THE SEXUAL SELF II.

CHROMOSOMAL AND HORMONAL

- The genetic determination of sex (thru the
“A Man…” genes)
“A Woman…”

SEX

- is connected with IDENTITY.

- State of being male or female
- Either of the two main categories (male and
female) into which humans and most other
living things are divided on the basis of their
reproductive functions.
A. CHROMOSOMES
THE MANY ASPECTS OF SEX
- Carriers of genes
It is…
Female egg- 22 paired automosomes; 1 paired sex
1. BIOLOGICAL chromosome (XX)
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL
3. SOCIO-CULTURAL Male Sperm- 22 paired chromosomes; 1 unpaired sex
4. DIALOGICAL chromosome (XY)
5. SPIRITUAL B. GENES
6. LAW ABIDING
- True carriers of hereditary traits (at around
7. MORAL
3,000 traits or chromosome)
I. SEXUAL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MEN AND WOMEN HORMONES
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS (GONADS) • ESTROGEN
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM - hormones that ae important for sexual and
reproductive development, mainly in WOMEN.
- They are also referred to as female sex
hormones.
- The term “ESTROGEN” refers to all the
chemically similar hormones in this group,
which are ESTRONE, ESTRADIOL (primary in
women of reproductive age) and ESTRIOL.

In females, estrogen affects the following areas of the

body:

1. OVARIES: estrogen helps stimulate the growth

• MALE REPRODUCTIVE CELL- sperm
• MALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE-
androgens/testosterone
THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CELL- the ovum/ova
(egg)
• FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONE-
estrogen/estrone/estradiol
of an egg follicle.
2. VAGINA: also stimulates the growth of the
vagina to its adult size, the thickening of the
vaginal wall, and an increase in vaginal acidity
that reduces bacterial infections. It also helps
lubricate the vagina.
3. FALLOPIAN TUBES: estrogen is responsible for
the growth of a thick, muscular wall in the
fallopian tubes, and for the contractions that
transport the egg and the sperm cells.
4. UTERUS: estrogen enhances and maintains the
mucous membrane that lines the uterus. It
increases the size of the endometrium as well
as enhancing blood flow, protein content, and
enzyme activity. Estrogen also stimulates the
muscles in the uterus to develop and contract.
Contractions help during the delivery of an
infant and placenta, and they assist the wall of
the uterus in getting rid of dead tissue during
menstruation.
5. CERVIX: estrogen is thought to regulate the flow
and thickness of uterine mucous secretions.
 This enhances the movement of a sperm cell to
an egg and enables fertilization.
6. MAMMARY GLANDS: Estrogen forms unique
relationships with other hormones in the breast.
They are responsible for the growth of the
breasts during adolescence, the pigmentation
of the nipples, and eventually stopping the flow
of milk when an infant is no longer breast-
feeding.
Estrogen is responsible for the differences between
male and female bodies. For example, in a female body:
✓ Estrogen makes the bones smaller and
shorter, the pelvis broader, and the
shoulders narrower.
✓ It increases fat storage around the hips and
thighs, meaning that the body is more
curved and contoured.
✓ Estrogen helps to slow down the growth of
females during puberty and increases
sensitivity to INSULIN. Insulin influences
the amount of body fat and lean muscle a
person can develop.
✓ It influences body hair to become finer and
less pronounced while making the hair on a
woman's head more permanent.
✓ Estrogen makes the voice box smaller and
the vocal cords shorter, giving females a
higher-pitched voice than males.
✓ Estrogens suppress the activity of the
glands in the skin that produce oily
substances. This reduces the likelihood of
acne in females.
Other areas on which the estrogen has an impact
include:
✓ THE BRAIN: It can help maintain body
temperature, regulate the part of the brain
linked to sexual development, and enhance the
effects of the brain's "feel-good" chemicals.
✓ THE SKIN: Estrogens improve the thickness and
quality of the skin as well as the COLLAGEN
content which prevents aging.
✓ THE BONES: estrogen helps to preserve
strength and prevent bone loss.
✓ THE LIVER AND HEART: the hormone regulates
cholesterol production in the liver, helping to
protect the heart and arteries.
• TESTOSTERONE
- primary male sex hormone and an anabolic
steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a
key role in the development of male
reproductive tissues such as testes and
prostate, as well as promoting secondary
sexual characteristics such as increased
muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body.
- produced by the gonads (by the Leydig cells in
testes in men and by the ovaries in women),
although small quantities are also produced by
the adrenal glands in both sexes. It is an
androgen, meaning that it stimulates the
development of male characteristics.
- Present in much greater levels in men than
women, testosterone initiates the development
of the male internal and external reproductive
organs during fetal development and is
essential for the production of sperm in adult
life.
- This hormone also signals the body to make new
blood cells, ensures that muscles and bones
stay strong during and after puberty and
enhances libido both in men and women.
- linked to many of the changes seen in boys
during puberty (including an increase in height,
body and pubic hair growth, enlargement of the
penis, testes and prostate gland, and changes
in sexual and aggressive behaviour).
- It also regulates the secretion of luteinizing
hormone and follicle stimulating hormone. To
effect these changes, testosterone is often
converted into another androgen called
dihydrotestosterone.
- In women, testosterone is produced by the
ovaries and adrenal glands. The majority of
testosterone produced in the ovary is converted
to the principle female sex hormone,
oestradiol.
III. DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX
CHARACTERISTICS
STAGES OF REPRODUCTION
1. MATURATION
- Readiness of the reproductive organs
Nocturnal emission Menstruation
SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS
- Sexual organs and traits that develop at puberty
and are indirectly involved in human
reproduction.
FEMALE
• Growth spurt
• Onset of the menstrual cycle
- Monthly shedding of the blood and tissue that
line the uterus in preparation for pregnancy
when conception does not occur.
 • Breast development
• Widening hips
• Pubic hair
• Fat deposits
• Further growth and development of the uterus,
vagina, and ovaries

