Course: Geography of Pakistan, Part-I (9351) Semester: Autumn, 2023

Level: MSc

Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 40

ASSIGNMENT No. 1

Q.1 Discuss the important mountain ranges of Pakistan in detail. (20)

Pakistan is home to several significant mountain ranges, including some of the world's highest
peaks. These mountain ranges have not only shaped the geography of the region but also
influenced the climate, culture, and history of Pakistan. Here are some of the important
mountain ranges in Pakistan:

1. **Himalayan Range:**
- **Location:** The northernmost part of Pakistan, along the northern border with India.
- **Key Features:** This range includes some of the world's highest peaks, such as K2 (the
second-highest mountain globally) and Nanga Parbat. The Himalayas are known for their
dramatic landscapes, glaciers, and deep river valleys.

2. **Karakoram Range:**
- **Location:** Situated in the northern and northwestern regions of Pakistan.
- **Key Features:** The Karakoram Range is home to the highest concentration of high peaks
and glaciers on Earth. Besides K2, other notable peaks in this range include Broad Peak
and Gasherbrum I and II. The Siachen Glacier, the world's second-longest glacier outside
the polar regions, is also located in the Karakorams.

3. **Hindu Kush Range:**

- **Location:** Extends from central Afghanistan into northern Pakistan.
- **Key Features:** The Hindu Kush Range is known for its rugged terrain and high peaks. It
forms a natural border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Tirich Mir, the highest peak in
the Hindu Kush, is situated in Pakistan.

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4. **Sulaiman Range:**
- **Location:** Extends from eastern Afghanistan through the western regions of Pakistan.
- **Key Features:** The Sulaiman Range separates the eastern and western parts of Pakistan.
It is generally lower in elevation compared to the northern ranges but still has significant
peaks. The Takht-e-Sulaiman is a notable summit in this range.

5. **Salt Range:**
- **Location:** Situated in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
- **Key Features:** The Salt Range is a series of hills and low mountains known for its rich
salt deposits. The Khewra Salt Mine, one of the world's oldest and largest salt mines, is
located in this range. The range has historical significance and is associated with ancient
civilizations.

6. **Kirthar Range:**
- **Location:** Extends from the northwestern part of Sindh province to southwestern
Balochistan.
- **Key Features:** The Kirthar Range is characterized by rugged terrain, deep canyons, and
dry riverbeds. It serves as a natural boundary between Sindh and Balochistan provinces.

These mountain ranges contribute significantly to the hydrology of the region, influencing the
flow of major rivers such as the Indus. They also play a vital role in shaping the climate of
Pakistan, with the northern areas experiencing colder temperatures and the southern regions
having a more arid climate. Additionally, these mountains have cultural and economic
importance, attracting trekkers, mountaineers, and tourists from around the world.

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Q.2 Highlight the upper and lower Indus plains of Pakistan. (20)
The Upper and Lower Indus Plains of Pakistan refer to two distinct geographical regions along
the course of the Indus River. These regions are characterized by differences in topography,
climate, and land use. Here are the key features of the Upper and Lower Indus Plains:

1. **Upper Indus Plains:**

- **Location:** The Upper Indus Plains are situated in the northern and northwestern parts of
Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and parts of Punjab.
- **Topography:** This region is characterized by a more varied topography, with hills,
mountains, and plateaus. The northern areas of Pakistan, including parts of the Himalayan
and Karakoram mountain ranges, contribute to the terrain of the Upper Indus Plains.
- **River System:** The upper reaches of the Indus River and its tributaries flow through this
region. The river valleys and their associated tributaries provide water for irrigation and
contribute to the overall agricultural productivity of the area.
- **Agriculture:** Agriculture in the Upper Indus Plains is often dependent on the water
resources from the Indus River and its tributaries. Crops such as wheat, barley, and fruits
are commonly cultivated.

2. **Lower Indus Plains:**

- **Location:** The Lower Indus Plains are located in the southern and southeastern parts of
Pakistan, primarily in the province of Sindh.
- **Topography:** This region is characterized by relatively flat and low-lying terrain. The
land is generally more arid and flat compared to the upper reaches, with a gradual slope
towards the Arabian Sea.
- **River System:** The lower course of the Indus River flows through the Lower Indus
Plains, providing a vital water source for agriculture in this region. Additionally, the river
delta, formed near the Arabian Sea, is a prominent feature of the lower course.

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 - **Agriculture:** The Lower Indus Plains are agriculturally productive, benefiting from the
water resources of the Indus River. The region is known for the cultivation of rice, cotton,
and sugarcane. The fertile deltaic soils support diverse agricultural activities.

