SEM 2 2014

• HAPPY NEW YEAR!!

• CHAPTER 1 ELECTROSTATICS
 IN SEMESTER 2 TOPICS
• Electrostatics
• Capacitors
• Electric Current
• DC Current
• Magnetic Fields
• Electromagnetic Induction
• AC circuits
 History
• The word electricity
comes from the
Greek elektron which
means “amber”.
• The “amber effect” is
what we call static
electricity.
 History
• Ben Franklin made the
arbitrary choice of calling
one of the demo
situations positive and
one negative.
• He also argued that when
a certain amount of
charge is produced on
one body, an equal
amount of the opposite
charge is produced on
the other body…
 Charge Concepts
• Opposite charges attract, like charges
repel.
• Law of Conservation of Charge:
– The net amount of electric charge produced in
any process is zero.
• Symbol: q, Q
• Unit: C, Coulomb
• Proton 1.6 x 10-9,electron – 1.6 x 10-9
 Elementary Particles
Particle Charge, (C) Mass, (kg)
electron -1.6x10-19 9.109x10-31
proton +1.6x10-19 1.673x10-27
neutron 0 1.675x10-27
• If an object has a…
+ charge  it has less electrons than normal
- charge  it has more electrons than normal

qtotal
# electrons 
1.6 x1019
 Types of materials
1. Conductor: a material that
transfers charge easily (ex.
Metals).
2. Insulator: a material that
does not transfer charge
easily (ex. Nonmetals)
3. Semiconductors:
somewhere between 1 & 2
(ex. Silicon, carbon,
germanium).
4. Superconductors: some
metals become perfect
conductors below certain
temperatures
 Ways to Charge
• By Conduction: contact occurs between
charged object and neutral object.
• Result: two objects with same charge
• By induction: no contact occurs between
charged object and neutral object.
• Result: two objects with opposite charge
• Credit Card: You may use Visa, Master
Card, or American Express
• Result: Debt from high interest rates
Conduction
Induction Polarization
Lightning
Becomes very
“negative”

Becomes very
“positive”
 Electric Force / Coulomb’s Law

Using a torsion balance,

Coulomb found that:
the electric force
between two charges
is proportional to the
product of the two
charges and inversely
proportional to the
square of the distance
between the charges.
Electric Force / Coulomb’s Law
Electric Force / Coulomb’s Law
 q1q2
F E  kc 2
r
• q  charge, C
• r  distance between charges, m
• FE  Electric Force, N  VECTOR
• kc coulomb constant, 8.99x109Nm2/C2
Coulomb Constant

9
kc  8.99  10
or
1
kc 
4 0
12 1
 0  8.854 10 Fm
 Electric Field
The electric force is a field force, it applies force
without touching (like the gravitational force)

In the region around a charged object, an Electric

Field is said to exist
Ex 21.58 p 831: Signs & Why; E
smallest, why
 Electric Field

 FE q
E becomes E  kc 2
q0 r

• E  electric field strength, N/C  VECTOR

• q0  + test charge, C
• q  charge producing field, C
• r  distance between charges, m
• FE  Electric Force, N  VECTOR
• kc coulomb constant, 8.99x109Nm2/C2
 E-Field vs g-field

E  Field g  field
 
 F0  Fg
E g
q0 m0
 E-Field

 1 q
E 2
4 0 r
 E-Field Calculus

 1 dQ
dE  2
4 0 r
 Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium
1. The electric field is zero everywhere inside a
conductor.
2. Any excess charge on an isolated conductor
resides entirely on the outside surface of the
conductor.
3. The electric field just outside the charged
conductor is perpendicular to the conductor’s
surface.
4. On an irregularly shaped conductor, charge
tends to accumulate where the radius of
curvature is the smallest, i.e. AT SHARP
POINTS.
Van der Graff Generator
 Electric Flux
Flux is a measure of the number of field lines passing through an area.
Electric flux is the number of Electric field lines penetrating a surface or an area.

Flux    normal component of the field  area

In general,
   
Electric Flux    (E cos )A  E  A where A  A  n̂

 
a E A 0
A E
So,   EA cos 0  EA
 
b E A 0
A
Let   45 Then, q
E
  EA cos 45  0.707EA
Summer July 2006 31
 Electric lines of flux and
Derivation of Gauss’ Law using Coulombs law
• Consider a sphere drawn around a positive point charge.
Evaluate the net flux through the closed surface.
 
