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r PEARSONEDEXCELINTE
PEARSON EDEXCELINTERNA
EDEXCELINTE RNATIONAL
RNATIONAL
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PHYSICS
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 PublishedbyPearsonEducationLimited,80Strand,London,WC2R0RL.

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 CONTENTS
8
1
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2
n
INTRODUCTION 2
o
s
r
a
e
COREPRACTICALS
COREPRACTICALSOVERVIEW
PRACTICALSOVERVIEW 3
P
©
.
t
r
PAPER
PAPER3
PER 3
3PRACTICAL
PRACTICALSKILLS
PRACTICALSKILLS 4
a
p
n
i PAPER
PAPER6
PER 6
6PRACTICAL
PRACTICALSKILLS
PRACTICALSKILLS 5
r
o
e
l
o 1 DETERMINE
DETERMI NETHE
NETHEACCELE
THE ACCELERATION
ACCELE RATIONOF
RATIONOFA
OFA
AFREELY
FREELY-FALLING
FREELY-FALLINGOBJECT
-FALLING OBJECT 6
h
w
n
i 2 USEA
USEA
AFALLING-BALL
FALLING-BALLMETHOD
FALLING-BALLMETHODTO
METHODTODETERMINE
TO DETERMINETHE
DETERMINETHEVISCOSITY
THEVISCOSITYOF
VISCOSITYOFA
OFALIQUID
ALIQUID 11
n
o
i
t
u
b
3 DETERMINETHE
DETERMINETHEYOUNG
THEYOUNGMODULUS
YOUNGMODULUSOF
MODULUSOFA
OFA
AMA
MATERIAL
MATERIAL 14
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
4 DETERMINETHE
DETERMINETHESPEED
THESPEEDOF
SPEEDOFSOUND
OF SOUNDIN
SOUNDINAIR
IN AIRUSING
AIR USINGA
USINGA2-BEAM
A2-BEAM
2-BEAMOSCILLOSCOPE,
OSCILLOSCOPE,SIGNAL
OSCILLOSCOPE,SIGNAL
o
n GENERATOR,
GENERATOR,SPEAKER
TOR,SPEAKERAND
SPEAKERANDMICROPHONE
AND MICROPHONE 18
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
5 INVESTIGATE
INVESTIGATETHE
TETHEEFFECTS
THEEFFECTSOF
EFFECTS OFLENGTH,
OF LENGTH,TENSION
LENGTH,TENSIONAND
TENSION ANDMASS
ANDMASSPER
MASSPERUNIT
PER UNITLENGTH
UNITLENGTHON
LENGTHON
r
i
c
,
THEFREQUENCY
THEFREQUENCYOF
FREQUENCY OFA
OFA
AVIBRA
VIBRATING
VIBRATINGSTRING
TINGSTRINGOR
STRING ORWIRE
OR WIRE 21
e
l
a
s
e 6 DETERMINETHE
DETERMINE THEWAVELENGTH
THEWAVELENGTHOF
WAVELENGTH OFLIGHT
OF LIGHTFROM
LIGHTFROMA
FROMALASER
ALASER
LASEROR
OROTHER
OR OTHERLIGHT
OTHERLIGHTSOURCE
LIGHTSOURCE
r
r USINGA
USINGA
ADIFFRACTION
DIFFRACTIONGRA
DIFFRACTIONGRATING
GRATING 25
o
f
t
o
N
. 7 DETERMINETHE
DETERMINETHEELECTRICAL
THEELECTRICALRESISTIVITY
ELECTRICALRESISTIVITYOF
RESISTIVITYOFA
OF AMA
AMA
MATERIAL
TERIAL 28
n
o
i
t
e
r 8 DETERMINETHE
DETERMINETHEE.M.F
THEE.M.F.
E.M.F.
.AND
ANDINTERNAL
ANDINTERNALRESISTA
INTERNALRESISTANCE
RESISTANCEOF
NCEOFAN
OF ANELECTRICAL
AN ELECTRICALCELL
ELECTRICALCELL 32
c
s
i
d
r
e
9 INVESTIGATE
INVESTIGA TETHE
TETHERELA
THERELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN
TIONSHIPBETWEENTHE
BETWEENTHEFORCE
THEFORCEEXERTED
FORCEEXERTEDON
EXERTEDONAN
ON ANOBJECT
ANOBJECTAND
OBJECTAND
h
s
i
l ITSCHANGE
ITS CHANGEOF
CHANGEOFMOMENTUM
OF MOMENTUM 36
b
u
p
t
a
10 USEICT
USEICTTO
ICT TOANAL
TO ANALYSE
ANALYSECOLLISIONS
YSECOLLISIONSBETWEEN
COLLISIONSBETWEENSMALL
BETWEENSMALLSPHERES
SMALLSPHERES 41
e
g
n
a
11 USEAN
USE ANOSCILL
ANOSCILLOSCOPE
OSCILL OSCOPEOR
OSCOPE ORDA
OR DATA
DATALOGGER
TALOGGERTO
LOGGER TODISPLAY
TO DISPLAYAND
DISPLAY ANDANAL
AND ANALYSE
ANALYSETHE
YSE THEPOTENTIAL
THE POTENTIAL
h
c
o
t
t
DIFFERENCE(P.D.)ACROSSA
DIFFERENCE(P
A RESISTOR .D.)ACROSSA CAP
ARESISTOR CAPACITORAS
ACITORASITCHARGES
ACITORAS ITCHARGESANDDISCHARGES
ITCHARGESANDDISCHARGESTHROUGH
ANDDISCHARGESTHROUGH 44
c
e
j
b
u 12 CALIBRATE
CALIBRATEA
TEA
ATHERMISTOR
THERMISTORIN
THERMISTORINA
INA
APOTENTIAL
POTENTIALDIVIDER
POTENTIALDIVIDERCIRCUIT
DIVIDERCIRCUITAS
CIRCUIT ASA
AS ATHERMOST
ATHERMOST
THERMOSTA
AT 51
s
t
n
e
t
n 13 DETERMINE THE
THESPECIFIC
SPECIFICLA
SPECIFICLATENT
LATENTHEA
TENTHEAT
HEAT
TOF
OFA
OFA
APHASE
PHASECHANGE
PHASECHANGE 56
o
c
l
l
a
,
14 INVESTIGATE
INVESTIGATETHE
TETHERELA
THERELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN
TIONSHIP BETWEENPRESSURE
BETWEENPRESSUREAND
PRESSUREANDVOLUME
ANDVOLUMEOF
VOLUMEOFA
OF AGAS
AGAS
GASAAT
f
o
o
r
FIXEDTEMPERA
FIXEDTEMPERATURE
TEMPERA TURE 59
p
d
e
t
c
15 INVESTIGATETHE
THEABSORPTION
ABSORPTIONOF
ABSORPTIONOFGAMMA
OFGAMMARADIA
GAMMARADIATION
RADIATIONBY
TIONBYLEAD
BY LEAD 63
e
r
r
o
c 16 DETERMINETHE
DETERMINE THEVALUE
THEVALUEOF
VALUE OFAN
OFANUNKNOWN
ANUNKNOWNMASS
UNKNOWNMASSUSING
MASS USINGTHE
USINGTHERESONANT
THERESONANTFREQUENCIES
RESONANTFREQUENCIES
n
U OFTHE
OFTHEOSCILLAT
THEOSCILLATION
OSCILLAT IONOF
ION OFKNOWN
OFKNOWNMASSES
KNOWN MASSES 67