Both regions play a crucial role in Pakistan's agricultural sector, and the Indus River, flowing
through these plains, is a lifeline for irrigation and sustenance of agriculture in the country.
The distinct features of the Upper and Lower Indus Plains contribute to the diversity of
landscapes and economic activities in Pakistan.

Q.3 Describe the importance of Plains in the lives of human beings. How plains are
important for the survival of the humans? (20)
Plains play a crucial role in the lives of human beings, providing a range of environmental,
economic, and social benefits. Here are some key aspects highlighting the importance of
plains for human survival:

1. **Agriculture:**
- Plains are often fertile and well-suited for agriculture due to their flat topography and rich
soil. The availability of flat land makes it easier for farmers to cultivate crops, facilitating
large-scale agricultural activities.
- The majority of the world's agricultural activities, including the cultivation of staple crops
and cash crops, take place in plains. This makes plains essential for global food production
and the sustenance of human populations.

2. **Settlements and Urbanization:**

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 - Flat terrain in plains is conducive to the establishment of human settlements and urban areas.
Many of the world's major cities and population centers are located in plains because they
provide ample space for infrastructure development and housing.
- Plains often serve as the foundation for the growth of civilizations, allowing for the
establishment of trade routes, transportation networks, and economic hubs.

3. **Transportation:**
- Plains offer natural corridors for transportation, making it easier to build roads, railways, and
other transportation infrastructure. This facilitates the movement of goods and people,
connecting different regions and fostering economic development.

- Flat landscapes make it more cost-effective and logistically feasible to construct and maintain
transportation networks, contributing to regional and global connectivity.

4. **Biodiversity:**
- Plains can support diverse ecosystems, including grasslands, wetlands, and riverine habitats.
These ecosystems are vital for biodiversity, providing habitats for a variety of plant and
animal species.
- Human activities in plains, such as sustainable land management and conservation efforts, are
crucial for preserving biodiversity and ensuring the long-term health of ecosystems.

5. **Water Resources:**
- Many rivers and water bodies traverse through plains, supplying water for agriculture,
industrial activities, and human consumption. Plains often serve as natural basins that
collect and distribute water resources.
- The availability of water resources in plains is essential for sustaining human life, supporting
agriculture, and meeting the needs of growing populations.

6. **Cultural and Recreational Activities:**

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 - Plains often offer scenic landscapes and open spaces that contribute to cultural and
recreational activities. People engage in outdoor activities such as sports, picnics, and
festivals in plains, promoting physical and mental well-being.

7. **Climate Regulation:**
- Plains can play a role in climate regulation. They can influence local weather patterns, and
their vegetation helps absorb carbon dioxide, contributing to climate stability and
environmental balance.

plains are integral to human survival and development. They provide the foundation for
agriculture, settlements, transportation, and various economic activities that sustain human
societies. Recognizing the importance of plains is crucial for responsible land management
and environmental stewardship, ensuring that these vital ecosystems continue to support
human well-being and biodiversity.

Q.4 Evaluate the role and importance of forests for Pakistan. (20)
Forests play a crucial role in the ecological, economic, and social well-being of any country,
including Pakistan. Here's an evaluation of the role and importance of forests for Pakistan:

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1. **Biodiversity Conservation:**
- *Ecosystem Services:* Forests are rich in biodiversity, hosting a variety of plant and animal
species. They provide essential ecosystem services, such as pollination, water purification,
and nutrient cycling, contributing to the overall health and balance of ecosystems.

- *Habitat Protection:* Forests serve as habitats for numerous wildlife species. They play a
critical role in preserving and protecting the biodiversity of Pakistan, providing shelter and
sustenance for a wide range of flora and fauna.

2. **Water Resource Management:**

- *Watershed Protection:* Forests are crucial for watershed management. They regulate water
flow, prevent soil erosion, and contribute to maintaining the health of rivers and other
water bodies. This is particularly important for a country like Pakistan, where water
scarcity is a significant concern.

- *Groundwater Recharge:* Forests play a role in groundwater recharge by allowing rainwater

to infiltrate the soil. This helps in maintaining water tables and ensures a sustainable supply
of water for various purposes.

3. **Climate Regulation:**
- *Carbon Sequestration:* Forests act as carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere and storing carbon in trees and soil. This is essential for mitigating climate
change and reducing the concentration of greenhouse gases.

- *Temperature Regulation:* Forests contribute to regulating local and regional climates by

providing shade, releasing moisture through transpiration, and influencing wind patterns.
This has implications for temperature moderation and climate resilience.

