GLOBAL

GOVERNANCE
Global Governance
The World Health Organization
defines global governance as
“…the way in which global
affairs are managed.
As there is no global government,
global governance typically
involves a range of actors including
states, as well as regional and
international organizations.
However, a single organization
may nominally be given the lead
role on an issue, for example the
World Trade Organization in
world trade affairs.
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 “
an international process of consensus-forming which
generates guidelines and agreements that affect
national governments and international
corporations. Examples of such consensus would
include WHO policies on health issues”
(World Health Organization, 2015).

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1.
WHAT IS GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE?

Global Challenges Foundation

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GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

○ brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective

action at the level of the planet.
○ The goal of global governance is to provide global public
goods, particularly peace and security, justice and
mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and
unified standards for trade and industry.

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UNITED NATIONS
the leading institution in charge of global governance today

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UNITED NATIONS

○ was founded in 1945, in the wake of the Second World

War, as a way to prevent future conflicts on that scale
○ does not directly bring together the people of the world,
but sovereign nation states, and currently counts 193
members who make recommendations through the UN
General Assembly

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UNITED NATIONS

○ The UN’s main mandate is to preserve global security,

which it does particularly through the Security Council.
○ In addition the UN can settle international legal issues
through the International Court of Justice, and implements
its key decisions through the Secretariat, led by the
Secretary General.

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Secretaries-general
○ Gladwyn Jebb (1945-1946) – UK
○ Trygve Lie (1946- 1952) – Norway
○ Dag Hammarskjöld (1953 – 1961)
○ U Thant (1961-1971) – Burma
○ Kurt Waldheim (1972- 1981) – Austria
○ Javier Pérez de Cuéllar (1982- 1991) Peru
○ Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992-1996) Egypt
○ Kofi Annan (1997-2006) Ghana
○ Ban Ki-moon (2007-2016) South Korea
○ António Guterres (2017 – present) Portugal
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UNITED NATIONS
○ The United Nations has added a range of areas to its core
mandate since 1945. It works through a range of agencies
and associated institutions particularly to ensure greater
shared prosperity, as a desirable goal in itself, and as an
indirect way to increase global stability.
○ As a key initiative in that regard, in 2015, the UN
articulated the Sustainable Development Goals, creating
common goals for the collective future of the planet.
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THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
The Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), also known as the
Global Goals, were adopted by
the United Nations in 2015 as a
universal call to action to end
poverty, protect the planet, and
ensure that by 2030 all people
enjoy peace and prosperity.
The 17 Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), with their 169 targets,
form the core of the 2030 Agenda.
They balance the economic, social
and ecological dimensions of
sustainable development, and place
the fight against poverty and
sustainable development on the
same agenda for the first time.
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GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
○ Other important institutions are the World Bank and the
IMF- International Monetary Fund, whose function is to
regulate the global economy and credit markets.
○ Those institutions are not without their critics for this very
reason, being often blamed for maintaining economic
inequality.

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ORGANIZATIONS AS INTERMEDIARY
BODIES

EU and ASEAN NATO – North Atlantic APEC or ANZUS

○ Coordinate the policies Treaty Organization Coordinating defense or

of the members in ○ Strategic or economic economic integration
certain geographical initiatives under the
zone leadership of US

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ORGANIZATIONS AS INTERMEDIARY
BODIES

G7 G20 WORLD ECONOMIC

○ Argentina, Australia, FORUM
○ US, Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, Brazil, Canada, China, these do not set up
UK Germany, France, India, treaties, but offer spaces
Indonesia, Italy, Japan,
for gathering, discussing
Mexico, Russia, Saudi
Arabia, South Africa, ideas, aligning policy and
South Korea, Turkey, the setting norms
United Kingdom and the
United States and EU

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2.
CORE PRINCIPLES
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Global Challenges Foundation