MATHSSKILLS
MATHSSKILLS 71
ANSWERS 76
 COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
INTRODUCTION X.X.XX

Practicalworkiscentraltothestudyophysics.TheInternationalAdvancedSubsidiary/AdvancedLevel(IAS/IAL)
8 specificationincludes16corepracticalactivitiesthatlinktheoreticalknowledgeandunderstandingtopractical
1
0 scenarios.Bycompletingthecorepracticalactivities,you
scenarios.Bycompletingthe corepracticalactivities,youwilllearnto:
willlearnto:
2
n ● ollowandinterpretexperimentalinstructions,coveringarangeolaboratoryexercisesthroughoutthecourse,
ollowandinterpretexperimentalinstructions,coveringarangeolaboratoryexercisesthroughoutthecourse,
o
s
r
a withminimalhelpromyourteacher
e
P ● manipulateapparatus,carryoutallcommonlaboratoryproceduresandusedatalogging(whereappropriate)
manipulateapparatus,carryoutallcommonlaboratoryproceduresandusedatalogging(whereappropriate)
©
.
t
r
a
p ● worksensiblyandsaelyinthelaboratory,payingdueregardtohealthand
worksensiblyandsaelyinthelaboratory,payingdueregardtohealthandsaetyrequirements
saetyrequirements
n
i
● gainaccurateandconsistentresultsinquantitativeexercises,andmakethemostotheexpectedobservations
gainaccurateandconsistentresultsinquantitativeexercises,andmakethemostotheexpectedobservations
r inqualitativeexercises
o
e
l
o Bytheendothiscourse,youshouldbeabletouseavarietyoapparatusandtechniquesto:
h
w
n
i ● designandcar
desig nandcarryoutboththecorepracticalactivitiesandyourowninvestigations
ryoutboththecorepracticalactivitiesandyourowninvestigations
n
o
i
t
● collectda
collectdatath
tathatcan
atcanbeana
beanalysed
lysed
u
b
i ● usedatatod
usedatatodrawv
rawvalidc
alidconclusi
onclusions.
ons.
r
t
s
i
d Yourknowledgeandunderstandingopracticalskillsandactivitieswillbeassessedinallexaminationpapers.
r
o
n
o
● Papers1and2(IAS),and4and5(IAL)willincludequestionsbasedonpracticalactivities,includingnovelscenarios.
Papers1and2(IAS),and4and5(IAL)willincludequestionsbasedonpracticalactivities,includingnovelscenarios.
i
t
a
l ● Paper3(IAS)andPaper6(IAL)willtestyourabilitytoplanpracticalwork,includingriskmanagementandselection
Paper3(IAS)andPaper6(IAL)willtestyourabilitytoplanpracticalwork,includingriskmanagementandselection
u
c
r oapparatus.
i
c
,
e
l
a
s AssessmentorthePracticalSkillsPapers3and6willocusonthreemainareas:
e
r ● Planning:YouwillbeexpectedtoplananexperimentsetbyPearson(butyouwillnotneedtocarryitout).
r
o
f
t ● Implementationandmeasurements:Youwillbegivendetailsoanexperimentcarriedoutbyaninexperienced
o
N student,andaskedtocommentontheinvestigation.
.
n ● Processingresults/Analysing:Youwillneedtoanalyseasetoexperimentalresults.
o
i
t
e
r
c Theareasorassessmentareoutlinedinthetablesonpages4and5.Youmaywishtotickoffeachelementas
Theareasorassessmentareoutlinedinthetablesonpages4and5.Youmaywishtotickoffeachelementas
s
i
d yougainconfidence.YoucanalsoreertotheStudentPracticalGuide,andtheAppendix10inthespecification:
r
e
h
s
Uncertaintiesandpracticalwork.
i
l
b
u Youwillfindanswersandmathsskillsrequiredorthepracticalsatthebackothebook.
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

2
 COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
COREPRACTICALSOVERVIEW X.X.XX

8 UNIT1MATERIALS
1
0
2 1 Determinetheaccelerationoareely-allingobject
n
o
s
r
a 2 Useaalling-ballmethodtodeterminetheviscosityoaliquid
e
P
© 3 DeterminetheYoungmodulusoamaterial
.
t
r
a
p
UNIT2WAVESANDELECTRICITY
n
i
r
o 4 Determinethespeedosoundinairusinga2-beamoscilloscope,signalgenerator,speakerand
e
l
o microphone
h
w
n
i 5 Investigatetheeffectsolength,tensionandmassperunitlengthontherequencyoavibrating
n stringorwire
o
i
t
u
b
i 6 Determinethewavelengtholightromal
Determinethewavelengtholightromalaserorotherlightsourceusingadiffractiongrating
aserorotherlightsourceusingadiffractiongrating
r
t
s
i
d
r UNIT2ELECTRICCIRCUITS
o
n
o
i 7 Determinetheelectricalresistivityoamaterial
t
a
l
u
c
r
8 Determinethee.m..andinternalresistanceoanelectricalcell
i
c
,
e
l
a UNIT4FURTHERMECHANICS
s
e 9 Investigatetherelationshipbetweentheorceexertedonanobjectanditschangeomomentum
r
r
o
f
t 10 UseICTtoanalysecollisionsbetweensmallspheres
o
N
. UNIT4ELECTRICANDMAGNETICFIELDS
n
o
i
t
e
r
11 Useanoscilloscopeordataloggertodisplayandanalysethepotentialdifference(p.d.)acrossa
Useanoscilloscopeordataloggertodisplayandanalysethepotentialdifference(p.d.)acrossa
c
s
i capacitorasitchargesanddischargesthrougharesistor
d
r
e UNIT5THERMODYNAMICS
h
s
i
l
b 12 Calibrateathermistorinapotentialdividercircuitasathermostat
u
p
t
a 13 Determinethespecificlatentheatoaphasechange
e
g
n 14 Investigatetherelationshipbetweenpressureandvolumeoagasatfixedtemperature
a
h
c
o
t
t UNIT5NUCLEARDECAY
c
e
j 15 Investigatetheabsorptionogammaradiationbylead
b
u
s
t 16 Determinethevalueoanunknownmassus
Determinethevalueoanunknownmassusingtheresonantrequencieso
ingtheresonantrequenciesotheoscillationo
theoscillationo
n
e
t
n knownmasses
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

