Climate Patterns

EL NINO &
LA NINA
 El Nino & La Nina

El Nino & La Nina are pacific ocean climate patterns with warm and cold phases,
part of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. ENSO involves shifts
in oceanic and atmospheric temperatures across the Equatorial Pacific,
impacting global weather, including rainfall, wind, and cyclone patterns. Episodes
last typically 9-12 months, occasionally longer. They occur irregularly every 2-7
years, with El Nino more frequent than La Nina.
 What is Monsoon?
-Monsoon is the seasonal reversal of the direction of prevailing winds
due to the asymmetrical heating of a landmass and an adjacent ocean.
There are two types of Monsoons:

Southwest or Summer Monsoon

e
Northheast or Winter Monsoon
 Southwest/Summer
Monsoon
Locally known as Habagat, is a
warm, moist air originating from the

\
southwest Indian Ocean. It is
associated with heavy rainfall humid
climate.
 Northeast/Winter
Monsoon
Locally known as Amihan come
from Mongolia and northwestern
China. Amihan is characterized by
moderate temperatures and little
rainfall.
El Nino
is a Spanish term that translate to “The Litlle Boy” or
“Christ Child.” It was originally obsereved in Southern
America as unusually warm seawater. It was named
such because the phenomenon typically occurs around
Christmas.
El Nino
in the Philippinnes usually starts between December and
February. It is indicated by a delayed onset or early termination
of the rainy season, and weak monsoon and tropical cyclone
activity. While this phenomenon brings fewer and less intense
storms, it is also associated with severe dry spells or droughts
which can be just as damaging. Drought assessment maps and
advisories are released in the event of an El Nino.
El Nino

A primary concern during El Nino season is water

supply. It is important to regulate your usage as
much as possible and minimize the adverse
effects of this shortage.
Here are a few ways to
do that:
Collect rainwater whenever
Stay hydrated possible but make sure
your containers are
properly covered to keep
Prepare specific
mosquitoes from breeding
amount of running there.
water used for
Reuse water from laundry to
brushing or bathing
clean bathrooms, wash your
car, or water the plants
 El Nino can have both positive and
negative effects, depending on the region
and the specific circumstances. Some
potential positive effects of El Nino
include:

Warmer Temperatures
Atlantic Hurricane
Increased Rainfall
Agricultural Opportunities
Warmers
Temperatures
Warmer ocean temperatures
associated with el nino can
lead to milder winters in
certain regions, reducing
heating costs and improving
over all comfort.
Reduced Atlantic
Hurricanes Activity
El Nino tends to
suppress Atlantic
Hurricane, potentially
leading to fewer storms
and reduced damage in
hurricane-prone regions.
Increased Rainfall
In some cases, the increased
of rainfall and warmer
temperatures associated
with El Nino can create
favorable conditions for
certain crops, leading to
improve yields and increased
agricultural outputs.
Agricultural Opportunities

In some cases, the increased

rainfall and warmer temperatures
associated with El Nino can create
favorable conditions for certain
crop, leading to improved yields
and increased agricultural output.
Negative Effect of El
Nino include:

Agriculture and Food Security

Fisheries
Natural Disasters
Water Resources
Agriculture and
Food Security
The altered weather pattern
associated with El Nino can impact
agriculture, leading to crop
failures, reduced yields, and food
shortages in affected areas. This
can result in economic losses and
food insecurity.
Fisheries
El Nino can affect marine
ecosystems, leading to changes
in fish population abd
dustribution. Sone regions may
experience decreased fish stocks
due to changes in ocean
temperatures and currents,
impacting fishing industries and
livelihoods.
Natural Disasters
El Nino can increase the
likelihood of extreme
weather events such as
hurricanes, cyclones, and
wildfires in certain regions.
These events can cause
widespread damage to
infrastructure, homes, and
ecosystems, as well as loss of
life.
Water Resources
El Nino can influenced
precipitation patterns and water
availability, affecting water
resources management and
water supply in different regions.
Droughts associated with El Nino
can lead to water shortages,
impacting agriculture, industry,
and human populations.
 DROUGHT
Drought is a prolonged dry period in
the natural climate cycle that can
occur anywhere in the world. It slow-
onset disaster characterized by the
lack of precipitation, resulting in a
water shortage. Drought can have a
serius impact on health,
agriculture,.economies enery and the
environment.
DRY SPELL
A dry spell is
characterized by a lack of
precipitation, such as
rain, snow, or sleet for a
particular pertiod,
resulting in a water
shortage
There are main two
types of El Nino:

Eastern Pacific El Nino

Central Pacific El Nino
Eastern Pacific El Nino
is characterized by warmer than average sea surface
temperatures in the eastern pacific ocean near South
America.

Central Pacific El Nino

has warmer than average in central pacific
ocean.
La Nina
meaning “The Little Girl,” is characterized by sea surface
temperature lower then average. It is also referred to as El
Viejo (The Old Man) or anti-El Nino,since its local opposite
of those El Nino. La Nina is caused by the awkward
movement of cold water by unusually strong trade winds
and ocean currents in a process called upwelling.
Upwelling brings cooler, more nutrients-rich water from
lower depths to the surface, which is profitable to the
fishing industry.
La Nina
the air pressure is higher than normal ceritral and
eastern pacific. This high pressure zones cause
decreased cloud and rainfall, and consequently drier
climate. This is usually observed in South America and
the Gulf Coast of US.
La Nina
the air pressure conditions in the western pacific are
opposite of those in the central and east. Increased rainfall
is observed in Southeast Asia as a result of lower than
normal air pressure. Northwest India and Bangladesh in
particular benifit from the greater rainfall associated with
the summer monsoon, this leads to a greater agricultural
production. In Austrilia, however, strong La Nina events
were seen to have caused some of the country’s most
devastating floods.
La Nina
in the Philippines causes an increase in rice output. However,
it is also correlated with destructive typhoons, heavy rainfall,
and associated landslides and floods.

can effect people’s daily lives with loss of livelihoods,

increases in hunger, malnutrition, food and water insecurity,
and worsening poverty and inequality.
ENSO MONITORING
El Nino and La Nina are monitored, assessed, and predicted
through the Ocean Nino Index (ONI), The NOAA defines ONI as
the average deviations in sea surface temperatures (SST’s) in the
Nino region over a period of three months. El Nino is indecated by
a positive ONI greater than or equal to +0.5 celcius, while La Nina
is indecated by a negative ONI less than or equal to -0.5 celcius.
ONI values falling between +0.5 celcius and -0.5 celcius are
considered ENSO-neutral
Moderate La Nina events saw some gains in Luzon
and Visayas, but small losses in Mindanao. Overall,
most of El Ninos economic losses occur outside of
agriculture, while La Ninas agricultural impacts
cause slightly greater economic benefits in
agriculture than the wider economy.
There are two main types
of La Nina events
Traditional La Nina:

This type occurs when sea surface temperatures in the

central and eastern Pacific Ocean drop significantly below
average for an extended period, typically persisting for
several months to a year or more. Traditional La Nina events
often result in cooler and wetter conditions in the western
Pacific warmer, drier conditions in the western United States
Modoki La Nina:
Modoki, a Japanese term meaning “similar but different”,
describe a La Nina event where the cooling of sea surface
temperatures is focused more in the central Pacific rather than
eastern Pacific. Modoki events can lead to different weather
patterns compared to traditional La Nina events, with impacts
varying depending on the specific location. For example, Modoki
La Nina events might result in increase rainfall in a Pacific
region and different temperastures patterns in surrounding
areas compared to tradiotional La nina events.
Thank
you very
much!