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Structural Design of an Enhanced Intersection Pedestrian Underpass

Introduction

Flooding is one of the major problems that is commonly experienced by

the underpasses in the Philippines. Due to drainage system issues, poor
facilitation, and lack of maintenance, the pedestrians continue to suffer and the
number of traffic-pedestrian related accidents continue to rise. Therefore, the
researchers propose this study by providing a new model for the underpass that
is functional and more accessible for all pedestrians including PWDs, and has an
improved drainage system.
These are the substantial readings that reflect the important theories on
the proposability, components, and structures of a functional community
underpass.
Disadvantages of Traditional Underpasses
Underpasses are one of the common road projects in the Philippines. It
has a purpose of giving pedestrians a chance to continue their journey without
thinking about the possible accidents in crossing the road, and waiting for the
green light to cross. Underpasses work to move people from one side of a
pedestrian obstruction to the other, but a number of issues keep these kinds of
essential connections from reaching their full potential. (“Manila City Hall
Underpass,” 2017)
Underpasses in the Philippines like Lagusnilad were once known as a
potential place for crime activities. It has a lot of vendors that contribute to the
mess, clutter and noise pollution in the area. It also has serious lightning problems
that creates an unwelcoming and unsafe atmosphere–especially for women at
night. (Metro Manila in the New Normal: A Call for Access and Mobility, n.d.).
Aside from these problems, common underpasses in the Philippines had
experienced its major problem, which was flooding. In 2013, The century-old
Lagusnilad was always turning into a dull lagoon during the rainy season.
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Because of the rain, the underpass was filled with water that was enough to fill a
3 olympic swimming pool. Three primary causes of the flooding on Lagusnilad,
according to the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), are the
area's inadequate drainage system, Manila Bay's high tide, and the adjacent golf
course's "water pumping" activities which is the Intramuros Golf course (Calleja,
2013). Another underpass that faced this problem is the Mambaling Underpass
in the south district of Cebu. In October 2021, water from the streets and
mountains spilled over the Mambaling underpass. According to the DPWH officer,
the 639-million project was constructed incorrectly because it has no drainage
system that was supposed to hold the water. Because of the following situation,
this incident caused a traffic jam on Natalio Bacalso Avenue. In the end, the
DPWH admitted their mistake and agreed that the Mambaling underpass was
such a failure from the start. (“Mambaling Underpass Project ‘a Failure from the
Start.’ DPWH Largely to Blame but Oversight Is Also City’s, Congressman’s Job,”
2021)
In order to give pedestrians a safe way to cross roads without running into
traffic, underpasses were built. Nevertheless, they encounter difficulties that
jeopardize their intended goal. A number of problems impair their efficacy and
user safety, including drainage issues, severe lighting issues, security issues, and
inadequate safety.
Characteristics of an Underpass for Pedestrian Safety and Traffic
Alleviation
Underpasses are usually built with the use of various materials including
concrete, stone, wood, and steel materials (Yumrutaş & Sarısoy, 2021). A
structure of a common underpass has an attribute of being useful and
advantageous for pedestrians due to its practicality and ability to provide safety
for individuals and facilitate effective traffic flow amidst roadways. Aside from
having a less land occupation, it uses space that ensures traffic safety, reduces
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delays in the traffic flow at the intersection, sustains transportation efficiency, and
improves traffic capacity.
However, due to poor structure and management of the facility,
underpasses become inconvenient from time to time. Poor facilitation and
maintenance of underpasses can result in it being disadvantageous to
pedestrians (Anciaes & Jones, 2020). Because of this, traffic-pedestrian related
accidents continue to rise, year by year. Plenty of drivers and pedestrians struggle
around the globe due to this issue (Javid et al., 2021). Pedestrians are mostly the
ones who suffer from traffic-related accidents (Haghighi et al., 2021). The
common concerns of a typical underpass are; sustainable and enough lighting,
well-designed facilities, and proper sanitation. The crossing facilities needed to
be adequately maintained, which meant the facilities should be frequently
cleaned. Drainage systems should also be considered as during rainy seasons,
they frequently get clogged and thus cause flooding (Javid et al., 2021).
Advantages and Enhancements
Besides improving traffic flow, underpasses also reduce conflict and
accidents among pedestrians and vehicles by separating them from each other.
Moreover, underpasses are more accessible for people with mobility issues or
disabilities since the stairs are not that elevated compared to overpasses.
Underpasses are significantly less expensive when built as part of a construction
or reconstruction project and generally offer gentler grade adjustments than
overpasses. Underpasses could also reduce noise pollution since they are built
below the ground. It is also more aesthetically pleasing than the overpass, which
obscures the view of the sky while also concealing our primary source of light, the
sun. (Building pedestrian overpasses and underpasses, n.d.).
Intersections have been recognized as one of the most complex traffic
situations that cars, pedestrians, and other road users face every day.
Intersection crashes are one of the most common type of crash problem, this is
due to numerous factors, such as improper or lack of road signals, reckless
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driving and complicated intersection layout. The crossing and turning at the
intersection create potential for traffic and accidents. The definition in itself
emphasizes the inherent danger of an intersection, describing an area where road
users may come into conflict.
By means of this, the researchers envisioned building an underpass at an
intersection, with the purpose of redesigning the common underpasses that
already exist and reducing traffic and accidents among road users at an
intersection. The researchers will restructure the typical underpass that is usually
one-way into an intersecting way considering the intersection road.
Synthesis
Underpasses are useful for pedestrians as it provides a safer way for
individuals and helps provide an effective traffic flow within an intersection and
roadways. Underpasses are more accessible for the people with disabilities to
crossroads, since the stairs are not that elevated compared to overpasses.
Besides the benefits of having a pedestrian underpass, structures like these also
come with various disadvantages such as flooding; drainage systems should also
be considered during rainy seasons due to clogging and cause of flooding. Thus,
the researchers aim to provide a complex and more functional type of underpass
that caters to the needs and safety of pedestrians that pass through it by
proposing a unique and enhanced structure that solves the issues of the
traditional underpasses.
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Scientific Hypothesis