MALE

• Enlarged larynx (Adam’s apple)

• Deepening voice
• Facial and chest hair THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL STIMULI
• Pubic hair
• Coarser skin texture • All effects of external stimuli on sexual behavior
are more common in men than in women.
• Large height increase
• The short-term effect of exposure to images of
nudity and sexuality increases sexual arousal
and desire.
2. OVULATION
- It distorts our ideas of what is appropriate and
- Marked by the escape of the egg from the ovary.
effective for mutual self-satisfaction.
- The habit of finding sexual response through
idealized images may lead to decreased sexual
response to real-life sexual partners
(expectation vs. reality).

IMAGINED STIMULI

- The brain is involved in sexuality; people with no

3. FERTILIZATION genital sensation (e.g. spinal cord injuries) can
- The union of the egg and sperm feel sexual desire.
- The brain also contains dreams, memories, and
WHAT PARTS OF THE BODY ARE MOST SENSITIVE fantasies that stimulate sexual desire.
TO SEXUAL STIMULATION - Fantasies are not just a replacement for sexual
activity; they can often accompany sex.

BASIC BIOLOGY

HOT SPOTS- erogenous zones are parts of the body that
are particularly responsive to stimulation, resulting
often in sexual excitement. these are popular hot spots
on men and women.
IV. THE EROGENOUS ZONES
- “EROGENOUS ZONE” applies to people of all
genders and simply refers to the parts of the
body that experience heightened sensitivity
and/or signal sexual arousal of some kind.
- These zones are found all over the body and are
far more complex and intricate that just
genitals.
V. THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
- The basic biology of sexual behavior
For men:
- The testes begins to secrete androgen
- Become capable of and interested in sexual
activities, without any regard to biological
cycles.
For women:
- The two ovaries begin to produce estrogen and
progesterone.
- Follows a cyclic pattern.
- The greatest secretion occurs during ovulation.
VI. THE CHEMISTRY OF LOVE
“Love is a neurochemical rollercoaster.”
1. DOPAMINE
- Greatest feeling that a reward is at hand
 - Releases energy for “the chase” B. PLEASURE
- New “love” stimulates the brain to produce a lot - Pleasant feeling associated with the
of dopamine. experience.
- It drops once you get the “reward.” C. EXPRESSION OF INTIMACY AND LOVE
2. OXYTOCIN - An intimate and loving relationship.
- It is the “love and attachment” chemical.
- Stimulates by touch, trust, birth, and sex.
VIII. PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS

THE WOMAN

- Receiver of the semen

- Delicate
- Sensitive
- Caring
- Homemaker
3. SEROTONIN - Personal
- The pleasure of social dominance - Intuitive
- Is not aggression, but a calm sense that “I will - Subjective
get the reward.” - Emotional
- When you enjoy the attention of someone
INSIDE:
important, it boosts your serotonin.
4. ENDORPHINS
- Are “endogenous morphine” sources, but it’s
meant for EMERGENCIES (not partying).
- Are stimulated by pain, exercise, crying and
laughing.
- When lovers make each other laugh, it’s a
valuable chance to enjoy Endorphins.

Natural selection builds a brain that makes you feel THE MAN
good when you do things that promote your genes. - Giver of the semen
- Strong/tough
- Carpenter/laborer
- Provider
- Insensitive
- Impersonal
- Straight-forward
FACTORS RELATED TO SEXUAL RESISTRAINT
- Less emotional
- High Intelligence: Teens with higher - Objective
intelligence are likely to delay sex, thinking of
OUTSIDE:
the consequences.
- Religiosity: Religious teens and adults often
reserve sex for a marital commitment.
- Father presence: A father’s absence from
home can contribute to higher teen sexual
activity.
- Learning programs: Teens who volunteer and
tutor in programs dedicated to reducing teen
pregnancy are less likely to engage in unsafe
sex.
- Altruistic activities: Acts that are focused on
helping others lessen self-centeredness and GENDER DIFFERENCES
sexual preoccupation. PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES
VII. PURPOSE OF SEX
A. PROCREATION BOYS have larger lungs and heart, and are superior at
- Ultimate purpose confined to reproduction. activities involving gross motor activities and strength;
- Controlled by the mind & not purely instinctive are more likely to suffer a wide range of developmental
(unlike animals). disorders (speech defects, ADHD, mental retardation),
genetic defects, and are more susceptible to
malnutrition and disease.
 • COGNITIVE
Some studies indicate that boys have a higher IQ on
average than girls by late adolescence (~4 IQ points)
Theory: Girls' development ends sooner than boys, and
boys continue to develop. This is controversial.
GIRLS Superior in Conscientiousness: Focused
attention, responsibility, dependability, delay of
gratification; strongly correlated with school success.
COGNITIVE DIFFERENCES
GIRLS: superior at verbal abilities (vocabulary, reading
comprehension, verbal creativity) during early to middle
childhood.
BOYS: have greater visual-spatial ability beginning
around age 10, also excel at mathematics beginning
around age 12.
GENDER AND SEXUALITY DIFFERENCES
BIOLOGICAL SEX
- assigned at birth
SEXUALITY (attraction)
• SEXUAL ORIENTATION
- Sexual orientation refers to one’s preferences
as an object of sexual attraction.
- May exist in the form of desires, interests,
infatuations, and fantasies.
- “Identity” as either heterosexual, bisexual, or
exclusively homosexual, emerges in puberty.
• ORIGINS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER IDENTITY: the GENDER ROLE: what
sense of whether we our culture and
“feel” like a male or a environment imposes on
female. us.
Theories suggesting that sexual preference is related to
parenting behaviors or childhood abuse are not
supported by evidence.
Differences appear to begin at birth. This could be
genetic, or it could be caused by exposure to hormones
or antigens in the womb.
The fraternal birth order effect: being born after a
brother increases the likelihood of being gay.
BILOGICAL CORRELATES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION
GENDER (expression)
GENDER IDENTITY: a person’s innermost concepts of
self as being male, female, neither, or both. Gender
identity my or may not align with one’s assigned
biological sex.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION: a person’s experience of being
romantically, physically, and emotionally attracted to
men, women, both or neither.
BIOLOGICAL SEX: the combination of anatomy,
chromosomes, and hormones that are typically
classified as male, female or intersex. Sex if usually
assigned at birth based solely upon a person’s visible
external anatomy.
GENDER EXPRESSION: how we express our gender to
the world. This could include the clothes we wear, the
way we style our hair, the way we talk, and the pronouns
we choose to use.
 IX. SOCIO-CULTURAL ASPECTS Religiously: a relationship between Yahweh and
Israel
UNUSUAL SEXUAL PRACTICES AROUND THE
WORLD CLERICAL CELIBACY is the requirement in certain
religions that some or all members of the clergy be
CAMBODIA
unmarried. Clerical celibacy also requires
- The Kreung Tribe builds love huts where abstention from deliberately indulging in sexual
teenaged girls can have sex with different men thoughts and behavior outside of marriage,
till they find the one. because these impulses are regarded as sinful.

