PS-I-D09-C01

Combustion Ash (Chicken

Manure Ash) as a Natural
Molluscicide
for Golden Apple Snail
(Pomacea Canaliculata)

BRIANA CORRINE S. PEÑA

JHANRICK E.
BINUNGCAL
SONNY JAY A. JIMENEZ
Researchers

LAIZEL MARLEE D. LOYOLA

Research Adviser

SY 2023-2024
 i

COMBUSTION ASH (CHICKEN MANURE ASH) AS A

NATURAL MOLLUSCICIDE FOR GOLDEN APPLE
SNAILS (POMACEA CANALICULATA)

Researchers:

Briana Corrine S. Peña

Jhanrick E. Binungcal

Sonny Jay A. Jimenez

Research Teacher:

Mrs. Laizel Marlee D. Loyola

 ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, to our Almighty God for allowing us to complete this task on

time. Even though we confronted numerous challenges on the route to completing this

study, researchers succeeded.

To Dr. Perlita A. Villanueva, our school principal, for allowing us to showcase

our abilities and hard work for us to excel and strive for excellence.

To Mrs. Laizel Marlee Diroy-Loyola, our research adviser, for allowing us to

perform this research study, as well as for her helpful guidance and constant support

during this research endeavor.

To Mr. Herbert I. Peña, our research consultant, for his professional guidance

during the study execution. Without his help, this study couldn’t have been done.

To the researcher’s parents, for their moral and financial support, without their

assistance, the research would most likely not have been completed.

Lastly, to our friends who were there to encourage us to lift our spirits when

things went wrong, they were there when we needed help the most.

This is for those who provided researchers with information that was the greatest

support and the fundamental contribution to the study’s success.

 iii

ABSTRACT

This study explores the efficacy of chicken manure ash as a natural

molluscicide for controlling Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata), a notorious pest

causing substantial harm to rice crops. The pressing need for environmentally friendly

alternatives to chemical snail control methods, given the ecological and economic impact

of these invasive snails, serves as the driving force behind this research.

The research methodology encompasses several key steps, including material

collection, the establishment of rice paddy environments, Golden Apple Snail acquisition,

and the production of chicken manure ash. Chemical analysis of the ash composition

reveals its vital constituents, with 8.33% phosphorus and 2.24% silica, essential for the

molluscicide effect.

The experimental outcomes unravel the interplay between ash concentration,

exposure duration, and snail mortality rates. Higher ash concentrations translate to more

rapid and substantial snail control. Moreover, it becomes evident that extended exposure

durations correlate positively with increased snail mortality. 12 hours of exposure

duration revealed the difference in the findings. The direct application method given the

time, initially resulted from a 40% mortality rate per 25g and a 100% mortality rate per

100g, while the dilution application method achieved a 30% mortality rate per 25 grams

and a 100% mortality rate per 100 grams of ash.

In summary, this research endorses the use of chicken manure ash, as a natural

molluscicide for managing Golden Apple Snails, offering an environmentally sustainable

alternative to chemical control. Ultimately, this study contributes significantly to the

 iv

development of sustainable pest management strategies in rice cultivation, addressing the

critical issue of Golden Apple Snail infestations.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In various regions, the Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) has emerged

as a pressing concern, significantly impacting rice production and ecosystem health

(Baloch, 2017). Our research addresses the pressing issue of managing Golden Apple

Snails (Pomacea canaliculata). These invasive species have caused significant losses in

aquatic macrophytes, particularly rice crops in Southeast Asian countries (Gilal and

Muhamad 2020). This invasive species exhibits remarkable adaptability to diverse

environmental conditions, establishing itself as a persistent agricultural pest (Horgan,

2018). The invasive nature of Pomacea canaliculata emphasizes the urgency to address

this issue and highlights the significance of our research in combating this invasive threat

(Horgan, 2020).