An Intersection Pedestrian Underpass is efficient for pedestrian safety and

traffic alleviation.

Explanation:

The hypothesis suggests that an implementation of an intersection

underpass system will create a safe and accessible environment for all
pedestrians, with flood-resistant materials, will elevate its functionality beyond
current standards. It is assumed that the integration of technology and innovative
design will not only cater to the diverse needs of pedestrians, including PWDs,
but also ensure continuous operation during adverse weather conditions. At the
same time, the hypothesis predicts that a technologically advanced and well-
designed intersection underpass will set new standards for functionality, offering
a safer, more accessible, and effectively integrated solution for both pedestrians
and vehicular traffic. The objective of this study aims to assess the transformative
impact of advanced features on the functionality of intersection underpasses in
the Philippines.
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METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design
This study tackles the importance of enhancing the structure of the
traditional underpass to meet the functionality needed by the people who are
going to utilize it. The researchers will use the Experimental Research method to
modify the main fixate of the study that includes the enhanced drainage system
of the underpass to prevent its main problem: flooding. Aside from that, through
this study, the researchers aim to provide a solution for pedestrians that are
having a hard time crossing an intersection. To justify these, the researchers will
use and apply all of the resources, related studies and theories, and articles in
order to conclude an exact outcome for the project.

B. Rationale
The Philippines often struggle with multifaceted challenges, ranging from
traffic congestion to the frequent threat of flooding. With flooding instances
becoming increasingly recurrent, worsened by both natural and human causes,
traditional approaches to urban planning and infrastructure design often fall short.
The difficulties in managing traffic and maintaining public safety are made much
more difficult by the vulnerability of road networks to flooding. These difficulties
have consequences that go beyond mere inconveniences and affect people's
safety, wellbeing, and general quality of life. Furthermore, it is important to handle
not only traffic-related problems but also include measures that guarantee
accessibility for all users, lessen the effects of flooding, and comply with
environmentally friendly development standards.

In the Philippines, natural phenomena like flooding inevitably occur. The

country often experiences flooding due to its geographical location, tropical
climate, and vulnerability to typhoons and rains, which often result in heavy
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rainfall and flash floods. Underpasses are one of the common road projects that
serve the purpose of allowing people to crossroads without thinking about
possible accidents. Additionally, underpasses contribute to the decrease in traffic
congestion. However, common underpasses in the Philippines, like the
Lagusnilad, have experienced the same problem over time, which is flooding. In
2013, during the rainy season, the Lagusnilad often turned into a blue lagoon
because it filled with water due to rainfall. The Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority (MMDA) recognizes three main causes for the Lagusnilad flooding. One
of the main reasons is the area's inadequate drainage system, which significantly
affects the functionality of the underpass. Moreover, Manila Bay's high tide and
the "water pumping" activities at the golf course in Intramuros were also reasons
why the Lagusnilad was called the "blue lagoon." These issues frequently occur
in every underpass that already exists in this country. Engaging in solving these
issues will significantly improve the service of every underpass. Therefore,
researchers are looking for ways to enhance not only traffic-related problems but
also to lessen the effects of flooding, increase accessibility, and improve the
functionality of the underpass.