Net Flux =    E  dA   E cosdA   EdA En
cos 0  1
kq
For a Point charge E  2
r
kq
   EdA   2dA
r
kq kq nˆ
  2  dA  2 ( 4r 2 )
r r
dA
  4 kq 
1 12 C
2
dA  nˆ dA
4k  where  0  8.85 x10 
0 Nm 2
q
  Gauss’ Law
0 
32
 Gauss’ Law
q

0
This result can be extended to any shape surface
with any number of point charges inside and
outside the surface as long as we evaluate the
net flux through it.

33
 Applications of Gauss’s Law

• Find electric filed of an infinite long uniformly charged wire of

negligible radius.

• Find electric field of a large thin flat plane or sheet of charge.

• Find electric field around two parallel flat planes.

• Find E inside and outside of a long solid cylinder of charge density

and radius r.

• Find E for a thin cylindrical shell of surface charge density .

• Find E inside and outside a solid charged sphere of charge

density .

34
 Under electrostatic
conditions the
electric field inside
a solid conducting
sphere is zero.
Outside the sphere
the electric field
drops off as 1 / r2,
as though all the
excess charge on
the sphere were
concentrated at its
center.
Electric field = zero (electrostatic)
inside a solid conducting sphere
Electric field between two oppositely charged
parallel plates.
 Two Conducting Plates

Summer July 2006 37

 “Volume charge
density“:
 = charge / unit
volume is used to
characterize the
charge distribution.

The electric field of a uniformly charged

INSULATING sphere.
 Electric Potential of a Point
Charge
• The point of zero electric potential is taken
to be at an infinite distance from the
charge
• The potential created by a point charge q
at any distance r from the charge is

q
V  ke if r, V=0 and if r=0, V 
r
V decreases as 1/r,
and, as a consequence,
E decreases 1/r2.
 Example: Finding the Electric
Potential at Point P (apply V=keq/r).
6
9 2 2 5 .0  10 C
V1  (8.99  10 Nm / C )  1.12  10 4 V,
4.0m
6
9 2 2 ( 2. 0  10 C)
V2  (8.99  10 Nm / C )  3.60  103 V
(3.0m) 2  (4.0m) 2

Superposition: Vp=V1+V2
Vp=1.12104 V+(-3.60103 V)=7.6103
V
-2.0 C
5.0 C
 Problem Solving with Electric
Potential (Point Charges)
• Remember that potential is a scalar quantity
– So no components to worry about
• Use the superposition principle when you have
multiple charges
– Take the algebraic sum
• Keep track of sign
– The potential is positive if the charge is positive and
negative if the charge is negative
• Use the basic equation V = keq/r
Work done to move a charge?

Qq
dW  F (  dx )  2
dx
4 0 x
Qq
W
4 0 r
Relation E and V??

W  qV
dV
E
dx
r
V   Ed x

Overview: Conductors in Equilibrium
• The conductor has an excess
of positive charge
• All of the charge resides at the
surface
• E = 0 inside the conductor
• The electric field just outside
the conductor is perpendicular
to the surface
• The potential is a constant
everywhere on the surface of
the conductor
• The potential everywhere inside
the conductor is constant and
equal to its value at the surface
 Equipotential Surfaces
• An equipotential surface is a surface on
which all points are at the same potential
– No work is required to move a charge at a
constant speed on an equipotential surface
– The electric field at every point on an
equipotential surface is perpendicular to the
surface
Equipotentials and Electric
Fields Lines (Positive
Charge):
• The equipotentials
for a point charge
are a family of
spheres centered on
the point charge
• The field lines are
perpendicular to the
electric potential at
all points
 Equipotentials and Electric
Fields Lines (Dipole):
• Equipotential lines
are shown in blue
• Electric field lines
are shown in
orange
• The field lines are
perpendicular to
the equipotential
lines at all points
 Motion of a charge in a
uniform E field
• F = ma=qE • Use projectile
• a=qE/m motion….
• Loss kinetic =
gain U
• 1/2mv2 = qV
 example
• The electron I the hydrogen atom orbits
round the proton in an orbit of radius 5.3 x
10-11 m. Find the force between the
electron and the proton in a hydrogen
atom. ( charge of proton = 1.6 x 10-19 C,
Charge of electron = -1.6 x 10-19 C.