Understanding the combustion process of biomass and its impact on ash

composition is essential for our investigation into the potential of chicken manure ash as

a molluscicide. A thorough understanding of ash composition and its transformation

during combustion or gasification is vital for exploring potential applications of ash

residues, such as their use as component materials for molluscicide products (Pandey,

Yazhenskikh, Müller, Ziegner, Trubetskaya, Leahy, J.J.and Kwapinska, 2021). The

combustion process significantly alters the phase composition of ash, a critical factor in

comprehending the molluscicidal properties of chicken manure ash (Adamczyk, Cempa,

and Białecka, 2021). Additionally, combustion temperature plays a vital role in affecting

the bioavailability of phosphorus, a key element in ash (Więckol-Ryk, 2020). This aligns
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

with our objective of investigating the effectiveness of chicken manure ash as a natural

molluscicide.

Traditional methods of controlling Golden Apple Snails, such as chemical

molluscicides, are beset with environmental concerns and high costs (Prabhakaran,

2017). Moreover, the emergence of resistant snail populations has compromised the

effectiveness of chemical control (Prabhakaran, 2017). The infestation of apple snails

across nearly all rice-growing areas in Malaysia, coupled with the significant crop

damage incurred, underscores the urgency of our research. The financial burden on

farmers, estimated at RM 82 million (US $28 million) in 2010, serves as a stark reminder

of the economic impact of invasive pests on agricultural livelihoods (Yahaya, Nordin,

Hisham, Sivapragasam, Joshi, Cowie and Sebastian, 2017).

Therefore, there is an immediate need for sustainable, cost-effective, eco-friendly

alternatives in snail management practices (Maiwa, 2018).

The release of productive golden snail populations into the wild due to market

demand has resulted in their rapid spread to various plants, particularly rice. This

highlights the significant ecological and economic impact of invasive species like the

golden snail in agricultural regions (Pramata, Rostini, and Adriani, 2023). To address the

challenges posed by invasive Pomacea species, early warning systems have been

proposed to effectively manage their impact (Barbitta, Clavijo, & Carranza, 2020). Our

research delves into the potential of chicken manure ash as a natural molluscicide, aiming

to provide an eco-friendly and sustainable solution to combat Golden Apple Snail

infestations (Garin, Alcantara, Biagtan, and Mangapot, 2019). Furthermore, innovative

methods are necessary to reduce snail populations and promote sustainable rice
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

production. These issues highlight the importance of finding effective snail control

methods, which align with our proposed solution (Horgan, 2017).

Our study advocates the utilization of Combustion Ash, specifically Chicken

Manure Ash, as a natural molluscicide for controlling Golden Apple Snails. Previous

research emphasizes the significance of comprehending biomass combustion behavior,

which directly informs our study's investigation into chicken manure ash (Katsaros and

Sommer, 2021). Moreover, there is a growing interest in exploring natural alternatives to

chemical molluscicides (Noorshilawati, Nur Suraya, and Siti Rossiyah, 2020). Mokhtar et

al., (2019) also promote the exploration of plant-based compounds for pest control,

aligning with our research's objective.

In conclusion, the economic impact of golden apple snail infestations on rice

production underscores the urgency of finding effective control measures, such as the use

of natural molluscicides like chicken manure ash (Yahaya, 2017). Furthermore,

understanding the ecological consequences of invasive snail species provides a critical

context for considering natural molluscicides in pest management, (Martin, 2019). This

research aims to contribute to the development of sustainable solutions to the challenges

posed by Golden Apple Snails, aligning with broader goals of pest management and

agricultural sustainability.

B. Statement of the Problem

Due to the considerable impacts of golden apple snails (GAS) on many rice

farmers, most are gradually reducing the quality of their rice plants because of the

damage pests can do. In addition, golden apple snails (GAS) can reproduce quickly and
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

easily through cycles as they can lay more than 200 eggs each. Their ability to multiply

this kind of number of golden apple snails harms the rice plants of the farmers.

In view of this, the study aimed to reduce their numbers within the rice fields of

our farmers. It seeks to measure the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference in the mortality rate of Golden Apple Snails

(Pomacea canaliculata) when different concentrations of chicken manure ash are

applied?

2. Is there a relationship between the exposure duration to chicken manure ash

and the mortality rate of Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata)?

3. Do different application methods of chicken manure ash (direct application and

dilution method) result in varying effectiveness as molluscicides against Golden

Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata)?

