ME 2201-Lecture 4 (Mechanical Properties of Material)

ME 2201: Mechanics of Materials
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Lecture notes on
Mechanical Properties of Materials
Fall 2020 semester
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 1
Tension test-specimen configuration
• One of the most common tests of material is the tension test.
• In the usual tension test, the cross section of the specimen is
round, square or rectangular.
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan (AUST) L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 2
Tension test: Specimen
• The fillets are used to reduce the stress concentration caused

by the abrupt change in section
• The deformation or change in length of the specimen is
measured for a specified distance known as the gauge length
• The tension specimen is placed in a testing machine known as
universal tensile testing machine
UTM-components
• The tension specimen is placed in a
testing machine known as universal
tensile testing machine
• Strain can be measured either by
sensors built into the testing machine
or by separate gauges attached
directly to the specimen.
• Until about 1930, the most common
type of external gauge was
extensometer, a mechanical device
that is clamped to the specimen and
that operates using a mechanical or
optical lever system.
• Today, most common type of gauge is
electrical resistance strain gauge.
UTM-operation procedure
• Loads are gradually applied to the specimen, and simultaneous
readings of the load and deformation are taken at specified
intervals.
• Values of stress are found by dividing the load by the gauge

cross-sectional area and the corresponding value of strain by
dividing the deformation by the gauge length.
• The value obtained can be plotted in a stress-strain curve.
• The shape of the curve will depend on the kind of material

tested.
• Note that the temperature, environment and the speed at which

the test is performed also affect the results
Stress-Strain curve of various material
Low carbon steel, A ductile material A brittle material

a ductile material (aluminum alloy) (cast iron or
with yield point which does not concrete) in
have a yield point compression
Material properties Obtained from tensile test
The following material properties can be determined by tensile
testing
 Strength
 Ductility
 Elasticity
 Stiffness
 Modulus of toughness
 Modulus of resilience
Stress-Strain curve: mild steel
Stress-strain curve: alloys
Adopted from B J Goodno & J M Gere, 1.3, 9e

Proportional limit
• In the stress stain diagram the limit up to which stress is
proportional to strain is called proportional limit.
• For low carbon steel, this limit is in the range 210 to 350 MPa,
but high strength steel can have proportional limits of more
than 550 MPa.
Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of elasticity or Young’s modulus is a measure of material stiffness
(given by the slope of the stress-strain curve).
• Modulus of elasticity is determined by the binding forces between atoms

(structure insensitive property)
• Can not change E, but can improve by forming composites
• Only slightly affected by alloying addition, heat treatment or cold work
 The slope of the straight line

from O to A is called the
modulus of elasticity
 Has unit same as stress
∆𝜎
𝐸= , 𝜎 < 𝜎𝑃𝐿
∆𝜀

Yield point
• At B the specimen begins
yielding, that is, smaller
and smaller increments of
load are required to
produce a given
increment of elongation.
The stress at C is called
the upper yield point,
𝜎𝑌𝑃 𝐿 , while the stress at
D is called the lower yield
point, 𝜎𝑌𝑃 𝐿 .
• The upper yield point has little importance, so the lower yield
point is usually referred to simply as the yield point, 𝜎𝑌𝑃 . From
D to E the specimen continues to elongate without any
increase in stress
Yield point: Offset method
 For materials such as
aluminum the off-set
method is often used to
assign a value for the yield
stress by drawing a line
parallel to the elastic curve
at an offset of 0.002
(0.2%). The point of
intersection is then the
yield stress
Strain hardening
• When yielding has ended, an increase in load can be supported by
the specimen resulting in a curve that rises continuously but
becomes flatter until it reaches a maximum stress. During stain
hardening, the material undergoes changes in its crystalline
structure, resulting in increased resistance of the material to further
deformation
Necking
Void formation mechanism:
Particle de-bonding
Void formation mechanism: Particle cracking

(a) (b) (c)
Adopted from MS
Bhuiyan et al, Mater Sci
Eng A
50 mm
e=1.25% e=4.64% e=8.40%
Breaking strength
• The stress at which the specimen breaks away is called the breaking
strength.
• Point G is the breaking strength or fracture strength.
Ultimate tensile strength
• The maximum tensile stress that a material is capable of developing
during a test.
• Point F, is the ultimate tensile strength.
Ductility
 Ductility: is the degree of plastic deformation that a material
can withstand before fracture. A material that experiences very
little or no plastic deformation upon fracture is termed brittle.
 In general, measurements of ductility are of interest in three
ways:
 To indicate the extent to which a metal can be deformed without
fracture in metalworking operations such as rolling and extrusion.
 To indicate to the designer, in a general way, the ability of the
metal to flow plastically before fracture.
 To serve as an indicator of changes in impurity level or
processing conditions. Ductility measurements may be specified
to assess material quality even though no direct relationship
exists between the ductility measurement and performance in
service.
 Ductility can be expressed either in terms of percent elongation or
percent reduction in area (%RA).
• Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan (AUST) L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 18
Percent elongation
• Percent elongation: A measure of deformation at the point of
final fracture. Determined by:
𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑖
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 100
𝐿𝑖
where, Li is the initial length and Lf is the final length
Generally, the percent elongation

