tests which caused such
that India was close to having nuclear
weapons and Pakistan was concerned
concerns in Pakistan
about India’s superiority in weapon and that it stepped up its
conventional forces. own founding the
May 1998 start of a new nuclear era for both
Engineering Research
nations when India exploded five nuclear devices Laborataries in Kahuta
without warning on 11 and 13 May in Rajasthan under…Dr A Q Khan ..
desert .Pakistan replied by testing six nuclear
devices in deserts of Baluchistan.Pakistan has to
develop nuclear weapons because India has
them.They are seen as deterrant against an
Indian invasion.India is seen as an aggressor
whilst Pakistan’s position is defensive…
Inorder to establish as a nuclear Islamic state…
Q5.Why did Pakistan have to seek help from IMF
during 1995? [7]

During 1990’s Pakistan’s economic

problems worsened .Kashmir and
the confrontation with India
caused military spending to spiral
upwards –a 14% increase in
defence during 1995-96..
Pakistan’s economy was hurt
because of the terrible floods and
serious plant disease that
affected agricutural output..

Govt faced serious law and order situation.Violence in the country

curtailed any further industrial development or taking up new
development projects .Taxes were raised and rupee was devalued by
7%.As a result cost of living went up and people angrily blamed govt
..hence in 1995 Pakistan desparately needed a loan from IMF…
 Q8.Why was it difficult for Pakistan to face Afghan refugee
crisis due to Afghan War?
Firstly,
Over 3 million Afghan
refugees fled from the war
[7]
areas to Pakistan ,Pakistan
soon became the
acknowledged route for
channelling assistance to the
Mujahideen and received
economis help from west for
these refugees but soviet
Union hit back to try to
prevent Pakistan’s support
for mujahideen….Pakistan’s
frontier towns were
bombed..explosions in
cities..
[7]
Secondly,
Such a massiveand
unplanned influx of refugees
caused many
problems.tensions between
pakistanis and Afghans led to
violence .There was
resentment at the large
amount of money being
spent on helping the
refugees .Competition over
jobs was another cause of ill
feelings..
Thirdly,
Drug use and drug trafficking
grew at an alarming rates
until Pakistan became one of
leading countries in the
world in drug trafficking
.Alongwith the drugs guns
culture also became common
in Pakistan through
smuggling .Moreover
Pakistan had to spend a lot of
economic resources to feed
these afghan refugees hence
difficult to face such crisis
due to the Afghan refugees.
Q12.Why were the relations between Pakistan and USA
deteriorated after Afghan war? [7] Kelly pg#
179

FIRSTLY, SECONDLY, THIRDLY,

The Americans were The withdrawal of US aid seriously affected relations
particularly concerned was serious blow to between Pakistan and USA
about Pakistan’s nuclear Pakistan as major as the Pressler amendment
programme and in 1980 refurbishment of the applied only to Pakistan
had tried to get it signed military forces were and not India.Moreover
NNPT..In 1985 Pressler underway which was due USA also complained that
Amendment had said that to be financed by USA and Pakistan was becoming a
the USA COULD ONLY 4 million $ economic major centre for
GIVE AID TO A COUNTRY development programe distribution of illegal drugs
after the American was due to be run untill (between 1979-99 the
president had declared 1993.Moreover Pakistan number of drug addicts
that country had no was stopped the sale of 28 rose to around 10000 to
nuclear weapons and was f-16 fighter jets which almost 4 million )and of
not developing them Pakistan had already home produced
.During the Afghan crisis ordered and paid for. weapons.These weapons
the rule was conveniently were being used by the
ignored.But after the war terrorists against US.Even
 Q14.Why was the period of 1951-58 known as governments
by beaurocrats?
Firstly,
Malik Ghulam Muhammad
was the third GG of
Pakistan …he persuaded
Nazimuddin to become
Prime minister he had
worked for many years in
the Indian civil service and
had a good reputation as a
financial expert and an
experienced
administrator…
[7]
Secondly,
Gen.Iskandar Mirza
formally succeded Ghulam
Muhammad in 1956 as
Governor General .Neither
of these two leDERS HAD
ANY CONFIDENCE in the
politicians or any faith in a
parliamentary system .They
believed that politicians
represent sectional
interests and therfore
always quarrelling with
each other.
Thirdly,
The inclusion in the cabinet
in 1954 of Gen Ayub was
further evidence of the
influence of non-politicians
on the government of
Pakistan .Chaudhri
Muhammad Ali ,the PM
from 1955-56 was another
civil servant with no
political
experience.Because the
power slipped away from
politicians to the
beaurocrats and their
military allies ,the period of
1951-58 became known as
the governments by
beaurocrats.
Q9.How successful have the governments of Pakistan been
in the provision of education? Explain your answer.
[14]