C. Hypotheses

The hypotheses are as follows:

a. There will be no significant difference in the mortality rate of Golden Apple

Snails when exposed to different concentrations of chicken manure ash.

b. There will be no significant relationship between the duration of exposure to

chicken manure ash and the mortality rate of Golden Apple Snails.

c. There will be no significant difference in the effectiveness of different

application methods of chicken manure ash as molluscicides against Golden

Apple Snails.
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

D. Significance of the Study

This study holds significant potential for the field of agriculture as it aims to

develop natural molluscicides using combustion ash, specifically chicken manure ash.

Researchers intend to create a viable natural molluscicide product, utilizing chicken

manure ash, to combat the destructive pests that plague farming communities.

To execute this study, the researchers have devised a cost-effective and alternative

approach to material collection. This involves sourcing chicken manure from poultry

farms, obtaining Golden Apple Snails from rice fields, and crafting rice paddies

specifically for experimentation purposes.

The implications of this study are particularly valuable for farmers, as it offers a

solution to the eradication of the Golden Apple Snail (GAS) through the use of a natural

molluscicide. Furthermore, this method has the potential to convert the ash not only as a

molluscicide but also into fertilizer and neutralize soil acidity.

E. Scope and Limitation

This study is primarily centered on evaluating the effectiveness of combustion

ash, specifically chicken manure ash, as a natural molluscicide in controlling the Golden

Apple Snail (GAS) within rice paddies. The primary objective is to assess whether

chicken manure ash can serve as a viable alternative to chemical molluscicides, offering

an efficient solution for farmers in managing GAS infestations in rice fields.

This scope involves determining the optimal quantity of chicken manure ash

required to effectively combat and eradicate the Golden Apple Snail population in rice

paddies. Additionally, the study will explore the chemical composition and nutrient

content of chicken manure ash to ascertain its efficacy as a natural molluscicide.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

However, it's important to note the limitations of this study. The research

primarily focuses on the immediate impact of chicken manure ash on GAS populations

and may not delve into potential long-term effects. Environmental considerations, such as

the impact on non-target species and the overall ecosystem, fall beyond the scope of this

study and should be explored in subsequent research. Additionally, the study does not

address broader aspects of pest management strategies and their integration into existing

agricultural practices. Despite these limitations, this research contributes valuable

insights into the immediate efficacy of chicken manure ash as a natural molluscicide in

golden apple snail (GAS) control within rice paddies.

F. Definition of Terms

Chemical Composition – Chemical composition refers to the elemental and

compound makeup of substances, such as chicken manure ash, and includes

important components like phosphorus and silica. Understanding the chemical

composition is crucial for assessing the effectiveness of ash as a molluscicide.

Chicken Manure – refers to the waste produced by chickens, consisting

primarily of feces, and bedding material. It is valued as an organic fertilizer due to

its high nutrient content, including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which

can enhance soil fertility and promote plant growth.

Chicken Manure Ash – This refers to the residue obtained from the incineration

of chicken manure. It serves as the primary natural molluscicide in this study.

Combustion – a chemical reaction in which a substance reacts rapidly with

oxygen, typically producing heat and light.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Dilution Application Method – The dilution application method involves mixing

chicken manure ash with a solvent or diluent to create a solution with a lower

concentration for application.

Direct Application Method – The direct application method involves the

application of chicken manure ash in its original, undiluted form without mixing it

with any solvents.

Golden Apple Snail – a freshwater mollusk species native to South America but

now widely distributed in Southeast Asia, known for its voracious appetite for

aquatic vegetation and its ability to cause significant ecological and agricultural

damage.

Incineration – the process of burning waste materials at high temperatures to

convert them into ash, gases, and heat, often used for waste disposal and energy

generation.

Irrigated Soil – Irrigated soil is soil that has been artificially saturated with water

to mimic the conditions of a rice paddy, where Golden Apple Snails naturally

reside.

Molluscicides – are chemical substances specifically designed to kill or control

mollusks, such as snails and slugs, often used in agriculture to protect crops from

damage.