Therefore, the researchers propose a new model of an underpass which

is an intersection underpass to solve the issues regarding the traffic-pedestrian
related accidents and the flooding in traditional underpasses. By the name of it,
the intersection underpass is an intersecting way located under the intersection
road. It has an improved drainage system to prevent flooding, modified staircase,
well-lit walkways, and a ramp for PWDs for it to be accessible to all pedestrians.
This will be beneficial to the society specifically to the pedestrians and drivers.
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C. Initial Structure
I. Pedestrian Underpass

Illustration by Tolentino et al. (2024)

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II. Sewage System for the Pedestrian Underpass

D. Target Product
The research aims to develop an enhanced intersection pedestrian
underpass. As the traditional crossing and even common underpasses include
various issues, the researchers of this study intend to propose an enhanced
underpass structure that caters to the main problems experienced by people
which is flooding and accidents through pedestrian crossing especially during
traffic and rush hours, this separation improves traffic flow by reducing accidents
between vehicles and pedestrians at crossings. This structure focuses on a more
effective drainage system by elevating the passage of the underpass as well as
fixing the installation of the drainage. To prevent accidents, the proposed
structure imitates an intersection hence, it is not only a one-way passage. The
researchers also make sure to project inclusivity by installing a different type of
stairway to accommodate PWDs who are mostly having a hard time climbing up
and down the stairs.
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E. Materials
I. Actual Materials
• Steel - A hard, strong, gray or bluish-gray alloy of iron with carbon along
with other elements; widely used as a construction material. The steel will
serve as the support for the foundation and be used to withstand strong
weather.
• PVC Pipe - It is a tube that is used in order to maintain the flow of liquids.
The tube will be used as a passageway of water for the drainage.
• Paint - A liquid that is colored variously used on surfaces in order to
decorate it. The paint will be used to add colors in order for the underpass
to look appealing.
• Cement - It is a mix of finely crushed powders where if water is added, it
turns into a material that turns hard after a period of time to bind materials
together. The cement will be used to set and adhere the materials together.
• Stone flooring - Natural stone flooring is a type of tile made right from
stone blocks. Natural stone includes marble, granite, travertine, limestone,
and sandstone. Stone flooring is highly durable. It can withstand spills and
heavy traffic, making it excellent for hallways.
• Bulb - Is a transparent glass or container that uses a wire filament
enclosed or filled with inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. The
filament inside emits light and glow when heated with the application of
electricity.
• Window - An opening in a building's wall or roof that is fitted with glass or
another transparent material in a frame to admit light and view outside.
• Window Glass - A sheet glass made in shapes suitable for windows.
• Bench - A long seat for several people, typically made of wood or stone.
• Excavation Equipment - A go-to machines for bigger projects that involve
digging large trenches, moving heavy objects, as well as snow and forestry
removal.
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II. Prototype Materials

• Pencil - It is an instrument that is used to write or draw. The pencil will be
used to place markings for any measurements that need to be taken.
• Ruler - It is an instrument used to measure objects or create straight lines.
The ruler will be used to measure and add markings to the prototype using
the pencil.
• Sintra Board - It is a board that is made from PVC which is lightweight but
also firm. The Sintra board will be used as the base of the prototype.
• Illustration Board - A type of thick board that’s made by fixing textured
absorbent paper on a rigid backing like cardboard or poster board. It will
be used as the staircase and ramp.
• Thin Plastic Tube – It is lightweight and versatile, used commonly as flow
lines for fluids and gases in pneumatic, hydraulic, process, medical and
many other applications. It will imitate a PVC Pipe for the drainage.
• Paint - A liquid that is colored variously used on surfaces in order to
decorate it. The paint will be used to add colors in order for the underpass
to look appealing.
• Glue Gun - Electric tool used for melting and applying sticks of adhesive.
To stick the materials together.
• Glue Stick - It is used in a hand-held glue gun.
• Cutter - A hand tool that is used to cut or shape the materials.
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F. Procedures