3
 COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
PAPER3PRACTICALSKILLS X.X.XX

Prac
acttical
ical skills  Core practical

8
1
0 Planning  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2
n
o
s
Identiytheapparatusrequired
r
a
e ConsidertherangeandresolutionomeasuringinstrumentsincludingVernier
P
© calipers(0.1mm)and
calipers(0.1mm)andmicrometerscrewgauge(0.01mm)
micrometerscrewgauge(0.01mm)
.
t
r
a
p Discusscalibrationoinstruments,e.g.whetherameterreadszerobeore
n measurementsaremade
i
r Describehowtomeasurerelevantvariablesusingthemostappropriate
o
e
l instrumentandcorrectmeasuringtechniques
o
h
w Identiyandstatehowtocontrolallotherrelevantvariablestomakeitaairtest
n
i
n Discusswhetherrepeatreadingsareappropriate
o
i
t
u
b
i Identiyhealthandsaetyissuesanddiscusshowthesemaybedealtwith
r
t
s
i
d Discusshowthedatacollectedwillbeused
r
o
n Identiypossiblesourcesouncertaintyand/orsystematicerrorandexplain
o
i
t howthesemaybereducedoreliminated
a
l
u
c
r Commentontheimplicationsophysics(e.g.benefits/risks)andonitscontext
i
c (e.g.social/environmental/historical)
,
l
e
a
s Implem
Implement
entati
ation
on a nd m
 easurement  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
e
r
r
o
f Commentonthenumberoreadingstaken
t
o
N Commentontherangeomeasurementstaken
.
n
o
i
t Commentonsignificantfigures
e
r
c Checkareadingthatisinconsistentwithotherreadings,e.g.
Checkareadingthatisinconsistentwithotherreadings,e.g.apointthat
apointthatis
isnot
not
s
i
d
r onthelineoagraph–studentsmay
onthelineoagraph–studentsmaybeshowna
beshownadiagramoa
diagramoa micrometerthat
e
h isbeingusedtomeasurethediametero
isbeingusedto measurethediameteroawire
awireandaskedtowritedownthe
andaskedtowritedownthe
s
i
l
b
u
readingtothecorrectnumberosignificantfigures
p
t Commentonhowtheexperimentmaybeimproved,possiblybyusing
a
e additionalapparatus(e.g.toreduceerrors)–examples
additionalapparatus(e.g. toreduceerrors)–examplesmayincludeusingaset
mayincludeusingaset
g
n squaretodeterminewhetherarulerisverticaltoaidthemeasurementothe
a
h
c
o
t extensionoaspring
t Proc
oces
essi
sing
ng re sults  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8
c
e
j
b
u
s
Perormcalculations,usingthecorrectnumberosignificantfigures
t
n
e
t Plotresultsonagraphusinganappropriatescale
n
o
c Usethecorrectunitsthroughout
l
l
a
,
f
o Commentontherelationshipobtainedromthegraph
o
r
p Determinetherelationshipbetweentwovariablesordetermineaconstant
d
e
t withtheaidoagraph,e.g.bydeterminingthegradientusingalargetriangle
c
e
r
r Suggestrealisticmodificationstoreduceerrors
o
c
n Suggestrealisticmodificationstoimprovetheexperiment
U

Discussuncertainties,qualitativelyandquantitatively
Determinethepercentageuncertaintyinmeasurementsorasinglereading
usinghaltheresolutionotheinstrumentandrommultiplereadingsusing
thehalrange
4
 COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
PAPER6PRACTICALSKILLS X.X.XX

Practicalskills
8
1
0 Planning  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16
2
n Identiythemostappropriateapparatus,givingdetails.Thesemay
o
s
r
a includetherangeandresolutionoinstrumentsand/orrelevant
e
P dimensionsoapparatus(e.g.thelengthostringusedorapendulum)
©
.
t Discusscalibrationoinstruments,e.g.whetherameterreadszerobeore
r
a
p measurementsaremade
n
i
r Describehowtomeasurerelevantvariablesusingthemostappropriate
o
e
l instrument(s)andtechniques
o
h Identiyandstatehowtocontrolallotherrelevantvariablestomakeita
w
n
i airtest
n
o
i Discusswhetherrepeatreadingsareappropriate
t
u
b
i
r
t Identiyhealthandsaetyissuesanddiscusshowthesemaybedealtwith
s
i
d
r Discusshowthedatacollectedwillbeused.
o
n
o
i Analysis  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16
t
a
l
u Commentonhowtheexperimentcouldhavebeenimproved,possiblyby
c
r
i
c usingadditionalapparatus(e.g.toreduceerrors)–examplesmayinclude
,
l
e
a
s
usingsetsquarestomeasurethediameteroacylinderandusinga
e
r markerortimingoscillations
r
o
f
t Commentonthenumberoreadingstaken
o
N
. Commentontherangeomeasurementstaken
n
o
i
t Commentonsignificantfigures–youmayberequiredtoidentiyand/or
e
r
c roundupanyincorrectfiguresinatableoresults
s
i
d
r
e
Identiyand/oramendunitsthatareincorrect
h
s
i Identiyandcheckareadingthatisinconsistentwithotherreadings,
l
b
u e.g.apointthatisnotonthelineoagraph.
p
t
a
e Perormcalculations,usingthecorrectnumberosignificantfigures
g
n
a Plotresultsonagraphusinganappropriatescaleandunits–thegraph
h
c
o
t couldbelogarithmicinnature
t
c
e
Usethecorrectunitsthroughout
j
b
u Commentonthetrend/patternobtained
s
t
n
e
t Determinetherelationshipbetweentwovariablesordeterminea
n
o
c
constantwiththeaidothegraph,e.g.bydeterminingthegradientusing
l
l
a alargetriangle
,
f
o Usethetermsprecision,accuracyandsensitivityappropriately
o
r
p
d Suggestrealisticmodificationstoreduceerrors
e
t
c
e
r Suggestrealisticmodificationstoimprovetheexperiment
r
o
c
n Discussuncertaintiesqualitativelyandquantitatively
U

Compoundpercentageuncertaintiescorrectly
Determinethepercentageuncertaintyinmeasurementsorasingle
readingusing halftheresolutionotheinstrument
theresolutionotheinstrument and rommultiple
andrommultiple
readingsusingthe halfrange.
range.
5
 COREPRACTICAL1:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEACCELERATIONOFAFREELY-FALLINGOBJECT 1.3.11
X.X.XX