Mortality Rate – The mortality rate pertains to the percentage of Golden Apple

Snails that perish due to various factors, including exposure to chicken manure

ash.
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Mollusk – a diverse group of invertebrate animals typically characterized by a

soft body, often protected by a hard shell, and including snails, clams, octopuses,

and squids.

Rice Paddy – a flooded or waterlogged field specifically cultivated for rice

production and serves as the natural habitat for Golden Apple Snails.
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Chapter II

Methodology

This research study produced a possible molluscicide using chicken manure ash.

For this investigation, we used different variables and materials. The chicken manure ash

was brought to the Inorganic Chemistry Section of the Standard Testing Division of

DOST in Bicutan Taguig for analysis of its chemical composition and nutrients. The

investigation was done at Bucal - 4B Maragondon, Cavite.

A. Materials and Equipment

There are four big plastic seedling bags used throughout the experiments,

which serve as a storage box for the irrigated soil, golden apple snails,

chicken manure, soil from the rice paddy, rice seeds, a combustion oven

that has a high-temperature or incubator that is perfect for drying or

sterilizing to combust the chicken manure. Another is the spatulas, fabric

gloves, measuring spoons needed for every treatment, and a container to

store combustion ash (chicken manure ash).

Figure 1. Big plastic seedling

Seedling bags with gussets are also called plastic grower bags, which help

plants grow better. It features a sturdy design that also incorporates holes

to avoid over-watering. This plastic grow bag helps to have healthier roots

and overall flourishing plants.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Figure 2. Irrigation Soil

soil that is specifically managed and treated to optimize water distribution

for crops through irrigation systems.

Figure 3. Rice Seedlings

Rice seedlings are first planted close together in one flooded paddy and

grow into seedlings transplanted into many paddy fields.

Figure 4. Chicken Manure

Chicken waste, known as chicken manure, serves as a natural fertilizer,

particularly beneficial for nitrogen-deficient soil, and boasts rich

concentrations of essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium, as do all types of animal waste.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Figure 5. Incubator/Combustion Oven

A combustion apparatus refers to a single piece of machinery, like a flare,

incinerator, or process heater, employed to burn emissions of volatile

organic compounds.

Figure 6. Measuring Spoons

A utensil utilized for gauging specific quantities of ingredients, whether

they are in liquid or solid form. Measuring spoons come in various

materials such as plastic or metal, and they offer a range of sizes, spanning

from grams to teaspoons and tablespoons.

Figure 7. Fabric Gloves

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Fabric gloves shield and offer warmth or coolness to the hands,

safeguarding against cold, heat, abrasion, or chemical exposure, and they

act as a barrier for tasks unsuitable for direct contact with bare skin.

Figure 8. Tray
A tray is a flat, shallow container or receptacle used for holding or

carrying items, often with raised edges to prevent spillage.

Figure 9. Container Jar

A cylindrical container, usually made of plastic, with a wide top opening

and the amount held by such a container.

Figure 10. Golden Apple Snails

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Golden Apple Snails consume young and developing rice plants by

severing the rice stem at its base, resulting in the destruction of the entire

plant.

B. General Procedure

a. Collection of Irrigated Soil

The researchers will collect irrigated soil from Bucal- 4B

Maragondon, Cavite, and fill each set of big plastic seedling bags

(Set A, Set B, Set C, and Set D) in two groups (Group 1: For

Direct Application of Chicken Manure Ash, and Group 2: Dilution

Application of Chicken Manure Ash).

b. Preparation of the Rice Plants/Paddy

The researchers will plant rice seedlings in plastic bags with

irrigated soil, following a specific measurement.

c. Collections of Golden Apple Snail (GAS)

The researchers will collect approximately 80-100 Golden Apple

Snails from the rice field of Bucal - 4B Maragondon, Cavite, and

placed 10 of them on each bag containing the sample soil.

d. Preparation of Chicken Manure Ash

1. Gathering of Raw Chicken Manure

The researchers will collect raw chicken manure from the

poultry in Maragondon, Cavite.

2. Sundry the Chicken Manure

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

The researchers will sundry the raw chicken manure for at

least one week until it becomes dry.

3. Cleansing of Chicken Manure

After drying, the researchers will sift the chicken manure to

eliminate impurities.

