1.ME 2201-Lecture 2 (Normal Stress, Shear Stress, Bearing Stress)

ME 2201: Mechanics of Materials
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology
Lectures on Mechanics of Materials

(Force and Normal stress)
Fall 2020 semester
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 1
Force
Force is a push or pull acting upon an

object as a result of its interaction with
another object.
But in Physics, it is a quantity that may

change the state of motion of an object.
Unit: Newton. 1 N=1 kg.m/s2
Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan (AUST) L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 2
What can FORCE do?
A force can make an object move
A force can make a moving object

stop
A force can change the

direction of a moving object
Force vs Load
Force Load
1 Force is related to motioned object Load is related to static object
2 Force is physical quantity which Load is also a physical or engineering

changes rest object to motioned and quantity which causes object to deform
motioned to the rest
3 Force act in any of the direction Load act only in the downward direction
4 Force is applied by the object Load is applied on or rest on the object
5 Force= Mass  Acceleration Load= Mass  gravitational acceleration

𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑔.
Load and Types of load
The force acting on a body is termed as load.
Classification:
A. On the basis of its nature
(i) Dead load: loads that are permanent and remain in place
throughout the life of structure. For example, self weight of
structure
(ii) Live load: loads that are not permanent and are movable
throughout the life of structure. For example, human
beings, furniture.
(iii) Wind load: loads applied by wind pressure on a structure
(iv) Snow load: loads applied by accommodation of snow
over the structure
(v) Seismic load: loads which causes during an earthquake.
B. On the basis of its fixidity:
(i) Static load: loads that remain nearly constant with time.
For example, Dead load, floor load.
(ii) Dynamic load: loads that vary with time. For example, live
load.
C. On the basis of its area of application:
(i) Point load: loads that are applied on a small contact area
or at a point on a member.
(ii) Distributed load: loads are distribution equally or
unequally over a particular surface length or area of a
member. Distributed load are of two types:
a. Uniformly distributed load
b. Uniformly varying load
Uniformly varying load are of two types
i. Triangular load
ii. Trapezoidal load
D. On the basis of nature of application:
(i) Axial load: loads passes through the centroid of a section
and is perpendicular to the plane of section
(ii) Transverse load:
(iii) Torsional load:
(iv) Eccentric load: loads does not pass through the centroid
of a section and is perpendicular to the plane of section
Axially loaded members
• Structural components subjected only to tension or
compression are known as axially loaded members.
• Solid bars with straight longitudinal axes are the most common,
although cables and coil springs also carry axial loads
• Connecting rod in engines, spokes in bicycles, columns in
buildings, struts in aircraft engine mounts.
Normal stress under Axial loading
• Stress is the intensity of force.
• A body must be able to withstand the intensity of an internal force, if not, the
body may rupture or deform excessively.
• Stress (force intensity) is force divided by the area over which the force is
distributed.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = or 𝜎 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
• Normal stress act in directions perpendicular to the surface of the material
Normal stress under Axial loading-Unit
𝑵
𝑵
𝒎𝒎𝟐
𝒄𝒎𝟐
𝑵
𝒎𝟐
Unit: N/m2 or Pascal (Pa).

• This is a very small unit, almost the stress due to placing an apple on an
area of 1 m2.
• It is preferable to express stress units of MN/m2 or MPa.
• 1MN/m2=1MPa=1106 N/m2=1N/mm2
• 1GPa=1000 MPa=1000N/m2=1kN/mm2
Normal stress under Axial loading
• When the bar is stretched by the forces 𝐹, the stresses are called tensile
stresses
• If the forces are reversed in direction, causing the bar to compressed, then
the stresses are called compressive stresses.
Limitations
• The equation 𝜎 = 𝑃Τ𝐴 is valid only if the stress is uniformly distributed over
the cross section of the bar.
• This condition is realized if the axial force acts through the centroid of the
cross-sectional area.
• When the load does not act at the centroid, bending of the bar will result,
and a more complicated analysis is necessary
Pressure VS Stress
Pressure VS Stress
Stress Pressure
The internal resistive force to the The amount of force applied per unit area
deformation per unit area
Due stress, the pressure will not be Due to pressure, stress will developed
developed
Stress may be tensile, compressive or shear Pressure is always compressive
Stress can be at any angle and in at any Pressure is always normal (perpendicular to
direction the surface
Magnitude of stress at a point in all Magnitude of pressure at a point in all