Procedure
Objectives
8 1 Droptheobjectromrestandrecordthetimetaken, tt,or:
,or:
1 ● Tomeasurethea
omeasuretheaccel ccelerati
eration
on
0
2 (a) thespheretoallthroughthetrapdoor duetogravity,g
duetogravity, g,oanobject
,oanobject
n
o (b) thedoweltopassthroughthelightgate. allingreelyandtoconsider
s
r
a theollowingalternative
e 2 Repeatstep 1 twicemoreand
twicemoreandcalculatethem
calculatethemeanvalueo
eanvalueo ttoreach
oreach
P
© method. methods:
.
t
r
a
p 3 Measureandrecordtheheight, h ,allenbytheobject.
h,allenbytheobject. (a) objectallingthrougha
n
i 4 Varytheheightandrepeatsteps 1 –3.Youshouldtakereadingsatatleast
trapdoor
r
o sixdifferentheights. (b) objectallingthrougha
e
l
o
5 Usehaltherangeinyourreadingsor ttastheuncertaintyin
astheuncertaintyin t.
t. lightgate
h
w
n
i
Calculatethepercentageuncertaintyint..
Calculatethepercentageuncertaintyint Equipment
n 6 Formethod (b),youshouldmeasurethelengthothedowel.
o
i ● metreru
metreruleort
leortapeme
apemeasure
asure
t
u withmillimetreresolution
b
i
r
t Learningtips
s
i For (a):
d ● Makesure
Makesurethatpoint
thatpointsplotte
splottedonagraph
donagraphtakeupmorethanha
takeupmorethanhalothe
lothe
r
o ● stee
steel
lsp
sphe
here
re
n availablespaceoneachscale.Youdonotalwaysneedtoincludetheorigin.
o
i ● el
elec
ectr
troni
onic
ctim
timer
er
t
a
l ● Keepscalessimple:onelargesquareas5,10or20isideal.Ascalewhere
u
c onelargesquarerepresents3or7units(orsimilar)isverydifficulttoplot ● electromagn
electromagnetto
ettoretain
retainsteel
steel
r
i
c andcanofenleadtoerrors. sphere
,
l
e
a
s ● Alway
Alwaysconsider
sconsiderwhether
whetherthegraph
thegraphli
lineshould
neshouldgothro
gothroughthe
ughtheorigin.
origin. ● trapd
trapdoor
oorsw
swit
itch
ch
e
r ● clam
clampa
pand
ndst
stan
andd
r ● Straightlinesshouldbedrawnwiththeaidoarulelo
Straightlinesshouldbedrawnwiththeaidoarulelongenough
ngenought
tocover
ocover
o
f
t theulllengthotheline. ● lowvol
lowvoltag
tagepow
epowersu
ersupply
pply
o
N ● Sincetheobjectisallingatconstantacceleration,
Sincetheobjectisallingatconstantacceleration,usetheappropri
usetheappropriate
ate For (b):
.
n
o
i
t
kinematicsequation: ● allingobje
allingobject,su
ct,suchasa
chasadowel
dowel
e 1
+ ____at2where u
r with2cmdiameter,10cmlong
c (a) s =ut
ut+ =0, a=
u=0, a =g
g,and
,and ss=
= h
s
i 2
d ● meanstogu
meanstoguidedo
idedowelt
welthrough
hrough
r
Thiscanberearrangedto: t2= ___
e 2h
h g lightgate
s
i
l
b ● lightgatean
lightgateanddat
ddatalogge
aloggerr
u Comparisonwithy=
Comparisonwithy cshowsthatplotting t2against h
= mx+ cshowsthatplotting
p
t
2
shouldgiveastraightlinepassingthroughtheoriginwithgradient ____.
a !  Safe
Safety
ty
e g
g
n
a 2 2
(b) v = u +2
+2aswhere u
aswhere =0, a=
u=0, a=g
g,and
,and ssis
is h ● Makesur
Makesurethe
ethesta
standca
ndcanno
nnott
h
c
o
t Thereore: v2=2gh toppleoverbyclampingit
t securely.
c Comparisonwithy
omparisonwithy= cshowsthatplotting v2 against hshould
= mx+ cshowsthatplotting hshould
e
j
b giveastraightlinepassingthroughtheoriginwithgradient2g. ● Keephandsand
Keephandsandace
aceawa
awayy
u
s romtheallingobjects.
t
n
e
t ● Tu
Turnofft
rnofftheelect
heelectromag
romagnet
net
n
o between‘drops’sothatit
c
l
l
a doesn’toverheatandcause
,
f
o burns.
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

6
 COREPRACTICAL1:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEACCELERATIONOFAFREELY-FALLINGOBJECT X.X.XX
1.3.11

Results

8 1 Usethisspacetorecordyourresultsormethod (a).

1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c 2 Usethisspacetorecordyourresultsormethod (b).Useyourv
.Useyourvalueorthe
alueorthelengtho
lengthothedoweltocalculatethe
thedoweltocalculatethe
s
i
d meanspeed, v,othedowelasitpassesthroughthelightgate.
,othedowelasitpassesthroughthelightgate.
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

7
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL1: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEACCELERATIONOFAFREELY-FALLINGOBJECT 1.3.11

Analysisofresults
8 1 Formethod (a),plotagrapho t2(
(y
y-axis)against
-axis)against h (x
h(x-axis)anddrawalineobestfit.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
= __.
o 2
c 2 Calculatethegradient, m ,othelineobestfit.Usethisvaluetocalculateavalueor gwhereg
m,othelineobestfit.Usethisvaluetocalculateavalueor whereg=
l
l m
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

8
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL1: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEACCELERATIONOFAFREELY-FALLINGOBJECT 1.3.11

3 Formethod (b),plotagrapho v2(

(y
y-axis)against
-axis)against h (x
h(x-axis)anddrawalineobestfit.
8
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
= __
__.
n m
o 4 Calculatethegradient, m ,othelineobestfit.Usethisvaluetocalculateavalueor g,whereg
m,othelineobestfit.Usethisvaluetocalculateavalueor ,where g=
c 2
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

9
 COREPRACTICAL1:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEACCELERATIONOFAFREELY-FALLINGOBJECT 1.3.11

5 Thepercentageuncertainty(%U )in t2istwicethatin t.Usethistodrawerrorbarsontoyourgraphormethod

8 (a)–inthey-directiononly.Youca
-directiononly.Youcanuseatypicalmid-rangev
nuseatypicalmid-rangevaluetoca
aluetocalculateuncertainties
lculateuncertainties–youdonotneed
–youdonotneed
1
0 toworkoutaseparateerrorbaroreachvalue.Drawanewlineob
toworkoutaseparateerrorbar oreachvalue.Drawanewlineobestfitandusethistocalculatethe%
estfitandusethistocalculatethe%Uin
2
n yourvalueorg.
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u 6 Calculatethepercentagedifference(%D)betweenyourv
)betweenyourvalueandtheacceptedvalueog (9.81ms–2)and
alueandtheacceptedvalueo
b
i
r
t commentontheaccuracyomethod (a) .
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i Questions
t
e
r
c 1 Describeanadvantageousinglightgatesinthisexperiment.
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t 2 Discusstheeffectoairresistanceonyourvalueorg.
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r 3 Explainwhythegraphshouldbeastraightline.
o
c
n
U

10
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL2: SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
X
USEAFALLING-BALLMETHODTODETERMINETHEVISCOSITYOFALIQUID X.X.XX
1.4.26