4. Combustion of Chicken Manure

The dried chicken manure will undergo combustion in the

oven, which serves as an incubator. The researchers will

place the chicken manure on the tray using a glove with

high-temperature resistance for protection and set the

maximum temperature to 100°C ten times until the chicken

manure turns into ash.

e. Testing of the Chemical Composition of the Chicken Manure Ash

350 grams of combustion ash (chicken manure ash) was

sent to the Inorganic Chemistry Section of the Standard

Testing Division of DOST in Bicutan, Taguig, for analysis.

The parameters tested the chemical composition of

phosphorus and silica, which are the most significant

components of a Molluscicide.

f. Experimentation
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

After testing the chemical composition of the chicken

manure ash, it will be time for the researcher to try if this

chemical composition of chicken manure ash can be an

effective molluscicide for Golden Apple Snails. The

researchers will then put specific grams of chicken manure

ash in each set: Set A-25g, Set B- 50g, Set C- 75g, and Set

D- 100g.

g. Data Collection

The researchers set specific times to count the number of

Golden Apple Snails were killed in each set with different

concentrations of chicken manure ash to different

application methods: 1 hour, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24

hours.

h. Statistical Analysis

The researchers performed the FRIEDMAN Test on the

data collected and compiled it into two groups of tables.

Friedman Test Formula

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

C. Flow Chart

Preparation of the
Collection of Irrigated Soil rice plants/paddy in big plastic
seedlings

Collection of Golden Apple

Snail (GAS)

Testing of the Chemical

Preparation of the Chicken Composition of the Combusted
Manure Ash Chicken Manure in DOST

Experimentation
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Collection of Data Statistical Analysis

CHAPTER III

Results and Discussion

Our study entitled "Combustion Ash (Chicken Manure Ash) as Natural

Molluscicides for Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)" addresses the pressing

issue of managing the invasive Golden Apple Snail (GAS), which has been wreaking

havoc on rice crops in Southeast Asian countries. The economic impact and ecological

consequences of this invasive species emphasize the urgency to find sustainable and eco-

friendly methods for snail control.

This study explores the potential of chicken manure ash, as a natural molluscicide

considering the concentration and exposure duration, as well as the application methods.

Our research aims to contribute to the development of sustainable solutions for the

challenges posed by Golden Apple Snails, aligning with broader goals of pest

management and agricultural sustainability.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Table 1. The Results of the Mortality Rate Percentage of Golden Apple Snails

Based on the Amount and Exposure Duration of Chicken Manure Ash Through

Direct Method.

Direct Application Method

Set of Golden Amount of Chicken

Apple Snail Manure Ash Mortality rate %

1hr. 6hrs. 12hrs. 24hrs.

Set A 25g 20% 30% 40% 50%

Set B 50g 40% 50% 70% 80%

Set C 75g 60% 80% 90% 100%

Set D 100g 80% 90% 100% 100%

The results from Table 1 provide essential insights into the effectiveness of

chicken manure ash as a natural molluscicide for controlling golden apple snails through

the direct application method. The findings illustrate the dynamic relationship between

the quantity of ash applied and the exposure duration, which significantly influences the

effectiveness of snail control.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Set A, initially treated with 25 grams of chicken manure ash, exhibited a gradual

rise in snail mortality rates over time. Starting at 20% within the first hour, the mortality

rate increased to 50% after 24 hours, indicating that even with a lower ash concentration,

effective snail control is achievable over more extended exposure periods.

Set B, with 50 grams of ash, demonstrated more robust snail control effects.

Employing the direct application method, it achieved a 40% mortality rate within the first

hour, escalating to 80% after 24 hours. This highlights the efficacy of moderate ash

concentrations and direct application in mitigating snail populations over time.

Set C, featuring 75 grams of ash, showed a higher potential for snail control. The

snail mortality rate began at 60% in the first hour, rapidly reaching 100% after 24 hours.

This underscores how an increased ash concentration contributes to a more rapid and

complete reduction in snail populations through direct application.