1. Organize Building Supplies. This process includes taking an adequate

inventory, organizing for timely shipment from suppliers, ensuring that
storage and accessibility are calculated, aligning with worksite layout
considerations, giving safety measures the top priority, and regularly
auditing the project when adjusting.
2. Road Excavation and Grade Preparation. Evaluate the soil carrying
capacity for both the intersection and underpass sites by conducting a
thorough geotechnical assessment. Plan the foundation needs for both
structures using the findings, taking drainage effects into account. Ensure
that the road sections at the intersection are properly graded to facilitate
efficient water discharge, and incorporate drainage slopes where
necessary. Provide appropriate drainage integration, traction and launch
ditches must be excavated, a reinforced concrete traction wall must be
formed, and precast box culverts must be successively tracted into an
inverse U shape.
3. Pedestrian Underpass Traction and Construction. For structural
stability and adherence with the intersection, bridging beams and supports
are built along both sides of the U-shape structure. Concurrently, an
extensive drainage system will be installed in the underpass to efficiently
control water runoff; the system's intricate layout avoids accumulation and
possible drainage-related structural problems.
4. Intersection Construction. The constructed pedestrian underpass acts
as the framework for the intersection construction, which also includes the
development of a pier foundation and formwork, and the placement of
heated concrete mix to ensure effective drainage and structural strength.
Parallel concrete placing, finishing, and jointing processes create a smooth
integration between the underpass and the intersection, resulting in a
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cohesive infrastructure that is prepared for traffic opening and finalization.

(7-8 Months)
5. Finalization. Place dowels, tie bars, and box outs as needed in the
intersection and underpass areas and simultaneously complete the
concrete placement, ensuring proper drainage slopes. In the intersections
and underpass areas, evenly texture the pavement, utilize curing
techniques, and join the pavement. Complete the road surface, install
epoxy glue in the groove joints to provide waterproofing, and make sure
the underpass drainage system is operating properly. The intersections
and pedestrian pathways have been surfaced finished. To guarantee
accessibility, textured ramps that meet PWD standards have been
installed. After a suitable curing period, the integrated pedestrian
underpass is ready for traffic, providing a secure and well-textured highway
with a strong drainage infrastructure.
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G. Duration of the Research Experiment

Must
Time Objectives Specific Limiting Target Significan
Duratio and Goals Procedures Constraint Location ce
n to be to be Done s
Attained
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s including
people
with
disabilities.
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system for ramp, encompas

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H. Description of Set – ups

Preparation Stage

The preparation stage involves researchers' observations, examinations,

and analysis of flood-related issues affecting underpass pedestrians in the
Philippines. It includes studying civil engineering principles to guide the
researchers for planning of design, materials and cost, construction, and
structural considerations for the underpass pedestrian infrastructure focused at
addressing traffic congestion and flood-related challenges.
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Construction Stage

This stage will involve all the construction steps for building the Enhanced
Intersection Pedestrian Underpass. It will start with gathering all the materials
needed for constructing the Enhanced Intersection Pedestrian Underpass. This
will provide a method for constructing underpass without being subject to the
traffic vibration on the road surface so that the construction work can be
conducted safely, and working time is greatly reduced. This will also highlight the
structure construction of an Enhanced Intersection Pedestrian Underpass.

Finalizing Stage

In the finalizing stage, involves making all the final touches of the
underpass and final checking of the structure to ensure its resiliency and the
successfulness of the drainage system. A vital aspect is inclusivity, which is
achieved by integrating ramps and other features that make it easier for everyone
to access, including people with disabilities. Furthermore, the finalization stage
also includes final inspections that include the waterproofing, ensuring that the
underpasses are safe and functional even in adverse conditions. Therefore, the
pedestrian underpass will provide a harmonious blend of safety, efficiency, and
accessibility to the people.
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DATA ANALYSIS

A. Discussion of the Variables

This scientific proposal describes the importance of functionality,

operationality, and the structure as the main variables. It focuses on finding out a
structural design that is functional and operational to all pedestrians including
people with disabilities. Functional and operational in terms of its drainage system
activity that prevents flooding and its user-friendly design such as proper signage
inside the intersection underpass. On top of that, inclusivity is considered in terms
of the overall structure, providing features like ramps that cater to people with
disabilities, elderly, and pregnant women.