Procedure Objectives
8 1 Weigheachball,measureitsradius, r,andhencecalculateitsdensity,
,andhencecalculateitsdensity,ρ .
1 ● Totime
otimetheal
thealloab
loaball
all
0
2 2 Placethreerubberbandsaroundthetube.Positionthehighest
Placethreerubberbandsaro undthetube.Positionthehighestband
band throughaliquidtodetermine
n
o
s
atalevelbelowthe
atalevelbelowthesuraceothewashing-upliquid:t
suraceothewashing-upliquid:theballmust
heballmust theviscosity
r
a betravellingatterminal
betravellingatterminalvelocitywhenit
velocitywhenitreachesthisband.
reachesthisband.Placethe
Placethe
e
P remainingtwobandsarenough
remainingtwoba ndsarenoughaparttoallowyoutomea
aparttoallowyoutomeasuretwo
suretwo Equipment
©
.
t reasonabletimeintervals.Thiswill
reasonabletime intervals.Thiswillenableyou
enableyoutomeasure
tomeasuretheterminal
theterminal
r
a
p velocitytwiceoreachallingball. ● stop
stopcl
clock
ockorti
ortime
merr
n
● rub
rubber
berban
bandst
dstoma
omark
rk
i
r 3 Releasethefirstballintothewashing-upliqu
Releasethefirstballinto thewashing-upliquid.Startthetimerwhenthe
id.Startthetimerwhenthe distances
o
e
l ballpassesthehighestrubberband.Usethelaptimeracilitytorecord ● me
metr
tre
eru
rule
le
o
h thetimetaken, t 1,orthe
,ortheballtoall
balltoalltothemiddlerubberband.St
tothemiddlerubberband.Stopthe
opthe
w ● mic
microm
romete
eterscr
rscrewga
ewgauge
uge
n
i timerwhentheballpassesthelowestrubberband;thisis t 2.Adjustthe
n positionotherubberbandsiyourfirsttestisnotsuitable. ● long
longtubem
tubemadeo
adeotran
transparent
sparent
o
i
t materialfilledwithliquid–
u 4 Onceyouarehappywiththepositionotherubberbands,measurethe
Onceyouarehappywiththepositionotherubbe rbands,measurethe
b
i
r
t supportedsoitstaysvertical
s
i distance, d 1,betweenthe
,betweenthehighestand
highestandmiddlerubber
middlerubberbands.Then,mea
bands.Then,measure
sure
d
thedistance, d 2,betweenthehighestandlowestbands. ● spheri
sphericalob
calobjects
jectsovar
ovarious
ious
r
o diameters
n 5 Repeatstep 3 atleastthreetimesoreachball.
o
i
t ● ma
magnet
gnet(opti
(optional)
onal)
a
l
u Learningtip
c
r
i  Safe
Safety
ty
c !
, ● Positionyoureyeslevelwiththerubberbandswhenstartingandstopping
Positionyoureyeslevelwiththerubberbandswhenstartingandstopping
l
e
a thetimer. ● Wa
Washing-
shing-upliquid
upliquidspills
spillsare
are
s
e
r
r ● Trytodevelopagoodtechniq
Trytodevelopagoodtechniqueormeasuringthetim
ueormeasuringthetime,soyouare
e,soyouare veryslipperyandmustbe
o
f clearedupatonce.Havepaper
t consistent.Forexample,iyou
consistent.Forexam ple,iyoutakeyour
takeyourfirstmeasureme
firstmeasurementasthe
ntasthe
o towelstohand.
N bottomotheballcrossesthetopotheband,
bottomotheball crossesthetopotheband,makesureyoutake
makesureyoutakeevery
every
.
n measurementatthispoint.Yo
measurement atthispoint.Youshouldalso
ushouldalsomeasureyour
measureyourdistancesrom
distancesrom ● Cle
Clearupa
arupanyliqu
nyliquidspill
idspillss
o
i
t
e
r thispoint. quicklytoavoidslipping.
c
s
i ● Iyo
Iyouusemi
uusemineral
neraloilo
oilormot
rmotor
or
d
r Results(Usethisspacetorecordyourresults.)
e oilastheliquidavoidskin
h
s
i contactwithitandtheoily
l
b
u
p
metalballs.
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

11
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL2: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
USEAFALLING-BALLMETHODTODETERMINETHEVISCOSITYOFALIQUID 1.4.26

Results(continued)
8
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i Analysisofresults
l
b
u
p 1 Foreachdiameter,calculatemeanvaluesor t 1and t 2.Addthesevaluestoyourresultstable.
t
a
e 2 Use d 1, d2andthemeanvaluesor t1and t 2tocalculate
tocalculatemeanvalu
meanvaluesorthe
esortheterminalvelocity
terminalvelocityoeachball.
oeachball.
g
n
a Addthesevaluestoyourresultstable.
h
c
o
t 3 Useyouranswerstoquestion 2tocalculate
tocalculateamean
ameanvalueorthe
valueorthe terminalvelocityoallt
terminalvelocityoalltheballs.
heballs.
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f 4 Considerthespreadinyourrepeatedreadings
Considerthespreadinyourrep eatedreadingsandusethistoestimatetheuncert
andusethistoestimatetheuncertaintyinyourm
aintyinyourmeanvalues.
eanvalues.
o
o
r Thisisusuallyhalotherange.
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

12
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL2: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
USEAFALLING-BALLMETHODTODETERMINETHEVISCOSITYOFALIQUID 1.4.26

Questions
8 1 Explainwhyyouwouldnotuselightgatestomeasurethetime.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l 2 Sometimestheballsallclosetothewall.Commento
Sometimestheballsallclosetothewall.Commentontheeffectthiswillhaveonthemeasurements.
ntheeffectthiswillhaveonthemeasurements.
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
3 Useyouranswertoquestion 4aboveto
abovetoestimatetheuncertaintyin
estimatetheuncertaintyinyou
yourvalueor
rvalueortheviscosityot
theviscosityothewashing-up
hewashing-up
r liquid.
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

13
 COREPRACTICAL3:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHE
DETERMINETHEYOUNGMODULUS
YOUNGMODULUSOFAMATERIAL
OFAMATERIAL 1.4.31
X.X.XX