NEPALI Vows of celibacy are generally required for monks

and nuns in Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism,
- In certain Nepali tribes, brothers share one Jainism and other religions, but often not for other
woman. clergy.
AFRICA-WOODABE CHASTITY
- The Wodaabe Tribe holds a wife-stealing festival - The state or practice of refraining from
every year. extramarital, or especially from all, sexual
AFRICA-THONGA intercourse.
- "vows of chastity"
- Thonga Tribe of South Africa, view kissing very
negatively. CELIBACY
- In a recent study, researchers tested the - The state of abstaining from marriage and
presence of romantic kissing across 168 sexual relations.
cultures and found that only 77 of these
cultures (46%) practiced romantic kissing. XI. LAWFUL ASPECTS
INDIA SEXUAL IMMORTALITY
- In some states in India, people have gathered to - The evil ascribed to sexual acts that violate
protest by kissing in public as a way of going social conventions.
against the cultural stigma that surrounds the 1. Fornication
act. 2. Adultery
ESKIMO-ALASKA 3. Polygamy
4. Rape
- Eskimo kiss,” which requires partners to rub 5. Incest
their noses together. 6. Age of consent
7. Incest
8. Extramarital sex
X. DIALOGICAL AND SPRITUAL ASPECTS 9. Incel-related violence
A. Interest on the heterosexual idea- the opposite 10. Female genital mutilation
sex not necessarily genital relationship
B. Discovery of the heterogenous “THOU”, with Sex and the law deals with the regulation by law of
deeper reasons/criteria- start of an human sexual activity.
interpersonal relationship. Sex laws vary from one place or jurisdiction to another,
C. Dialogically- stages of relationships and have varied over time, and unlawful sexual acts are
1. Courtship also called sex crimes.
2. Engagement
3. Proposal • UNDER RA 11648- STATUTORY RAPE
4. Marriage - Any adult engaging in sexual contact with
D. Marriage as symbolic- Religiously: relationship anyone 16 or under would be committing
between Yahweh and Israel. statutory rape, unless the age difference
between them was three years or less and sex
Sex is a dialogue, a connection, and a relationship. was proven to be consensual, and neither
Awkwardness abusive nor exploitative.
Attraction • QUALIFIED SEDUCTION
Honeymoon - Refers to the offense of having sexual
Disappointment intercourse with a 16- or 17-year-old minor
Stability through abuse of confidence. 1. Concept.
Commitment Qualified seduction – refers to the offense of
True love having sexual intercourse with a 16- or 17-year-
old minor through abuse of confidence.
 • SIMPLE SEDUCTION - Skin to skin contact
- The seduction of a woman who is single or a - Sharing equipment
widow of good reputation, over twelve but under - Exchange of bodily fluids
eighteen years of age, committed by means of
3 TYPES OF STIs
deceit, shall be punished by arresto mayor.
• FLORIDA LAW 1. Bacterial
- Unlawful Sexual Activity with a Minor Under 2. Parasitic
Florida Law. Florida Statute 794.05 defines 3. Viral
Unlawful Sexual Activity with a Minor as: “A
COMMON STIs
person who is 24 years of age or older who
engages in sexual activity with a person 16 or 17
years of age commits a felony of the second
degree.
• JAMAICA
- Individuals aged 15 or younger in Jamaica are
not legally able to consent to sexual activity,
and such activity may result in prosecution for
statutory rape or the equivalent local law.
Jamaica statutory rape law is violated when an
individual has consensual sexual intercourse
with a person between 12 and 16.

ALLOWABLE PRACTICE OF SEX

COMMON SIGNS AND SYMPTOMPS OF STI
A. Within boundaries of marriage only
B. Between two consenting adults

Purpose

1. Correct use
2. Control human activities.

HOW IS SEX TODAY?