4. **Economic Importance:**

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 - *Timber and Non-Timber Products:* Forests provide a source of timber and non-timber
forest products, contributing to the country's economy. These products include wood for
construction, fuelwood, medicinal plants, and various other goods that support local
livelihoods.

- *Employment Opportunities:* Forest-related activities, such as logging, non-timber forest

product collection, and ecotourism, create employment opportunities for local
communities. Sustainable forest management practices can enhance both economic and
social well-being.

5. **Cultural and Recreational Value:**

- *Cultural Significance:* Forests often hold cultural and spiritual significance for
communities. They may be associated with traditional practices, ceremonies, and folklore,
contributing to the cultural identity of the people.

- *Recreational Spaces:* Forests provide recreational spaces for outdoor activities, promoting
physical and mental well-being. They offer opportunities for ecotourism, which can be a
source of revenue and promote environmental awareness.

6. **Challenges and Conservation:**

- *Deforestation:* Pakistan faces challenges related to deforestation due to factors such as
logging, agricultural expansion, and infrastructure development. Addressing deforestation
through sustainable forest management practices is crucial for long-term environmental
health.

- *Biodiversity Loss:* Deforestation can lead to the loss of biodiversity, impacting ecosystems
and threatening the survival of plant and animal species. Conservation efforts are essential
to protect and restore biodiversity in Pakistan's forests.

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In conclusion, the role and importance of forests for Pakistan are multifaceted, encompassing
ecological, economic, and cultural dimensions. Sustainable forest management and
conservation efforts are vital to ensure the continued benefits that forests provide to the
country and its people.

Q.5 Elaborate the hydrology of Pakistan and its major features. (20)
Pakistan's hydrology is influenced by its diverse geography, which includes mountains, plateaus,
and plains. The country has a complex network of rivers, glaciers, and a monsoonal climate, all
of which play a crucial role in shaping its hydrological features. Here are the major aspects of
Pakistan's hydrology:

1. **River System:**
- **Indus River:** The Indus River is the lifeline of Pakistan. Originating in Tibet, it flows
through India and enters Pakistan in the northern region of Gilgit-Baltistan. The Indus is one of
the longest rivers globally and serves as the primary source of water for agriculture and other
human activities in the country.
- **Jhelum River:** Originating from Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, the Jhelum
River is a major tributary of the Indus. It flows through Azad Jammu and Kashmir before
entering the plains of Punjab.
- **Chenab River:** The Chenab is another significant tributary of the Indus. It is formed by
the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and
flows through both Indian and Pakistani territory.

2. **Irrigation:**
- The extensive canal system derived from the Indus River and its tributaries supports
Pakistan's agriculture. The canal irrigation system, including the Indus Basin Irrigation System,
is crucial for cultivating crops in the fertile plains of Punjab and Sindh.

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3. **Glaciers:**
- The northern regions of Pakistan, particularly Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, are
home to numerous glaciers. These glaciers are a vital source of freshwater and contribute to the
flow of rivers, especially during the dry season.

4. **Monsoons:**
- Pakistan experiences a monsoonal climate, with the southwest monsoon bringing rainfall
during the summer months (July to September). The monsoon rains are crucial for replenishing
water resources, particularly in the agricultural regions.

5. **Tarbela Dam and Mangla Dam:**

- Tarbela Dam on the Indus River and Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River are two major
reservoirs that play a crucial role in water storage and regulation. Tarbela Dam is one of the
largest earth-filled dams in the world and serves multiple purposes, including irrigation, flood
control, and hydroelectric power generation.

6. **Water Scarcity and Management:**

- Despite having abundant water resources, Pakistan faces challenges related to water scarcity
and mismanagement. Rapid population growth, inefficient agricultural practices, and inadequate
infrastructure contribute to water-related issues.

7. **Floods:**
- Pakistan is prone to periodic floods, mainly during the monsoon season. The Indus River and
its tributaries often experience high flows, leading to flooding in low-lying areas. The country
has implemented various flood control measures, but floods remain a recurring challenge.

8. **Water Sharing Issues:**

- The Indus Water Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, governs the sharing of
the Indus River's waters. Water sharing has been a source of tension between the two countries,
and issues related to water allocation and distribution continue to be of significance.

Pakistan's hydrology is characterized by a vast and intricate river system, glaciers, monsoonal
rains, and key infrastructure like dams. Sustainable management of water resources is crucial for
addressing the country's agricultural, energy, and domestic water needs while mitigating the
challenges posed by floods and water scarcity.

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