Procedure
Objectives
8 1 Fixthebenchpulleyattheendothebench.Trapone
Fixthebenchpulleyatthe endothebench.Traponeendothe
endothewire
wire
1 ● Totakem
otakemeasure
easurements
mentsoa
oa
0 betweenthetwowoodenblocksandsecurethe
betweenthetwowoode nblocksandsecuretheblockstothebench
blockstothebench
2 longwiretodeterminethe
n approximately3mromthepulley.Layoutthewiresothatitpassesover
o Youngmodulusorcopper
s
r
a thepulleyandattachthe
thepulleyandattachtheslottedmasshangertotheend.
slottedmasshangertotheend.Measurethe
Measurethe
e
P diameter, d ,othewire. Equipment
©
.
t 2
r
a
p
Laytheme
Laythemetreruleunde
treruleunderthewire
rthewirenearthepulleyandattachthe
labeltoactasalengthmarker
labeltoact nearthepulleyandattachthesticky
asalengthmarker.Judgethe
.Judgethelengthbylooking sticky
lengthbylookingvertically
vertically ● me
metr
tre
eru
rule
le
n
i
● mic
microm
romete
eterscr
rscrewga
ewgauge
uge
r down,overtheedgeothepaper,atthescaleothemetrerule.Theset
o ● small
smallpiece
pieceoosti
stickyla
ckylabelor
belor
e
l
squarewillhelpyoutodothisaccurately
squarewillhelpyoutodothisaccurately..
o similar,tomarkpositionon
h 3 Measurethelengthowire, L ,romthewoodenblockstotheedgeothe
w wire
n
i paper.
n ● 90°s
90°set
etsq
squa
uare
re
o
i
t
4 Addamasstothehangerandrecordthepositionothemarkeragainst
u themetrerule.Calculatetheextension, x. ● 3.1mlengtho36
mlengtho36swgcopper
swgcopper
b
i
r
t wire
s
i 5 Repeatstep 4 ,addingone
,addingonemassatatimeandrecording
massatatimeandrecordingtheextensiono
theextensionorr
d ● two
twowoodenbl
woodenblocksand
ocksandclamp
clamp
r eachmass.
o
n tosecureoneendothewire
o
i
t Learningtips ● benc
bench
hpu
pull
lley
ey
a
l
u
c
r ● Youmightnoticesignificantcreepoccu
Youmightnoticesignificantcreepoccurringathigherloads.
rringathigherloads.Thisindicates
Thisindicates ● slotte
slottedmass
dmassesup
esupto60
to600
0gand
gand
i
c
, thattheelasticlimitothe
thattheelasticlimitothewirehasbeenexceeded.I
wirehasbeenexceeded.Itisimportantto
tisimportanttousea
usea hanger
l
e
a longlengthowire,asthe
longlengthowire,astheextensionwill
extensionwillonlybesmallbeorecreep
onlybesmallbeorecreepsetsin.
setsin.
s
e
r !  Safe
Safety
ty
r ● Iyouuseweightso0.5N,youwillbeabletotakemorereadingsbe
N,youwillbeabletotakemorereadingsbeore
ore
o
f
t theelasticlimitisexceeded. ● Thew
Thewirew
irewillb
illbeabou
eabout2
t2mlon
mlong
g
o
N andwillrequireahighsecure
.
n fixingpoint.
o
i
t
e
r ● We
Wearey
areyepro
eprotectio
tectionwhen
nwhen
c
s
i
d loadingthewireincaseit
r
e snaps.
h
s
i
l ● Puta
Putacatchbo
catchboxfil
xfilledw
ledwith
ith
b
u crumpledpaperorbubbled
p
t
a plasticbelowthehanging
e
g massestokeepyoureetout
n
a othedropzone.
h
c
o
t ● Donote
Donotexceed
xceedtthema
hemaximum
ximum
t
c loadasadvisedbyyour
e
j
b teacher.
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

14
 COREPRACTICAL3:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEYOUNGMODULUS
DETERMINETHEYOUNGMODULUSOFAMATERIAL
OFAMATERIAL 1.4.31

Results(Usethisspacetorecordyourresults.)

8
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

15
 COREPRACTICAL3:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEYOUNGMODULUS
DETERMINETHEYOUNGMODULUSOFAMATERIAL
OFAMATERIAL 1.4.31

Analysisofresults
8 1 Plotagraphomas
Plotagraphomassaddedagainstexten
saddedagainstextension.
sion.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p 2 Measurethegradientothe
Measurethegradientothestraightportionotheg
straightportionothegraphandu
raphanduss ethistocalculatethe
ethistocalculatetheYoung
Youngmodulusor
modulusor
d
e
t thecopper.
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

16
 COREPRACTICAL3:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEYOUNGMODULUS
DETERMINETHEYOUNGMODULUSOFAMATERIAL
OFAMATERIAL 1.4.31

Questions
8 1 Explainwhyalongwireismostsuitableorthisexperiment.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o 2 Describeagoodtechniqueo
Describeagoodtechniqueormeasuringthediametero
rmeasuringthediameterothewire.
thewire.
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e 3 Explainwhyavaluewitht
Explainwhyavaluewithtwosignificantfiguresisappropriate
wosignificantfiguresisappropriateortheYoung
ortheYoungmoduluso
modulusothe
thewire.
wire.
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e 4 ResearchavalueortheYoungmodu
ResearchavalueortheYoungmodulusocopper
lusocopperand
andcommenton
commentonyourresults,u
yourresults,usinganappropriateormatto
singanappropriateormatto
g
n
a citeyourresearch.
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

17
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL4: SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHESPEEDOFSOUNDINAIRUSINGA2-BEAMOSCILLOSCOPE,
X.X.XX
2.3.38
SIGNALGENERATOR,SPEAKERANDMICROPHONE

Procedure
Objectives
8 1 Theoscilloscopewilldisplayontwotracesthesignaledtothe
1 ● Tousea
ouseappr
ppropri
opriate
ate
0 loudspeakerandthesignalreceivedbythemicrophone.Asthedistance
2 instrumentationtomeasure
n betweenthemicrophoneandthespeakerisincreased,thephaseothe
o asoundsignal
s
r
a signalswillvaryandthetracesonthescreenwillmovepasteachother.
e
P 2 Placethemicrophonenexttotheoscilloscopeandplacethespeaker Equipment
©
.
t
r
a about50cmaway
about50 cmaway,acingthemicrophone.Turn
andsetitto ,acingthemicrophone.Turnonthesignal
andsetittoabout4kHz. onthesignalgenerator
about4kHz.Adjusttheoscilloscope
Adjusttheoscilloscopetosh generator
toshowthemicrophone
owthemicrophone ● tw
twome
ometr
treru
erules
les
p ● leads
n
i
r signalwithaboutthreecyclesonthescreen.
o ● signalg
signalgene
enerat
ratorwi
orwith
th
e
l 3 Connectthesignalgeneratoroutputtothesecondoscilloscopeinput loudspeaker
o
h (aswellasthespeaker)andadjustthecontrolstodisplaythreecycleso
w ● oscill
oscillosc
oscopewi
opewith2-
th2-beam
beam
n
i thissignal.
n
acilityandmicrophone
o
i
t
4 Adjustthespacingonthescreenandthedistancebetweenthespeaker connectedtooneinput
u andthemicrophonesothatthebottomoonetraceisjustlevelwiththe
b
i
r
t
s
i topotheother. !  Safe
Safety
ty
d
r 5 Adjusttheseparationsothatatroughonthetoptracecoincidesexactly
o ● Theelectromoti
Theelectromotiveo
veorcesar
rcesare
e
n withapeakonthelowertrace.Useametreruleto
withapeakonthelowertrace.Useametreruletomeasurethedistance
measurethedistance
o
i
t
smallandelectriccurrents
a
l betweenthemicrophoneandspeaker. negligible.
u
c
r 6 Movethespeakerawayromthemicrophoneandobserveonetrace
i ● Av
Avoidus
oidusingh
inghighv
ighvolu
olumes
mes
c
,
l
e
a movingrelativetotheother.
movingrelativetotheother.Movethespeaker
Movethespeakeruntilthe
untilthetraceha
tracehasmoved
smoved andrequenciesthatcause
s exactlyonecycle–thetroughsandpeaksshouldjusttouchagain.Record discomort.
e
r
r thenewdistancebetweenthemicrophoneandspeaker.Thedifference
o
f
● Iyouhav
Iyouhaveahea
eahearingpro
ringproblem
blem
t betweenthetwodistancesisonewavelength.
o orwearahearingaidtell
N
.
7 Repeatstep 6 severaltimes,movingthespeakerurtherawayromthe yourteacherastheremay
n microphoneandrecordingthedistanceeachtimethepeaksoonetrace
o
i beuncomortableeffectsat
t
e
r coincidewiththetroughsotheother.
c certainrequencies.
s
i
d 8 Calculateameanvalueorthewavelengthothesound,givingyour ● Followthe
Followtheusual
usualelect
electrical
rical
r
e answertoatleasttwosignificantfigures. precautionsormains
h
s
i
l 9 Useoneothetracestodeterminetherequencyothesound.(Youwill apparatus,includingavisual
b
u
p achieveagreaterresolutionbythismethodthanbyusingthescaleon inspectionothesupplylead.
t
a thesignalgenerator.)Givey
thesignalgenerator.)Giveyouranswertoatleast
ouranswertoatleastthreesignificantfigures.
threesignificantfigures.
e
g
n 10 Usethescaleonthesignalgeneratortohalvetherequencyandrepeat
a
h
c
o steps 4 –9.Youm
.Youmightneedto
ightneedtoincreasetheseparationbeyond1m.
increasetheseparationbeyond1m.
t 11 Iyouhavetime,repeatthewholeexperimentatmuchhigherandmuch
t
c
e
j lowerrequenciesandobservetheeffect.
b
u
s
t Learningtips
n
e
t
n
o
● Thisexperi
Thisexperimentis
mentisreaso
reasonablystra
nablystraight
ightorwardi
orwardiyoua
youareami
reamiliarwith
liarwith
c manipulatingthecontrolsoanoscilloscope.Spendsometimepractising
l
l
a
,
f untilyouareconfidentsettingupatraceromwhichyoucantake
o
o
r measurements.
p
d ● Theset-u
Theset-updepends
pdependsonthe
ontheloca
localcircu
lcircumstanc
mstances,so
es,soyoushoul
youshouldtry
dtrythings
things
e
t
c outoryoursel,usingtheinstructionsasaramework.
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