Successes
Ayub Khan’s educational reforms
…..[Smith pg#142 Kelly 131-132]
Bhutto’s educational Reforms…
His educational policy was based on
eight ambitious goals providing free
comulsory education to al….[Kelly pg
146]
Gen Zia ‘s stress upon Islamization in
his educational policy..compulsory
study of Arabic ,Islamiat and Pakistan
Studies ,extra marks for Hafiz e Quran
Higher allocation on Education
expenditure in budget increased from
2% to 2.9%
Failures
Ayub’s educational reforms didn’t
prove significant progress as there
was low priority to education due to
higher military expenses,rate frequent
absenteeism quite high,less than half
the children even went to
school….(.problems in education)
Bhutto’s nationalization policy in
education resulted in insignifcant
progress….
 Q16.Why was Tashkand Agreement signed between
India and Pakistan? [7]

The war was over the Kashmir

In order to decide a cease fire after 1965
Pak India War .It was a fullfledged 17 days
war with undecisive results …and also to
withdraw forces from the posts they
occupied to their original positions..inorder
to restore peace in the region with
mediation of Soviet Union
dispute so hoping to restore
diplomatic relations and to
resolve Kashmir dispute by
negotiating on some point of
AGREEMENT ..Tashkand
Agreement was signed.

To maintain better relations with USSR as Pakistan ‘s

relations were deteriorated with USA in 1960’s ..it
agreed to grant loans to Pakistan-it shifted its from its
open support for India to neutral stance over Kashmir..
Q13.How successful has Pakistan been in establishing a
parliamentary democracy between 1947-99?Explain your answer.
[14]

Successes
Quaid’s achievements in establishing
government and forming constituent
assembly
Constitution 1956 parliamentary form of
government…but limited powers to PM
Constitution 1973 Unanimously agreed
constitution ..provided sound principles
of parliamentary democracy [F.Bajwa]
Failures
•power practices by the beaurocrats
Ghulam Muhammad Iskandar Mirza
,Constitutional crisis and failure of 1956
constitution …
•Ayub Khan’s Basic democracies and
constitution 1962….Smith 147
•Military dictatorships Yahya Khan,Zia ul
Haq ..suspension of the constitution 1973
..Changes brought by Gen Zia..article 48
and 8th amendment
•Gen Musharraf ‘s military take over…
Q11.How successful have the governments been in the
Islamization of Pakistan between 1947-1999?Explain your
answer. [14]
Successes
•Passing of Objectives Resolution
1949…importance of Objectives
Resolution
•Constitution of 1956 provided Islamic
provisions..No no Muslim can acquire the
position of PM or President ..name of the
country –Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
•No law can be made which is repugnant
to Islam and Sharia… Principles of Quran
and Sunnah…
•Constitution 1973 basic human rights
were granted as laid down in
Islam..Islamization to be promoted
…results of Islamization [Smith pg
166.167 and F.Bajwa pg # 177 Constitution
1973]
Failures
•Objectives Resolution was criticized by
ulemas …sufficiently unIslamic..
•How did Ayub Khan try to modernize
Islam
•Muslim Family Law Ordinance
•Removed the word Islamic from
Pakistan..[Smith pg #141,147]
•Zia’s Islamization policy damaged the
international standing of Pakistan.They
aroused criticism from leaders and people
in other countries too…moreover his
Islamization policy had many political
intentions too…Hudood ordinance
criticized ..couldn’t be practiced
 Q17.Why was Simla Accord signed between India
and Pakistan in 1972? [7]