directions may be equal or unequal directions remain same (hydrostatic
pressure)
Stress can not be measured directly using Pressure can be measured using measuring
any device device like pressure gauge, manometer,
barometer etc
Procedure for stress analysis
In general, the stress analysis of an axially loaded member of a structure
involves the following steps:
Equilibrium analysis
 If necessary, find the external reactions using a free-body diagram (FBD)
of the entire structure
 Compute the axial force 𝑃 in the member using the method of sections. This
method introduces an imaginary cutting plane that isolates a segment of the
structure. The cutting plane must include the cross section of the member of
interest. The axial force acting in the member can then be found from the
FBD of the isolated segment because it now appears as an external force
on the FBD.
Computation of stress
 After the axial force has been found by equilibrium analysis, the average
𝑃
normal stress in the member can be obtained from 𝜎 =
𝐴
𝑃
 In slender bars, 𝜎 = is the normal stress
𝐴
Procedure for stress analysis
Design considerations:
 For purposes of design, the computed stress must be compared with the
allowable stress, also called the working stress.
 To prevent failure of the member, the computed stress must be less than the
allowable stress
Example problem-1
A homogeneous 800 kg bar AB is supported at either end by a cable as shown in Fig.
below. Calculate the smallest area of each cable if the stress is not to exceed 90 MPa in
bronze and 120 MPa in steel
L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 18

Example problem-2
Determine the average normal stress developed in the links 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 of the
smooth two-tine grapple that supports the log having a mass of 3 Mg. The
cross-sectional area of each link is 400 mm2.
Example problem-3
A hollow steel tube with an inside diameter of 100 mm must carry a tensile load
of 400 kN. Determine the outside diameter of the tube if the stress is limited to
120 MN/m2
Shearing stress
• Loads applied to a structure or a machine are generally
transmitted to individual members through connections, that
uses rivets, bolts, pins, nails, or welds.
• One of the most significant stresses induced is a shear stress
• Shear stress acts on a surface that is parallel to the internal

force
Shearing stress
Shearing stress definition
Shearing stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces
acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body
tends to shear off the section, then the stress induced is called shear stress.
Normal stress: stress normal to the surface

Shearing stress: stress tangent/parallel to
the surface
Shearing stress
Normal stress Shear stress
(Think push/Pull) (Think
Friction on
surface)
Element Element
Deformation
Deformation
due to
due to shear
normal stress
stress
Shearing stress
Bolt joint: single shear
𝑉 𝑃
𝜏= =
𝐴 𝐴
𝑉=𝑃
Bolt joint: double shear

𝑉 𝑃ൗ2 𝑃
𝜏= = =
𝐴 𝐴 2𝐴
𝑃
𝑉=
2
Example problem-4
What force is required to punch a 20-mm diameter hole in a plate that is 25
mm thick? The shear strength is 350 MN/m2.
Example problem-4
Chain member (1) and (2) are connected by a shackle and pin. If the axial
force in the chains is P= 28 KN and the allowable shear stress in the pin is
90 Mpa, determine the minimum acceptable diameter D for the pin
Example problem-5
A punch for making holes in steel plates is shown in Figure below. Assume
that a punch having diameter d=20 mm is used to punch a hole in an 8 mm
plate, as shown in the cross-sectional view.
If a force P=110 kN is required to create the hole, what is the average shear
stress in the plate and the average compressive stress in the punch?
Bearing stress
• The stresses developed when two elastic bodies are forced together are
termed as bearing stress.
Mathematically
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏
where 𝐴𝑏 is the area of contact between the two components
• They are localized on the surface of the material and may be very high
due to the small areas in contact.
• Bearing stress is :
• Compressive in nature
• Perpendicular to the surface
• Occurs between two surfaces
• If the bearing stress is large enough, it can locally crush the material,
which in turn can lead to more serious problems.
• To reduce bearing stresses, engineers sometimes employ bearing plates
to distribute the contact forces over a larger area.
Bearing stress-in a rivet joint
A rivet in a lap joint Bearing stress Projected area