Finally, Set D, with the highest ash concentration of 100g, demonstrated the most

potent molluscicidal effectiveness. Snail mortality rates started at 80% within the first

hour, achieving 100% within 12 hours and maintaining 100% after 24 hours of exposure.

These results affirm that the highest ash concentration, when directly applied, leads to the

rapid and complete control of Golden Apple Snail populations.

The results from the direct application method reveal promising findings. As seen

in Table 1, when different amounts of chicken manure ash were applied, there was a

notable increase in the mortality rate of Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata) with

both the increase in ash concentration and exposure duration. This result is consistent

with previous studies that have shown the molluscicidal properties of ash-based materials

(Pandey et al., 2021) the composition of ash-forming elements in poultry litter combined
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

with limestone and cyclone ash is outlined below. The provided information highlights

potassium (K) as the predominant alkali metal in poultry litter, alongside other key ash-

forming elements including silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), aluminum (Al),

sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na), some of which serve as essential

macronutrients for plants. In poultry litter, the main elements observed were silicon (Si),

potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (S), with minor

amounts of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), and nickel

(Ni).

The mortality rates of Golden Apple Snails increased progressively with longer

exposure periods. For instance, Set D, which received the highest ash concentration

(100g), exhibited a 100% mortality rate after 24 hours. This finding aligns with the study

by Adamczyk et al., (2021), emphasizing the importance of exposure duration in ash-

based molluscicides.

Table 2. The Results of the Mortality Rate Percentage of Golden Apple Snails

Based on the Application Methods and Concentration of Chicken Manure through

Dilution Application Method.

Dilution Application Method

Set of Golden Amount of Chicken

Apple Snail Manure Ash Mortality rate %

1hr. 6hrs. 12hrs. 24hrs.

Set A 25g 20% 30% 30% 50%

Set B 50g 40% 50% 60% 70%

Set C 75g 60% 70% 80% 90%

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Set D 100g 70% 80% 100% 100%

Table 2, which employs the dilution application method, provides valuable

insights into the effectiveness of chicken manure ash as a molluscicide for Golden Apple

Snails. This approach involves varying concentrations of ash applied over different

exposure durations, yielding distinct outcomes.

In Set A, where 25 grams of chicken manure ash was initially employed, the

dilution method resulted in a 20% snail mortality rate after 1 hour, which grew to 50%

after 24 hours. This highlights how lower ash concentrations and dilution influence snail

control over extended exposure periods.

Set B, with 50 grams of ash, exhibited more pronounced snail control effects

through the dilution application method. Snail mortality rates started at 40% within the

first hour, increasing to 70% after 24 hours. This underscores the effectiveness of

moderate ash concentrations and dilution in mitigating snail populations over time.

Set C, featuring 75 grams of ash, displayed a higher potential for snail control.

The snail mortality rate began at 60% in the first hour and swiftly reached 90% after 24

hours. This emphasizes how increased ash concentration, even when diluted, accelerates

the reduction in snail populations.

Set D, containing the highest ash concentration at 100g, demonstrated significant

molluscicidal effectiveness. Snail mortality rates started at 70% within the first hour and

remained at 100% after both 12 and 24 hours of exposure. These results underscore that

the highest ash concentration, even though dilution, leads to rapid and complete control

of Golden Apple Snail populations.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Table 2 presents the results of the dilution application method. Similar to the

direct method, this method also demonstrated an increase in the mortality rate of Golden

Apple Snails with increased chicken manure ash concentration and exposure duration.

Notably, Set D, which had the highest ash concentration (100g), showed a 100%

mortality rate after 24 hours, regardless of the application method. This aligns with the

research by Katsaros and Sommer (2021), emphasizing the potential of biomass

combustion residues in pest control.

The results support our hypothesis that increasing the concentration and exposure

duration of chicken manure ash leads to higher mortality rates of Golden Apple Snails.

This suggests that chicken manure ash has the potential to be an effective natural

molluscicide. However, it's important to note that both direct and dilution application

methods demonstrated similar results, implying that the application method may not

significantly affect molluscicidal effectiveness.

Our findings agree with the study of Adamczyk et al. (2021), which emphasized

the role of exposure duration and ash concentration in ash-based molluscicides.

