EEE314-Circuit Theory 1

Steady state & Transient State analysis

Steady state analysis is the process of evaluating the power system under normal or balanced
operating conditions. This means that the system is stable, the loads are constant, and the
voltages and currents are sinusoidal. Steady state analysis is useful for determining the power
flow, the voltage profile, the losses, the efficiency, and the reliability of the system. Steady state
analysis can be done using various techniques, such as nodal analysis, mesh analysis, or matrix
methods.

Transient analysis is the process of evaluating the power system under abnormal or unbalanced
operating conditions. This means that the system is subject to disturbances, such as faults,
switching, load changes, or lightning strikes. Transient analysis is useful for studying the
dynamic response, the stability, the protection, and the quality of the system. Transient analysis
can be done using various techniques, such as differential equations, Laplace transforms, or
numerical methods.

Laplace & Fourier Transforms

Laplace Transform is a strong mathematical tool to solve the complex circuit problems. It
converts the time domain circuit to the frequency domain for easy analysis. The frequency
domain is represented by ‘s’ or ‘jω’.
It is used in the conversion of differential equations into algebraic equations, hence providing a
powerful technique for analyzing linear time-invariant systems such as electrical circuits.

To solve the circuit using Laplace Transform, we follow the following steps:
1. Write the differential equation of the given circuit.
2. Take the Laplace transform of the equation written.
3. Analysis of the s-domain equations.

The Fourier transform is an amazing powerful tool for analyzing the behavior of different
kinds of circuits, as it allows us to see how the circuit responds at different frequencies. This is
useful for different kind of tasks, such as:

 Analyzing the response of a circuit to arbitrary input signals

 Identifying the resonant frequencies of a circuit
 Designing filters to remove unwanted frequency components from a signal
 Understanding the stability of a circuit
Transient analysis of RLC circuits
A series RLC circuit contains a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a capacitor (C) connected in
series. Resonance in a series RLC circuit occurs when the reactive effects of the inductor and
capacitor cancel each other out, resulting in a purely resistive circuit. At resonance, the circuit
exhibits some interesting properties, such as a maximum current and a minimum impedance.

Understanding the phenomenon of resonance in a series RLC circuit is essential in designing and
analyzing many electronic devices and systems.

Electrical impedance, measure of the total opposition that a circuit or a part of a circuit presents
to electric current which is created due to inductance and capacitance. Impedance includes
both resistance and reactance.

Transfer functions

The Transfer Function of a circuit is defined as the ratio of the output signal to the input signal in
the frequency domain, and it applies only to linear time-invariant systems. It is a key descriptor
of a circuit, and for a complex circuit the overall transfer function can be relatively easily
determined from the transfer functions of its sub-circuits. Transfer functions are typically
denoted with H(s).

The transfer function tells you how the output signal responds to the input signal in terms of
magnitude and phase.

An LTI System (linear time invariant system) is a mathematical model used to describe the
behavior of systems that can be represented as linear equations and do not change over time. LTI
system is important in fields such as control theory, signal processing, and communications. The
behavior of an LTI system can be analyzed using techniques such as convolution and Fourier
analysis, which allow us to understand how the system responds to different types of inputs.

Concepts of reliability

Reliability “the probability that an item will perform its intended function without failure for a
specified time period under specified conditions.” A reliable electrical system is one that works
as designed without fail, and it does so with ideally 100% reliability.

Main Factors of Reliability

 Electrical system reliability is a function of three basic factors:
 Design and installation, including protective device coordination and selective zones of
protection
 Proper preventive maintenance
 Proper system operations