EROTIZATION= SEXUAL ELEMENTS AROUSED

Causes

1. Increased urbanization
2. Depression during early times GONORRHEA
3. Commercialization
4. Sexual evolution - Caused by bacteria called neisseria
gonorrheae
Effects of wrong use of Sex - Usual incubation period is 3 to 7 days
- Can affect genitals, throat and anus
1. Depression
2. Bad reputation Symptoms:
3. Teenage pregnancy
4. Abortions - Yellowish/ Purulent discharge (tulo)
5. STI/ STDS - Pelvic inflammation in women
6. Brain damage - Scrotal swelling in men
7. Infertility
8. Death

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION (STI)

- Most STIs have no symptoms.

- A person can have an STI and not know it.

HOW CAN SOMEONE GET AN STI?

- Vaginal sex
- Anal sex CHLAMYDIA
- Oral sex
- Caused by chlamydia trachomatis
- Transmission from mother to baby during
- Can infect the cervix, urethra, rectum, throat
childbirth
and eyes
 - Also known as the silent STI GENITAL HERPES

Symptoms: - Caused by herpes simplex virus 2

- Incubation period is 2-12 days
- Pelvic inflammation
- Discharge Symptoms:
- Scrotal swelling in men
- Multiple, painful shallow ulcers
- Painful urination

CANDIDIASIS
SYPHILIS - Caused by fungus candida albicans
- Yeast infection
- Caused by spirochete treponema pallidum
- Chronic systemic disease (9-90 days) Symptoms:
- The organism moves through skin or mucus
- Cottage cheese appearance
membrane and into the bloodstream
- Whitish discharge
- Can be transmitted through mother to child,
- Itchiness
blood transfusion, sexual contact

Symptoms

- Lesions

PUBLIC LICE

- Infestation of the crab-like lice called PTHIRIUS

PUBIS
CHANCROID - It is spread directly from one person to another
- Hemophilus ducreyi during intimate contact
- 4 - 7 days
- Multiple painful ulcers that are raw, with
irregular undermined borders (dirty base -
necrotic tissue, pus).
- Unilateral painful enlarged lymph nodes

SCABIES

- Caused by mites called SARCOPTES SCABEI

- It is passed on through skin to skin contact

GENITAL WARTS HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV)

 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HIV AND HIV TRANSMISSION RISK 2: infected blood and
AIDS? blood products

HUMAN IMMUNODEFIENCY VIRUS (HIV) - Blood transfusion from an HIV infected donor
and sharing of infected syringes and needles.
- Can only infect human beings.
- Attacks the body’s immune system by
weakening its defenses against disease/
infections.

AIDS

Acquired: the infection may be transmitted from one

person to another

Immune: the immune system is compromised

Deficiency: The body can no longer fight off infections; HIV TRANSMISSION RISK 3: mother to child
individual may suffer from two or more opportunistic - From an HIV infected mother to her child (during
infections. pregnancy, natural birth to breast feeding)
Syndrome: a person experiences a collection of Activities That Do Not Allow HIV Transmission
symptoms which could be fatal.
• Casual contacts ((sharing food and utensils,
HIV
shaking hands, hugging or kissing, coughing,
- is the microorganism that causes destruction of sneezing, using public phone, visiting a
the immune system. hospital)
• Feces, urine, saliva, sweat, tears
AIDS
• Donating blood
- is the state of HIV infection when the virus has • Insect bites
almost destroyed the immune system causing • Sharing toilets
multiple oportunistic infections. • Swimming pools
- Occurs in about (ave.) 8years from HIV
ABCDE of prevention
infection.
• Abstinence: No sex. In the case of adolescents,
FOUR BODY FLUIDS KNOWN TO TRANSMIT HIV
delaying sexual debut .
1. Blood • Be monogamous: Have ONE sexual partner
2. Semen • Correct and consistent use of CONDOM and
3. Vaginal/cervical fluid safer sex practices/ Careful Sex / Choice
4. Breastmilk • Do not inject drugs or drink moderately
Examples of opportunistic infections • Education and early detection

Preventing HIV transmission thru blood and blood

products

• Blood safety programs

• Universal precautions
• Harm reduction program

HIV TRANSMISSION RISK 1: sexual transmission of

HIV