is obtained after the test by fitting
the two halves of the specimen
together and measuring the
change in length between two
existing punch marks.
Adopted from internet
Percent reduction in area
• The difference between the original cross section and the cross
section area at the neck (when rupture takes place) divided by the
original area and multiplied by 100 is termed as the percentage
reduction in area.
𝐴𝑖 − 𝐴𝑓
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
𝐴𝑖
where, 𝐴𝑖 is the original cross sectional area, 𝐴𝑓 is the cross section
area at the neck
Modulus of Resilience
• Resilience is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is
deformed elastically and then upon unloading, to have this energy
recovered.
• The associated property is the modulus of resilience, which is the
strain energy per unit volume required to stress a material from an
unloading state up to the point of yielding.
• Computationally
𝜀𝑦
𝑈𝑟 = න 𝜎𝑑𝜀
0
Assuming a linear elastic region, we have
1
𝑈𝑟 = 𝜎𝑦 𝜀𝑦
2
𝜎𝑦
Since 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀, hence 𝜀𝑦 =
𝐸
2
1 𝜎𝑦
𝑈𝑟 =
2𝐸
Resilient materials are those having high
Adopted from B J Goodno & J M Gere, 1.3, 9e yield strength and low moduli of elasticity
Toughness
• Toughness is a mechanical term that may be used in several
contexts.
• Toughness (more specifically fracture toughness) is a property

that is indicative of a material’s resistance to fracture when a
crack (or other stress-concentrating defect) is present.
Because it is nearly impossible to manufacture materials with
zero defects, fracture toughness is a major consideration for
all structures materials
Toughness
• Another way of defining toughness is as the ability of a material to
absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing. For dynamic
(high strain rate) loading conditions and when a notch (or a point of
stress concentration) is present, notch toughness is assessed by
using an impact test.
Toughness is calculated by evaluating the
area under the stress-strain curve. It is
denoted by UT
𝜖𝑓
𝑈𝑇 = න 𝜎 × 𝑑𝜖
0
where 𝜖𝑓 is the strain at fracture
Simply it may be calculated from 𝑈𝑇 =
𝜎𝑢 𝜖𝑓
Where, 𝜎𝑢 is the ultimate strength
Another method to determine Modulus of

𝜎𝑢 ×𝜎𝑦
Toughness is 𝑈𝑇 = 2 𝜖𝑓
Where 𝜎𝑦 is the yield strength
Hooke’s law
The stress-strain diagrams for most engineering materials exhibit a linear relationship
between stress and strain within elastic region. Consequently an increase in stress
causes a proportionate increase in strain. This fact was discovered by Robert Hooke
in 1676 and is known as Hooke’s law.
Mathematically,
𝜎 = 𝐸𝜀
𝐸 represents the constant of proportionality, which is called the modulus of elasticity or
Young’s modulus.
Poisson’s ratio
• A material loaded in one direction will undergo strains perpendicular to the
direction of the load as well as parallel to it. In other words,
• If a solid body is subjected to an axial tension, it contracts in the lateral directions
• If a solid is compressed, it expands in the lateral directions
• If the material is homogeneous and isotropic, then the relationship between lateral
and longitudinal strains caused by axial force remain constant
• This constant is a property of the material.
• The ratio of lateral or transverse strain to the longitudinal or axial strain for a
uniaxial state of stress is called Poission’s ratio.
Mathematically
𝜀𝑙𝑎𝑡 𝜀𝑡
𝑣=− =−
𝜀𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝜀𝑎
Example problem-1
At an axial load of 22 kN, a 45 mm wide15 mm thick polyimide polymer bar
elongates 3.0 mm while the bar width contracts 0.25 mm. The bar is 200 mm
long. At the 22 kN load, the stress in the polymer bar is less than its
proportional limit. Determine:
(i) The modulus of elasticity
(ii) Poisson’s ratio
(iii) The change in the bar thickness
Example problem-2
A 6 mm thick rectangular alloy bar is subjected to a tensile load P by pins at A
and B as shown in Figure below. The width of the bar is w=30 mm. Strain
gages bonded to the specimen measure the following strains in the
longitudinal (x) and transverse (y) directions: 𝜀𝑥 = 900 𝜇𝜀, 𝜀𝑦 = −275 𝜇𝜀
Determine:
(i) The Poisson’s ratio for this specimen
(ii) If the measured strains were produced by an axial load of P=19 kN, what
is the modulus of elasticity for this specimen?
Next lecture
• Axial load
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 28

ME 2201-Lecture 4 (Mechanical Properties of Material)

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ME 2201: Mechanics of Materials

Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Fall 2020 semester

• The fillets are used to reduce the stress concentration caused

• Values of stress are found by dividing the load by the gauge

• The value obtained can be plotted in a stress-strain curve.

• The shape of the curve will depend on the kind of material

• Note that the temperature, environment and the speed at which

Low carbon steel, A ductile material A brittle material

Adopted from B J Goodno & J M Gere, 1.3, 9e

• Modulus of elasticity is determined by the binding forces between atoms

 The slope of the straight line

Adopted from B J Goodno & J M Gere, 1.3, 9e

Adopted from B J Goodno & J M Gere, 1.3, 9e

Void formation mechanism: Particle cracking

• Point F, is the ultimate tensile strength.

Generally, the percent elongation

Adopted from internet

Adopted from internet

• Toughness (more specifically fracture toughness) is a property

Another method to determine Modulus of

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