18
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL4: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHESPEEDOFSOUNDINAIRUSINGA2-BEAMOSCILLOSCOPE,
2.3.38
SIGNALGENERATOR,SPEAKERANDMICROPHONE

Results(Usethisspacetorecordyourresults.)
8
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e Analysisofresults
a
s
e
r 1 Multiplyyourvaluesorwavelengthandrequencytoob
Multiplyyourvaluesorwavelengthandrequencytoobtain
tainavalueor
avalueorthespeedosoundoreachothe
thespeedosoundoreachothe
r
o
f requenciesused.Hence,findameanvalueandpercentagedifferenceorthespeedosound.
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u 2 Estimatetheuncertaintyinyourmean
Estimatetheuncertaintyinyourmeanvalueorthewavelengthothesound(ca
valueorthewavelengthothesound(calculatedinstep
lculatedinstep 8 ).
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u 3 Estimatetheuncertaintyinyourmeasurem
Estimatetheuncertaintyinyourmeasurementotherequency
entotherequencyothesound(calculatedinstep
othesound(calculatedinstep 9 ).
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r 4 Usetheuncertaintiesromyourmeasurementstocalculatethepercentageuncertaintyinyour
Usetheuncertaintiesromyourmeasurementstocalculatethepercentageuncertaintyinyourindividualvalues
individualvalues
r
o orthespeedosound.
c
n
U

19
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL4: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHESPEEDOFSOUNDINAIRUSINGA2-BEAMOSCILLOSCOPE,
2.3.38
SIGNALGENERATOR,SPEAKERANDMICROPHONE

Questions
8 1 Commentonthesourcesouncertaintyinthisinvestigation.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o 2 Compareyourpercentagedifferenceandyour
Compareyourpercentagedifferenceandyourpercentageuncertainties,andcomm
percentageuncertainties,andcommentonyourresults.
entonyourresults.
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u 3 Whenthetraceshavemovedpasteachotherbyoneullcycle,thespeakerhasmovedonewavelength.
c
r
i Explainthis.
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r 4 Explainwhy4kHzisasuitablerequencyorthis
Explainwhy4kHzisasuitablerequencyorthisexperiment.
experiment.
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

20
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL5: SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
X
INVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFLENGTH,TENSIONANDMASSPERUNITLENGTH
X.X.XX
2.3.43
ONTHEFREQUENCYOFAVIBRATINGSTRINGORWIRE

Procedure Objectives
8 1 Attachoneendothe‘string’tothevibrationtransducer.Passthe
Attachoneendothe‘string’tothevibrationtransducer.Passtheother
other
1 ● Tocarryoutan
ocarryoutaninves
investigati
tigation
on
0 endoverthebenchpulleyandattachthemasshanger.
2 intostandingwaves
n
o 2 Addmassesuntilthetotalmassis100g.
s
r ● Todevelopt
odeveloptheskills
heskillstoca
tocarry
rry
a 3 Turnonthesignalgeneratortosettherubberoscillating.Varythe
e outurtherinvestigations
P
© oscillatinglengthbymovingthevibrationgeneratoruntilresonanceis
.
t
r
a observed. Equipment
p ● be
benc
nch
hpu
pull
lley
ey
n
i
r Plan ● slottedmas
slottedmassesand
sesandhange
hangerr
o
e
l Inthisinvestigation,youwillbeobservingstandingwaves.Thesecanoccurat
o ● metr
metre
eru
rule
le
h avarietyoresonantrequencies.Youwill
avarietyoresonantrequencies.Youwillinvestigatetheeffecto
investigatetheeffectotheactors
theactors
w ● 2mleng
2mlengthoru
thorubber‘
bber‘string’
string’
n
i affectingtheserequencies.
n ● vibrationgene
vibrationgenerator
ratorconne
connected
cted
o
i Youmightuseacathoderayoscilloscopetodeterminetheexactrequencyo
t toasignalgenerator
u
b
i thevibrationgenerator.
r
t
s
i Planwhichvariablesyouwilltestinthisinvestigationandhowyouwillcarryit  Safe
Safety
ty
d !
r out.Yourteacherwillhelpyouwiththedetailsinecessary.
o
n ● There
Thereare
arenoh
nohaza
azards
rds
o
i
t
Usethisspacetorecordyourplan. associatedwiththis
a
l
u
c
experimentirubberisused
r
i
c asthemedium.
,
l
e ● Iusingme
Iusingmetalwi
talwire,sa
re,saet
etyy
a
s
e
r spectaclesshouldbeworn.
r
o
f ● Followthe
Followtheusual
usualelect
electrical
rical
t
o precautionsormains
N
. apparatus,includingavisual
n
o
i
t inspectionothesupplylead.
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U