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A Common but
differentiated
responsibilities and
respective capacities
This principle acknowledges the
diversity of national circumstances
and policy approaches
—a diversity which should be embedded in
the architecture of global governance as an
intrinsic feature of the global community, not
as an exception to general rules.
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Subsidiarity
Issues ought to be addressed at
the lowest level capable of
addressing them.
—This principle implies that some
problems can be handled well and
efficiently at the local, national,
subregional and regional levels reducing
the number of issues that need to be
tackled at the international and
supranational level
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Inclusiveness,
Transparency,
Accountability.
Global governance institutions need to be
representative of, and accountable to, the
entire global community, while decision-
making procedures need to be democratic,
inclusive and transparent
— Robust governance implies mutual
accountability, verified by transparent and
credible mechanisms and processes to ensure that
agreed commitments and duties are fulfilled.
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Coherence
Definitions of global rules and
processes need to rest on
comprehensive approaches, including
the assessment of possible trade-offs,
so that actions in different areas will
not undermine or disrupt one another,
but instead be mutually reinforcing
— Enhanced coherence is also needed
between the international and national
spheres of policymaking. This also requires
improved coordination among various
stakeholders and enhanced information
sharing.
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Responsible
Sovereignty
This principle recognizes that
policy cooperation is the best
way to achieve national interests
in the global public domain
— It also requires Governments and
States to be fully respectful of the
sovereignty of other nations so as to
fulfil agreed policy outcomes.
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3.
THE ROLE OF
GOVERNMENT

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Roles of Government
Creation
Of new infrastracture and
other facilities to attract
foreign investment.
Working
With developing country
governments in particular to
help establish labor and
environmental standards.
Prevent
Or reduce financial crises
which has a great impact on
the capital flows.
Protecting
Domestic infant-industries
long enough to allow them to
become internationally
competitive.
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THANKS!
Any questions?

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 Global
Migration
 Introduction
Since the dawn of men, people have migrated.
Communities across the world have been formed through
this process, even to this day. People migrate now more
than ever before. Sometimes people choose to move for
anything from employment to better weather. In some
cases, however, migration is involuntary. Whatever the
reason, migration can bear a big impact on people's lives
 Migration is...
Part of human An ongoing Still
history story evolving

Humans migrated from Today, immigration to The patterns of

Africa around 60,000 new countries is migration will
years ago, following common, for political or continue to change,
geographic patterns. economic reasons well into the future
 Global migration
What is refers to the
Global international
Migration? movement of people
across borders, either
voluntary or
involuntary.
 Migration can happen
What for several reasons,
causes including war and
conflict, environmental
Migration? displacement,
employment, studies or
the 'just because'
factor.
Types of Migration
Labor Forced
Migration Migration

International
Internal
Retirement
Migration
Migration
 A migrant is a person who
Migrants is moving from one place to
another. Someone may be
considered a migrant
regardless of a person's
legal status, the cause of
migration (voluntary or
involuntary), or how long
they intend to stay.
 Types of Migrants
asylum economic refugees
seekers migrants
a person who has left their people moving from one
country and is seeking persons who asked
country to another to
protection from benefit from greater for protection and
persecution and serious economic opportunities in was given refugee
human rights violations in the receiving country status
another country
Asylum Seekers

An asylum seeker searches

for international protection,
however, the claim for
refugee status has not yet
(and may not at all) been
granted.
Refugees
Legally speaking, a refugee
is an asylum seeker whose
claim for asylum has been
successful, meaning they are
granted refugee status in a
new country to live there
permanently.
Economic
Migrants
a person who has voluntarily
left their country of origin to
seek, by legal or illegal
means, employment in
another country.
Implications
Assimilation-- the integration of Migration has
migrants into their host country demographic,
environmental,
Migration can increase the social, economic,
cultural diversity of a host country and health
With international migration, implications.
origin countries often lose large
proportions of the highly skilled
workforce (Brain Drain)
Implications
Remittance -- after a migrant has
Migration has
entered their host country, they may send demographic,
part of their income back to their origin environmental,
country. social, economic,
International migration can affect the and health
population and demographics of both
implications.
host and origin countries.
The process of international migration is
often complicated, and immigration laws
can be very strict.
Assimilation
St. Patrick's Day is an excellent
example of the cultural
assimilation of Irish migrants
into American culture. Here, the
Chicago River in the US is
coloured green for St. Patrick's
Day.
Cultural Diversity
Chicken tikka masala has
been ranked as one of
Britain's national dishes.
Although not an official Indian
curry, it comes from
traditional Indian curry
recipes. The British love for
curry is visible in places
around the UK too, such as
the curry mile in Manchester.
Human Capital
Flight
Morocco’s Minister of Higher
Education, Scientific Research and
Innovation Abdellatif Miraoui
announced that nearly 3,700
Moroccan professionals, including
doctors and engineers, leave
Morocco each year to work abroad.
Morocco has long been facing a
human capital flight problem in
sectors like healthcare and other
skilled jobs.
 Remittance
The Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas (BSP) said
personal cash remittances
grew 3.6% to $36.14 billion
in 2022. This accounted for
8.9% of the Philippines’
gross domestic product.
 Population
and
Demographics
India continues to be the
main origin of
international migrants,
with 17.5 million Indian-
born people living
abroad.