(not constant)
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏
In this case, the projected area 𝐴𝑏 is 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑡𝑑
𝑡 is thickness of the plate
𝑑 is diameter of the rivet
Bearing stress between the head of the bolt and the top plate
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏
𝜋
In this case, the projected area 𝐴𝑏 is 𝐴𝑏 = (𝑑02 − 𝑑𝑖2 )
4
where 𝑑0 is thickness of the plate
𝑑𝑖 is diameter of the rivet
Bearing stress on surfaces of contact
Bearing stress also develop on surfaces of contact where the
shanks of bolts and pins are pressed against the sides of the
hole through which they pass.
𝑃
𝜎𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏
In this case, the projected area 𝐴𝑏 is 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑑𝑡 is thickness of the plate
where 𝑑 is diameter of the bolts
𝑡 projected area
Example problem-6
The shaft as shown in Figure below is subjected to the axial force of 40 kN.
Determine the average bearing stress acting on the collar C and the normal
stress in the shaft.
Example problem-7
The 𝑑=15 mm diameter solid rod passes through a 𝐷=20 mm diameter hole in the
support plate. When the load 𝑃 is applied to the rod, the rod head rests on the support
plate. The support plate has a thickness of 𝑏 = 12 mm. The rod head has a diameter
of 𝑎 = 30 mm and the head has a thickness of 𝑡 = 10 mm. If the normal stress
produced in the rod by load 𝑃 is 225 MPa, determine:
(i) The bearing stress acting between the support plate and the rod head
(ii) The average shear stress produced in the rod head
(iii) The punching shear stress produced in the support plate by the rod head.
Example problem-8
The bell crank is in equilibrium for the forces acting in rods (1) and (2). The
bell crank is supported by a 10 mm diameter pin at 𝐵 that acts in single shear.
The thickness of the bell crank is 5 mm. Assume a=65 mm, b=150 mm, 𝐹1 1 =
1100 𝑁 and 𝜃=500. Determine the following:
(i) The shearing stress in pin 𝐵
(ii) The bearing stress in the bell crank at 𝐵
Allowable stress, factor of safety
 The allowable stress is the maximum stress that is considered safe for a
material to support under certain loading conditions.
 Also known as working or design stress.
 Only a fraction of the ultimate stress capacity of the member is used when
the allowable load is applied. The remaining portion of the load-carrying
capacity of the member is kept in reserved to assure its safe performance.
 The ratio of the ultimate stress to the allowable stress is used to define the
factor of safety.
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 𝐹. 𝑆 =
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
 In terms of load,
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 = 𝐹. 𝑆 =
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials

Example problem-9
The lever is attached to the shaft 𝐴 using a key that has a width d and length of
25 mm. if the shaft is fixed and a vertical force of 200 N is applied
perpendicular to the handle, determine the dimension d if the allowable shear
stress for the key is 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 35 MPa

Example problem-10
The joint is fastened together using two bolts. Determine the required diameter
of the bolts if the failure shear stress for the bolts is 𝜏𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙 =350 MPa. Use a factor
of safety for shear of F.S=2.5

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1.ME 2201-Lecture 2 (Normal Stress, Shear Stress, Bearing Stress)

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ME 2201: Mechanics of Materials

Dr. Md. Shahnewaz Bhuiyan

Lectures on Mechanics of Materials

Fall 2020 semester

Force is a push or pull acting upon an

But in Physics, it is a quantity that may

Unit: Newton. 1 N=1 kg.m/s2

A force can make a moving object

A force can change the

2 Force is physical quantity which Load is also a physical or engineering

4 Force is applied by the object Load is applied on or rest on the object

5 Force= Mass  Acceleration Load= Mass  gravitational acceleration

• Normal stress act in directions perpendicular to the surface of the material

Unit: N/m2 or Pascal (Pa).

Stress may be tensile, compressive or shear Pressure is always compressive

Magnitude of stress at a point in all Magnitude of pressure at a point in all

L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials 18

• One of the most significant stresses induced is a shear stress

• Shear stress acts on a surface that is parallel to the internal

Normal stress: stress normal to the surface

Bolt joint: double shear

A rivet in a lap joint Bearing stress Projected area

 Also known as working or design stress.

L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials

L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials

L-3, T-1, Dept. MPE, Program :ME ME 2201 Mechanics of Materials

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