In order to place a safe withdrawal of The war resulted in heavy

90000 Prisoners of war…their families
suffering and many of them were on
important government posts
too…Moreover India could no longer retain
such a large number of war prisoners any
more ..it was important to make
arrangements for their safe return..
casualties ,loss of military
resources and terrible break up of
East Pakistan and also worsened
relations with India.. Now it was
important to restore peace in the
region and improve relations with
India..

Bhutto had become the Prime Minister of Pakistan now he wanted to increase his
popularity by bringing the war prisoners home.He wanted to gain acceptance of his
reforms and improve his image in the international community by showing his
efforts of establishing peace with India…so to win support for his government both
national and internationally ,Simal Accord was signed.
 Q15.Why was loss of East Pakistan a great tragedy
for Pakistan? [7]
Firstly because the failure in the war
resulted in the loss of East wing which
was very shocking and demoralizing for
the entire nation and armed forces ,so it
caused a devastating effect on the
federation of Pakistan .Pakistan faced
declining image in the international world
as a result of the rebellion broke out in
East Pakistan which was strongly resisted
by East Pakistanis.. could not be dealt
successfully…
Pakistan faced heavy losses of life,
casualties ,90000 Pakistan troops became
the Indian prisoners of war ,Pakistan had to
face terrible consequences due to the loss
of military expenditures.Moreover its
relations with India became even more
hostile ,Indians had also occupied over
5000square miles of territory in west
Pakistan..

Loss of East Pakistan resulted in severe economic and financial

crisis in the country ,Pakistan lost a big part of its GDP some of it
which came from the export of jute now in bangladesh.
 Q Why was Khwaja Nazimuddin dismissed
from his office in 1953?

Nazimuddin was dismissed firstly because

he had been unable to produce a
GhulamMuhammad blammed him for not
consensus on the constituiom making
controlling the economy and the riots that
,the second report of the BPC also met
resulted from food shortages…govt was not
with criticsm,as there was still disparities
well placed to deal with these food
between East and west Pakistan and
shortages that prevailed through out the
criticm from Bengalis ….question of
country..
official language had still not been
resolved..hence…

There had been severe riots erupted not only due to food shortage
but also because of the religious sentiments.The ulemas began a
country wide campaign against the Ahmadis… so due to .such
intensive law and order and intense situation ,the entire
responsibility of good governance was placed upon Nazimuddin’s
government and hence he was dismissed by Governor General
Ghulam Muhammad in 1953.
Why did being a nuclear power create difficulties for Pakistan
in the 1980’s and 1990’s? [7]
…
Q1.Why did Pakistan face so many problems in the provision of
education between 1947 and 1998?
Firstly:Lack of financial investment in
education by the successive governments.
◼ Pakistan has high military expenditure
due to which education has always been
given low priority ,less than 3% of the
budget is allocated to education…
Thirdly: There has been mismanagement in
establishing schools, designing curriculum and
providing training to teachers and other
facilities and equipments to buildings, many
schools continued to function either without
buildings or in buildings with poor repair. A
government report of 1989 admitted that over
60%of government school buildings were
unsafe.
[7]
Secondly: Some 70% of the
population have been illiterate
and many children simply did not
go to school at all, rate of
absenteeism and drop out are
very high and it was estimated
that more than half of the
students joining primary school
leave within 5 years..(financial
problems…families need work
force….hidden costs of sending
children to school etc)female
education not promoted..