Antibiotic

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Antibiotic Resistance

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Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms

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Antibiotic Resistance

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Do we have more options for NO Bacterie?

Develop new ATBs Using another method of

therapy: Phage Therapy

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 People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef
Faculty of Natural Life Science
Biology Department
Department of Biology

Phage Therapy
Phages = Bacteriophages

Viruses that specifically target

Bacteria Only

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1. Attachment – the phage attaches
itself to the surface of the host cell in
How it does work?
order to inject its DNA into the cell

2. Penetration – the phage injects its

DNA into the host cell by penetrating
through the cell membrane

3. Transcription – the host cell's DNA is

degraded and the cell's metabolism is
directed to initiate phage biosynthesis

4. Biosynthesis – the phage DNA

replicates inside the cell, synthesizing
new phage DNA and proteins

5. Maturation – the replicated material

assembles into fully formed viral
phages (each made up of a head, a
tail and tail fibers)

6. Lysis – the newly formed phages are

released from the infected cell (which
is itself destroyed in the process) to
seek out new host cells to infect
 Case 1:
➔ Isabelle Carnell-Holdaway was born with cystic fibrosis.

➔ Mycobacterium abscessus - infected her body;

➔ When she was 16, she needed a double lung transplant,

but the bacteria were still hiding in her body and when
she started immunosuppressant drugs to prevent her
rejecting the transplant, the infection came back.

➔ Isabelle was given less than a 1% chance of survival.

➔ The idea came from Isabelle's mother, Jo, who had been
researching alternatives on the internet.
 Case 1:

Is she cured?
➔ Infection not been completely cured - but it is under control.

➔ She is still having two infusions of the viral cocktail every day.

➔ Waiting for a fourth phage to be added to the mix in an attempt to

clear her of the infection completely.
 Case 2:

➔ Dr. Tom Patterson, contracted a deadly infection, caused by MDR

Acinetobacter baumannii, while on vacation in Egypt.

➔ His wife saw an article about phage therapy piqued her interest and
she broached the idea with Patterson's doctors, who, with approval
from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

➔ He made a full recovery and, 9 months after entering the hospital,

went home.
 Inconvenient

The process for identifying phages to treat an infection can be lengthy. It often involves testing phages from existing libraries
to find those that kill a patient's bacterial isolate. "It's like having a million keys and you're trying to sort through a million
locks to figure out which key matches the lock,"
 Conclusion
● Phage therapy is not new, some doctors have been using phages for nearly
a century.

● Phage-therapy was eclipsed by the discovery of antibiotics (easier to use).

● One antibiotic can work across a broad range of bacterial infections, while
phage-therapy requires finding the precise phages that will attack each infection.

● Phage-therapy is having a resurgence due to the rise of superbugs that are

resistant to antibiotics.
 References:
1.https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/phage-therapy-provides-targeted-bacteria-treatment/

2.https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance

3.https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about/how-resistance-happens.html

4.https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/images/about/Select-Germs-Develop-Resistance-Over-Time-medium.png?_=14527

5.https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/images/about/how-resistance-happens/how-germs-fight-antibiotics-pic.png?_=60384

6.https://www.uzleuven.be/en/bacteriophage-therapy

7.https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48199915

8.https://asm.org/Articles/2022/August/Phage-Therapy-Past,-Present-and-Future

9.https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JCM.00229-19?_ga=2.174108642.1127901139.1677342623-1368183720.1672872402

10.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytic_cycle

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 Antibiotics (ATB)
★ ATB are drugs used to prevent or treat
bacterial infections.

★ Used to Kill or stop the growth of Bacteria.

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