Learningtip
● Yourmeasur
Yourmeasurementswillhavegreaterresolu
ementswillhavegreaterresolutioniyoumeasureaslargea
tioniyoumeasureaslargea
lengthaspossible,orasmanyhal-wavelengthsaspossible.
21
 COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL5: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
INVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFLENGTH,TENSIONANDMASSPERUNITLENGTH
2.3.43
ONTHEFREQUENCYOFAVIBRATINGSTRINGORWIRE

Results

8 1 Usethisspacetorecordyourresults.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r 2 Assesstheuncertaintiesinyourmeasurementsandcommentonwhethertheyaffectthereproducibilityo
p
d yourfindings.
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U
 22

COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL5: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
INVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFLENGTH,TENSIONANDMASSPERUNITLENGTH
2.3.43
ONTHEFREQUENCYOFAVIBRATINGSTRINGORWIRE

Analysisofresults
8 Produceagraphoyour
Produceagraphoyourresultstoshowtherelationshipsbetwee
resultstoshowtherelationshipsbetweenthevariable
nthevariablesyouidentifiedandmeasured.
syouidentifiedandmeasured.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
,
l
e
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h
s
i
l
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U
 23

COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL5: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
INVESTIGATETHEEFFECTSOFLENGTH,TENSIONANDMASSPERUNITLENGTH
2.3.43
ONTHEFREQUENCYOFAVIBRATINGSTRINGORWIRE

Questions
8 1 Identiythemajorsourcesouncertaintyinyourwork.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l 2 Explainwhyyouchosethevariablesyoudid.
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
l
e
, 3 Describewhatyouounddifficulttogetrig
Describewhatyouounddifficulttogetrightandhowyoudidget
htandhowyoudidgetitright.
itright.
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h 4 Researchhowastandingwavecanbesetupandusedtode
Researchhowastandingwavec anbesetupandusedtodetermineav
termineavalueorthespeedoele
alueorthespeedoelectromagnetic
ctromagnetic
s
i
l radiation.Useanappropriateormat
radiation.Useanappropriateormattociteanysourcesyouusein
tociteanysourcesyouuseinyourresearch.
yourresearch.
b
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U
 24

COREPRACTICAL6:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
DETERMINETHEW
DETERMINETHEWAVELENGTH
X AVELENGTHOFLIGHTFROMALASER
OFLIGHTFROMALASEROROTHERLIGHTSOURCE
OROTHERLIGHTSOURCE
2.3.52
X.X.XX
USINGADIFFRACTIONGRATING

Procedure
Objectives
8 1 Placethelaserapproximately4
Placethelaserap proximately4mawayromalargewalland
mawayromalargewallandplacethe
placethe
1
0
● To
omakeme
makemeasuasurem
rement
entso
so
2 diffractiongratinginrontoit.Positionthelasersothatthebeam
n
laserlightpassingthrough
o willpassthroughthegratingatnormalincidenceandmeetthewall
s
r
adiffractiongratingto
a perpendicularly.
e determinethewavelength
P 2 Measurethedistance, D ,betweenthegratingandthewall.
© othelight
.
t
r
a 3 Turnonthelaserandidentiythezeroordermaximum(straightthrough).
p Measurethedistance, s ,romthezeroordermaximumtothefirst- Equipment
n
i
r ordermaximaoneitherside.Calculatethemeanothesetwovalues. ● source
sourceol
olase
aserli
rlight
ght
o
e
l (Remember,thefirstorderisthemaximumproducedaccordingto n =1in ● diffractiongr
diffractiongrating,
ating,supported
supported
o
h theequation n
nλλ= d sin θ.) atthesameheightasthelaser
w
n
i 4 Measure sorincreasingorders,calculatingameanvalueeachtime. beam
n
o
i 5 Repeatsteps 1 –4usingadiffractiongratingwithadifferentnumbero ● metr
metre
eru
rule
le
t
u
b
i
r
slits/mm.
t
s !  Safe
Safety
ty
i
d
r Learningtip ● Thelase
Thelaserused
rusedsshouldbe
houldbeIIEC
o
n ● Makesurethatthe
Makesurethatthellaserhitsthewall
aserhitsthewallaatrightangles.
trightangles. Class1orClass2.
o
i
t
a
l
u ● Thelase
Thelasersho
rshould
uldbese
besetup,
tup,
c
r Results (Usethisspacetorecordyourresults.)
Results(Usethisspacetorecordyourresults.)
i
c
clampedandusedsothatthe
e
,
l
a
beamcannotreachtheeyes
s eitherdirectlyorbyreflection
e
r
r romashinysurace.
o
f
t ● Lasers
Laserswit
witha
hahig
higher
her
o
N classificationshouldnotbe
.
n
o
i
t
usedinschool.
e
r
c ● Lasergo
Lasergoggles
gglesar
areo
eono
nouse
use
s
i
d withClass1or2becausethe
r
e beamcannotbeseenwhen
h
s
i
l
b
theyareworn.
u
p
t
a
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o
o
r
p
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U
 25

COREPRACTICAL6:
COREPRACTICALXX: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
DETERMINETHEW
DETERMINETHEWAVELENGTH
X AVELENGTHOFLIGHTFROMALASER
OFLIGHTFROMALASEROROTHERLIGHTSOURCE
OROTHERLIGHTSOURCE
2.3.52
USINGADIFFRACTIONGRATING

Results(continued)
8
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
e
,
l
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
r
e
h Analysisofresults
s
i
l
b 1 Sincetheangleisnotsmall,youwillneedtocalculate
Sincetheangleisnotsmall,youwillneedtocalculate θ romyourmeasurementso s and D .Calculateamean θ
u
p
t
a
valueoreachorder.
e
g
n
a
h
c
o
t
t
c
e
j
b
u
s
t
n
e
t
n
o
c
l
l
a
,
f
o 2 Calculateameanvalueorthewav
Calculateameanvalue orthewavelengthot
elengthothelaserlight
helaserlightand
andcomparethisva
comparethisvaluewiththe
luewiththeacceptedwave
acceptedwavelength
length
o
r
p orastandardschoolredlaser
orastandardschoolredlaser(( 635nm).
635nm).
d
e
t
c
e
r
r
o
c
n
U
 26

COREPRACTICALXX:
COREPRACTICAL6: SPECIFICATION
REFERENCE
X
DETERMINETHEW
DETERMINETHEWAVELENGTH
AVELENGTHOFLIGHTFROMALASER
OFLIGHTFROMALASEROROTHERLIGHTSOURCE
OROTHERLIGHTSOURCE
2.3.52
USINGADIFFRACTIONGRATING

Questions
8 1 Statetheadvantagesousinglaserlightinthisexperiment.
1
0
2
n
o
s
r
a
e
P
©
.
t
r
a
p
n
i
r
o
e
l
o
h
w
n
i
n
o
i
t
u
b
i
r
t
s
i
d
r
o
n 2 Explainwhyametreruleissuitableormeasuringthedistanceinthisexperiment.
o
i
t
a
l
u
c
r
i
c
e
,
l
a
s
e
r
r
o
f
t
o
N
.
n
o
i
t
e
r
c
s
i
d
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