The United States is

the primary
destination for
migrants, though as
a proportion of its
population, the
United Arab Emirates
has the largest
migrant contingent.
Migrant Smuggling
and Human
Trafficking
Migrants may hire the
services of illegal
immigration officers,
where incidences of
human trafficking may
occur.
GCM It was decided by
the UN General
The Global Compact for
Assembly in 2016
Safe, Orderly, and Regular that an agreement
Migration (GCM) is a should be
governmental agreement developed to make
migration safer.
prepared under the United
Nations' sponsorship.
GCM
Has commitments or goals
The GCM is not an
that countries are aiming to international treaty;
achieve. This means looking it is a non-binding
into the factors that push scheme under
people to migrate and international law.
investing in ways to give
people a better quality of
life.
Additional Concepts

"Push" "Pull"
Factors Factors
ible What are some potential
What are some poss
incentives for them to
reasons for humans to
immigrate or stay?
emigrate elsewhere?
 Push Factors
Natural
Religous
Wars Conflict and Ethnic
and man-
made
Persecution
Disasters

Shortages of
Poverty Unemployment food, water, Limited
or healthcare opportunities
 Pull Factors
Better Political
Better Better life
quality Stability
Healthcare prospects
of life

Varried Access to Shortages of

food, water, Environmental
employment education
or healthcare characteristics
opportunities services
Global
Migration Crisis
According to the UN Refugee
Agency, at the end of 2020,
82.4 million people worldwide
have been forcibly displaced as
a result of persecution, conflict,
violence, human rights violations,
climate, or events seriously
disturbing public order.
Global
Migration Crisis
The number of refugees has
never been higher in modern
history. This global migration
crisis is better known as a
refugee crisis.
Global
Migration Crisis
In the past decade alone, the
global refugee population has
more than doubled. It is
estimated that more than 82
million people have been
forced from their homes
worldwide. Among them, 26
million are refugees, the highest
population on record.
Global
Migration Crisis
2/3 of all global
refugees migrate from
Syria, Venezuela,
Afghanistan, South
Sudan, and Myanmar.
GAMM
Published in December 2005,
Global
this overarching framework of
Approach to
the European Union's external
migration policy is based on
Migration and
partnerships with non-EU
Mobility
countries.
GAMM
It aimed to present a
Global
comprehensive plan to confront
the problem of human trafficking Approach to
and to solve the crises that arise Migration and
from mass and irregular migration, Mobility
through cooperation with third
countries.
GAMM
The initial focus was on Africa Global
and the Mediterranean, which Approach to
were identified as the main
Migration and
origin regions of migrants in
Mobility
Europe.
4 Priorities of GAMM:

Managing, Prevent
orga n i sin g a n d dangerous
assis t in g in th e migration, i.e.,
mo v e m e n t o f human
lega l m ig ra nts trafficking
4 Priorities of GAMM:
Promoting
Maxim is ing th e international
deve lo p m e nt protection and
enhancing the
impact of external
mig ra t io n a n d dimensions of
mobility asylum policies
Thanks! Questions?