Furthermore, Katsaros and Sommer (2021) support the results by promoting the use of

combustion residues for pest control.

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Table 3. Statistical Analysis: FRIEDMAN TEST

Direct Application Method

Sum of Ranks Avg. Rank

4.00 1.00 Group 1

8.00 2.00 Group 2

12.50 3.13 Group 3

15.50 3.88 Group 4

40.00 2.50 Total

4 n
chi-square
11.769 (corrected for ties)
3 d.f.

.0082 p-value < 0.05

multiple comparison values for average

ranks
2.41 (.05) 2.87 (.01)
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Table 4. Statistical Analysis: FRIEDMAN TEST

Sum of Ranks Avg. Rank

4.00 1.00 Group 1
8.50 2.13 Group 2
12.00 3.00 Group 3
15.50 3.88 Group 4
40.00 2.50 Total
Dilution Application Method

4 n
11.44 chi-square
7 (corrected for ties)
3 d.f.

p-
.0095 value

multiple comparison values

for average ranks
2.41 (.05) 2.87 (.01)
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

CHAPTER IV

Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendation

In summary, our study suggests that the concentration of chicken manure ash

plays a crucial role in its effectiveness as a molluscicide against golden apple snails.

Increasing the concentration of chicken manure ash leads to higher and faster snail

mortality rates. Sets C (75g) and D (100g), with higher ash concentrations, prove the

most effective in controlling the golden apple snail’s populations, providing potential

alternatives for environmentally friendly pest management strategies. Further research

and experimentation are needed to determine the long-term effects and environmental

considerations of using chicken manure ash in the field for snail control.

In conclusion, the table illustrates that the dilution application method has a p-

value of 0.0095, while generally resulting in slightly lower snail mortality rates compared

to the direct that have a p-value of 0.0082, which remains a potent approach for

controlling golden apple snail populations. We used the formula of the Friedman test to

get the statistical analysis for the dilution application and direct application method. It

highlights a consistent relationship between ash concentration and snail mortality, with
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

higher ash concentrations resulting in more substantial snail control, even when diluted.

These suggest that both application methods are viable options, with considerations such

as resource availability, environmental concerns, and the desired speed of snail control

influencing the choice between them. The results show that chicken manure ash is more

effective than commercial molluscicides because using these needs time to kill golden

apple snails and majorly affects the soil in the rice field. After all the treatments, the

mortality rate of the golden apple snails increased, which also means that the chicken

manure ash can be an alternative for farmers to use as a natural molluscicide.

To further study, researchers suggest the following recommendations for aspiring

student researchers. Firstly, increase the number of experimental trials. Secondly, explore

alternative applications of chicken manure ash, such as its potential to enhance soil

fertility, improve crop productivity, and increase resistance to fungal diseases and pest

infestations. The ash contains a silicate compound that shares common elements with

substances known to bolster plant defenses through reinforcement for epidermal cells.

Furthermore, consider its advantageous impact on the growth of various crops, including

rice.
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

REFERENCES

Noorshilawati, A.A., Nur Suraya A., & Siti Rossiyah S. (2020). Molluscicidal Activity

of Ipomoea Batatas Leaf Extracts against Pomacea canaliculata (Golden

Apple Snail). Food Research, 4(5), 131–137.

https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s5).003.

Adamczyk, Z., Cempa, M., & Białecka, B. (2021). Phosphorus-Rich Ash from Poultry

Manure Combustion in a Fluidized Bed Reactor. Minerals, 11(7), 785.

https://doi.org/10.3390/min11070785.

Baloch, W.A. (2017). Country report (Pakistan) on non-native apple snails. In R.C.

Joshi, R.H. Cowie, & L.S. Sebastian (Eds.), Biology and Management of

Invasive Apple Snails (pp. 213–219). Philippine Rice Research Institute,

Nueva Ecija, Philippines.

Barbitta, D., Clavijo, C., & Carranza, A. (2020). Ecoregional-Level Assessment of the

Potential Distribution of the Invasive Apple Snail Pomacea maculata

Perry, 1810 (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae): Setting Geographically Explicit

 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Priorities for the Management of the Invasion. Russian Journal of

Biological Invasions, 11(2), 172–181.

https://doi.org/10.1134/s2075111720020022.