B. Discussion of the Criteria

The researchers formulated three criteria with a significant margin to help
evaluate the overall condition of the enhanced Intersection Underpass when put
to the test.

TABLE 1
CRITERIA FOR THE FUNCTIONALITY OF ENHANCED INTERSECTION
UNDERPASS

Rating Remarks
5 Highly Functional
4 Practically Functional
3 Moderately Functional
2 Rarely Functional
1 Not Functional

Table 1 describes the criteria for the functionality of enhanced intersection underpass
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The functionality of the enhanced intersection underpass covers the traffic

separation and the drainage system activity. The researchers will evaluate the
underpass drainage's ability to fulfill its functions, including separating the traffic
flow, improving the overall safety of pedestrians, managing stormwater, and
preventing flooding during heavy rainfall.

TABLE 2
CRITERIA FOR THE OPERATIONABILITY OF ENHANCED INTERSECTION
UNDERPASS

Rating Remarks
5 Always Operational
4 Frequently Operational
3 Sometimes Operational
2 Seldom Operational
1 Not Operational

Table 2 describes the criteria for operationability of enhanced intersection underpass

The operationability of the project is observed in terms of the underpass's

efficient traffic management, and user-friendly design. Accordingly, its
operationability is examined by observing its user-friendly aspect for both drivers
and pedestrians, and observing the advantages of adding proper signage to guide
users through the structure safely.
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TABLE 3
CRITERIA FOR THE STRUCTURABILITY OF ENHANCED INTERSECTION
UNDERPASS
Rating Remarks
5 Highly Structurable
4 Practically Structurable
3 Moderately Structurable
2 Rarely Structurable
1 Not Structurable

Table 3 describes the criteria for the structurability of enhanced intersection underpass

The researchers will evaluate the underpass’s structural design, and

accessibility. It helps to check the selection of materials without forgetting the
underpass aesthetic and accessibility, ensuring that the design complies with
accessibility standards, and provides features that accommodate individuals of
older age, pregnant people, and disabled people.

C. Relevance of the Criteria in Research

The criteria will act as the foundation in order to determine the condition of
the enhanced intersection underpass. The variables will help in determining the
potential of the underpass. This will highly benefit the researchers as it will help
in creating an underpass taking into consideration of its functionality,
operationability, and structurability. With the guidance of these variables, the
researchers will be able to evaluate the structure of the underpass which will help
in constructing and conducting the underpass successfully and effectively.
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D. Restatement of the Scientific Hypothesis

With a thorough study and enough necessary references that have been
gathered and carefully analyzed for this research to support the concept of
innovating underpasses, the researchers have come up with a scientific
hypothesis that predicts the visualized outcome of this project.

• Structural Design of an Enhanced Intersection Pedestrian Underpass is

essential and accessible in terms of reducing vehicular traffic and road accidents,
inclusivity with pedestrians with disabilities, and ensuring a high-quality
underpass that resists the major problems of the traditional underpasses
including flooding.

E. Statistical Analysis
The researchers state a 95% level of confidence with a 5% margin of error
in this proposal. The aforementioned standards provide a framework for
assessing the pedestrian underpass's efficacy. Researchers can objectively
evaluate the project's progress and identify areas for improvement by establishing
specific standards and performance indications. Furthermore, this research
follows to a systematic approach to scientific investigation and will be evaluated
according to a number of standards. Certain procedures will be utilized for
acquiring results.
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

Based on the scientific process of the research proposal, the researchers

asserted conclusive ideas such as:

1. Underpasses for pedestrians are essential for efficient traffic control.

2. A drainage system is a productive way to deal with flooding.
3. Pedestrian underpasses are a successful approach to inclusivity.
4. Intersection driving hazards will be decreased with a four-way pedestrian
underpass.
5. Pedestrian underpasses enhance cities' livability and accessibility to
promote economic growth and communal well-being.

B. Recommendation

Based on the scientific principles outlined in the research proposals, the

researchers offered the following recommendations for the future development of
this study's concept:

1. The underpass's adaptability to numerous settings and locations.

2. Utilizing eco-friendly products to enhance and improve the drainage
system.
3. Enhance the underpass designs for pedestrians.
4. Improve elements like handrails, ramps, and sufficient lighting.
5. Invest resources on training and capacity building initiatives.
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Calleja, N. P. (2013, August 23). How do you solve a problem like flooding on
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