PHYSICS 2

King Abdullah II School of

ND
2 SEMESTER
Engineering
Introduction and quick review
( chapter 23 )

SYLLABUS-REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION

OMAR ZAYED
 REVIEW

• 1- VECTORS : ADDING OF
VECTORS – DOT PRODUCT –
CROSS PRODUCT
• 2- EQUATIONS OF MOTION
• 3-NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
1- Vectors : adding of vectors – dot product –cross product
2- Equations of motion
3-Newton’s laws of motion
• 23.1 Properties of Electric Charges

• 23.2 Charging Objects by Induction

• 23.3 Coulomb’s Law

• 23.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)

• 23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution

• 23.6 Electric Field Lines

• 23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field

 Sec 23.1: Properties of Electric Charges
• THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF ELECTRIC CHARGES
• CALLED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE Slides from 7 to 16 are
• NEGATIVE CHARGES ARE THE TYPE POSSESSED BY ELECTRONS self-reading
• POSITIVE CHARGES ARE THE TYPE POSSESSED BY PROTONS
• CHARGES OF THE SAME SIGN REPEL ONE ANOTHER AND
CHARGES WITH OPPOSITE SIGNS ATTRACT ONE ANOTHER

• THE RUBBER ROD IS

NEGATIVELY CHARGED
• THE GLASS ROD IS
POSITIVELY CHARGED
• THE TWO RODS WILL
ATTRACT
 • THE RUBBER ROD IS NEGATIVELY
CHARGED
• THE SECOND RUBBER ROD IS ALSO
NEGATIVELY CHARGED
• THE TWO RODS WILL REPEL

More About Electric Charges

• ELECTRIC CHARGE IS ALWAYS CONSERVED IN AN ISOLATED SYSTEM
• FOR EXAMPLE, CHARGE IS NOT CREATED IN THE PROCESS OF RUBBING
TWO OBJECTS TOGETHER
• THE ELECTRIFICATION IS DUE TO A TRANSFER OF CHARGE FROM ONE
OBJECT TO ANOTHER
 Conservation of Electric Charges
• A GLASS ROD IS RUBBED WITH SILK
• ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS TO THE SILK

• EACH ELECTRON ADDS A NEGATIVE CHARGE TO THE SILK

• AN EQUAL POSITIVE CHARGE IS LEFT ON THE ROD

Quantization of Electric Charges

The electric charge, q, is said to be quantized
q is the standard symbol used for charge as a variable
Electric charge exists as discrete packets (q =  Ne )

N is an integer and e is the fundamental unit of charge

|e| = 1.6 x 10-19 C
Electron: q = -e
Proton: q = +e
 Sec 23.2: Charging Objects by Induction:
Conductors
Electrical conductors are:
materials in which some of the
electrons are free electrons
Free electrons are not bound
to the atoms
These electrons can move
relatively freely through the
material
Examples of good conductors
include copper, aluminum and
silver (metals).
When a good conductor is
charged in a small region, the
charge readily distributes
itself over the entire surface of
the material
Insulators Semiconductors
Electrical insulators are: The electrical properties of
materials in which all the semiconductors are
electrons are bound to atoms somewhere between those
of insulators and conductors
* These electrons can not
move relatively freely Examples of semiconductor
through the material materials include silicon
* Examples of good and germanium
insulators include glass,
rubber and wood
* When a good insulator
is charged in a small
region, the charge is
unable to move to other
regions of the material
 SEC 23.2:
CHARGING
OBJECTS BY
INDUCTION:

Note : Earth is a good sink and a

good source for Negative charges .
 Charging by Induction:
➢ Charging by induction requires no contact with the
object inducing the charge
➢ Assume we start with a neutral metallic sphere
➢ The sphere has the same number of positive and
negative charges

➢ A charged rubber rod is placed near the sphere

➢ It does not touch the sphere
➢ The electrons in the neutral sphere are
redistributed

The sphere is grounded

Some electrons can leave the sphere through the
ground wire
➢ The ground wire is removed
➢ There will now be more positive charges
➢ The charges are not uniformly
distributed
➢ The positive charge has been induced in
the sphere

➢ The rod is removed

➢ The electrons remaining on the sphere
redistribute themselves
➢ There is still a net positive charge on
the sphere
➢ The charge is now uniformly distributed
Charge Rearrangement in Insulators
 A process similar to induction
can take place in insulators
 The charges within the
molecules of the material are
rearranged
 Coulomb’s Law
 Charles Coulomb measured Mathematically
the magnitudes of electric
forces between two small q1 q 2
charged spheres Fe = k e 2
 He found: the force r
depended on the charges
and the distance between The SI unit of charge is the
them coulomb (C)
Point Charge ke is called the Coulomb
constant
ke = 8.9876 x 109 N.m2/C2 = 1/(4πɛo)

ɛo is the permittivity of free space

ɛo = 8.8542 x 10-12 C2 / N.m2

Coulomb's Law, Notes
▪ Remember the charges need to
be in coulombs
▪ e is the smallest unit of charge
(except quarks)
▪ e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
▪ So, 1 C needs 6.24 x 1018 electrons
or protons
▪ Typical charges can be in the µC
range
▪ Remember that force is a vector
quantity
 Vector Nature of Electric Forces

q1q2
F12 = k e 2 rˆ12
r
▪ r̂12 is a unit vector directed from q1 to q2
▪ The like charges produce a repulsive force
between them
NOTES
▪ Electrical forces obey Newton’s Third Law
▪ The force on q1 is equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction to the force on q2 F = −F
21 12

▪ With like signs for the charges, the product q1q2 is positive
and the force is repulsive
▪ With unlike signs for the charges, the product q1q2 is
negative and the force is attractive
▪
Bohr radius = 0.53 Å

This means that the

gravitational force between
atomic charged particles is
negligible compare with
electrostatic force
Q : Two charges 𝑞1 and 𝑞1 , are separated by a distance r and apply a force
F to each other. If both charges are doubled and the distance between them
is also doubled, find out the new force between them ?
In example 23.2
SUGGESTED
PROBLEMS
Solution
 23.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)
electric field, an electric property associated with each point in
space when charge is present in any form

We define the electric field due to the source charge at the Test
location of the test charge charge
to be the electric force on the test charge per unit charge, Source
charge
𝐹Ԧ 𝑁
Where 𝑞0 is the test
𝐸=
𝑞0 𝐶 charge

Electric field is a vector and its

direction is depends on the
source charge type (as shown )

Electric field due to finite 𝑞2

number of point charges can be
calculated by :
𝑞1 𝑞3
 d
Find the net electric field at the
mid point between the two + −
equal charges (as shown ) 𝑞1 𝑞2
23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous
Charge Distribution
Example 23.8 The Electric Field of a Uniform Ring of Charge
Suppose a negative charge is placed at the center of
the ring in Figure 23.16 and displaced slightly by a
distance x << a along the x axis. When the charge is
released, what type of motion does it exhibit?
 ∞
Extra problems
P1: A line charge starts at y = +2d and extends to positive
infinity. The linear charge density is λ=b/y where b is
constant. What is the magnitude of the electric field at the
origin?

keb/8d2
y = +2d