Evans, A. A., Atera, N. O. Florence, & Majiwa Eucabeth, B. O. (2018). Production and

Marketing of Rice in Kenya: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of

Development and Agricultural Economics, 10(3), 64–70.

https://doi.org/10.5897/jdae2017.0881.

Garin, J.R., Alcantara, J.M.A., Biagtan, C.F., & Mangapot, J.L. (2019). Molluscicidal

Activity of Garlic (Allium Sativum) Bulb Aqueous Extract Against

Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata). Philippine Journal of

Natural and Social Sciences, 2(1).

https://www.paressu.org/online/index.php/pjnss/article/view/198.

Gilal, A.A., & Muhamad, R. (2020). A review in basic biology and ecology of invasive

apple snails (Pomacea spp.) for effective Management.

Horgan, F.G. (2017). Ecology and Management of Apple Snails in Rice. In Rice

Production Worldwide (pp. 393–417). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-

47516-5_15.
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Horgan, F.G. (2018). The Ecophysiology of Apple Snails in Rice: Implications for

Crop Management and Policy. Annals of Applied Biology, 172(3), 245–

267. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12424.

Joshi, R.C., Cowie, R.H., & Sebastian, L.S. (2017). Biology and management of

invasive apple snails. Philippine Rice Res. Institute (PhilRice), Maligaya,

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119, Philippines.

Katsaros, G., Sommersacher, P., Retschitzegger, S., Kienzl, N., Tassou, S.A., &

Pandey, D.S. (2021). Combustion of Poultry Litter and Mixture of Poultry

Litter with Woodchips in a Fixed Bed Lab-Scale Batch Reactor. Fuel, 286,

119310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119310.

Martín, P.R., Burela, S., Seuffert, M.E., Tamburi, N.E., & Saveanu, L. (2019). Invasive

Pomacea Snails: Actual and Potential Environmental Impacts and Their

Underlying Mechanisms. CABI Reviews, 1–11.

https://doi.org/10.1079/pavsnnr201914042.

Mokhtar, A.S., Muhamad, R., Omar, D., & Asib, N. (2019). Molluscicidal and feeding

deterrent activity of crude plant extracts on Pomacea maculata Perry.

Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 11(2), 6–12.

https://doi.org/10.19026/crjbs.11.6023.
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Pandey, D.S., Yazhenskikh, E., Müller, M., Ziegner, M., Trubetskaya, A., Leahy, J.J.,

& Kwapinska, M. (2021). Transformation of Inorganic Matter in Poultry

Litter during Fluidised Bed Gasification. Fuel Processing Technology,

221, 106918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106918.

Prabhakaran, G., Bhore, S., & Ravichandran, M. (2017). Development and Evaluation

of Poly Herbal Molluscicidal Extracts for Control of Apple Snail

(Pomacea maculata). Agriculture, 7(3), 22.

https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7030022.

Rusky, P., Rostini, I., & Adriani, Y. (2023). An overview of the golden apple snails

(Pomacea canaliculata) general impact and control. Vol-9. Issue-I.

www.ijariie.com.

Turzyński, T., Klus a, J., & Kardaś, D. (2022). Study on Chicken Manure Combustion

and Heat Production in Terms of Thermal Self-Sufficiency of a Poultry

Farm. Renewable Energy, 191, 84–91.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.034.

Venega, I. (2020). How does iron phosphate kill snails? https://askinglot.com/how-

does-iron-phosphate-kill-snails.
 Peña, Binungcal, Jimenez

Więckol‐Ryk, A., Białecka, B., Cempa-Balewicz, M., & Adamczyk, Z. (2020).

Optimization of Chicken Manure Combustion Parameters in the Aspect of

Phosphorus Recovery. International Journal of Recycling of Organic

Waste in Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.30486/ijrowa.2020.1899148.1070.

Yahaya, H., Amzah, B., Sivapragasam, A., & Misrudin, H. (2017). Invasive Apple

Snails in Malaysia. ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321816106_Invasive_apple_snai

ls_in_Malaysia.