• Animal husbandry

• Animal husbandry is the practice of rearing or culturing the animals for the commercial
purpose by employing artificial means with scientific technique.
• Poultry farming
• Poultry farming is the practice of raising poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks etc. for
the commercial purpose.
• It is the commercial rearing of domestic birds (chickens, ducks, turkeys) for the production of
meat and eggs for food.
• It solve the problems of unemployment and underemployment.
• It requires less capital investment but ensures quick returns so it is a good source of returns.
• Methods of rearing of young hens (methods of poultry farming).
• i). Free range or Extensive system :-
• It is a technique, where chickens are let free during day and imprisoned during the night.
• ii) Semi intensive system :-
• In this system, chickens are kept free in a small fenced area for pasturing during the day time
but imprisoned during the night. It is common in villages.
• iii) Intensive system:
• In this system, the chickens are confined to a room due to lack of area or security. It may be
of two types.
• A. Battery (cage) system :– A single chicken is kept in a separate cage.
• B. Deep litter system :– A group of chickens are reared in a common house.
• Iv. Folding unit system :- in this system chickens are confined to one small enclosed space
and the position is changed every day.
• Importance of poultry farming
• It generates employment opportunities and is a good source of income.
• Egg and meat is a good source of protein.
• Poultry dropping is very good manure (fertilizers) as it is rich in N, P and K.
• Soft feathers are best for making sleeping bags, winter jacket etc.
• Chickens are good converters of waste grains and other products in to
valuable animal protein.
• Define Pullets
• They are young hens especially one, which is less than one year old.
• Define Brooding
• It is the process of providing warmth to the newly hatched chicken till they
need artificial heat.
• Generally ,the chickens are kept in brooders for 4-8 weeks and are fed with
artificial feed.
• Several economical breeds have been developed from the jungle fowl,
(Gallus gallus).
• White leg-horns for egg laying and broilers for fast growth are quite popular
breeds of chickens reared in Nepal.
• Rhode island Red and white Plymouth Rocks (Broilers) are important breeds
in Nepal.
• System of farming
• Poultry farming includes
• 1. Incubation :- it is a process of development of the chick
embryo inside the egg.
• 2. Brooding :- it is a process of taking care of hatched
brooders.
• 3. Rearing :- the growing pullets required for rearing must be
healthy looking. Sexing is the technique of determining the
sex of pullets.
• 4. Management = A poultry pen (place where the chickens
are house ) always should be in a ventilated, comfortable and
dry sunny place.
• The cage where they are kept are called coops.
• 5. Feed.
• Diseases.
• 1. Newcastle disease = Ranikhet.
• 2. Avian influenza = Avian virus (H5N1).
• Fish Farming ( Pisciculture)
• Fish farming is the commercial rearing of fish in the ponds for human
consumption or commercial purpose.
• Fish farming offers a great opportunity for self employment and income
generation among poor people.
• The aquatic ecosystem of Nepal offer excellent habitats for fish farming.
• Types of fish farming
• 1. Extensive fish farming:
• It is a fish farming conducted in medium to large sized ponds or water
bodies.
• 2. Integrated fish farming:
• When other beneficial animals are also cultured with fish farming it is called
integrated fish farming.
• 3. Monoculture
• When fish of similar species are cultured in a pond.
• 4. Poly-culture
• When fish of different types are kept together in the same pond.
• Surface feeder fish- Silver carp, Grass carp and Catla.
• Column feeder fish- Big head carp, Labeo rohita.
• Bottom feeder fish- Common carp, Nainy, labeo calabasu.
• Indigenous fish
• The fish that are available locally are called indigenous fish. Eg:Rohu (Labeo
rohita) , Nainy(Cirrhinus mrigala), Bhakur (Catla catla )
• Exotic fish
• The fish that are exported from foreign locality are called exotic fish.
• Eg: Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ) Grass crap( Ctenopharyngodon idella)
and Silver carp ( Hypopthalmichthys molitrix)
• Importance of fish farming
• Good source of income i.e. highly profitable business.
• It has good market value.
• It provides proteins, fats, minerals like iodine , phosphorus etc, and vitamins
A, B and D.
• Fish meat is highly nutritious diet or food.
• It also provides several useful by products as fish oil (Omega-3 oil), fish glue
and fish manure etc.
• Fish oil and vitamins are valuable product.
• Fish skin is used for the manufacture of shoes, handbags.
• Types of fish ponds
• 1. Segregation pond (brood pond) :-
• It is a small size ponds made in order to keep the
mature male and female fish separately for egg
production. They are separated for 2-3 month.
• 2. Breeding or spawning pond :-
• These are small, special ponds having central pit
and continuous water flow where fish becomes
excited and breed.
• 3. Hatching pond :-
• The fertilized eggs from breeding pond are collected
and transferred to hatching ponds where they hatch
within 24-48 hours. In this pond regular flow of
water is maintained.
• 4. Nursery ponds :-
• These are medium sized ponds where the fries (baby
fish) are fed with supplementary food and reared for 3-
4 weeks.
• When the fry reach the size of 2-2.5 cm, they are called
fingerlings.
• 5. Rearing ponds :-
• These are the ponds where the fingerlings are reared
for 3-4 months.
• 6. Stocking ponds :-
• These are large and perennial ponds with abundance
food where the fish are reared until they are ready for
marketing.
• When the fish are ready for marketing, they are called
table fish.