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The Numerical Side of Chemistry
155
453.6 g 1 mL
2.44 1.50 lb * * = 59.7 mL
1 lb 11.4 g
You can bake nine cakes (it’s not possible to bake a partial cake).
2.46 Your time conversion is easy enough—hours to minutes—but going from meters squared to feet
squared knowing only the conversion factors given in the chapter means several multiplications plus
squaring the factors:
m2 1h 100 cm 2 1 in. 2 1 ft 2
250.0 * * a b * a b * a b = 44.85 ft2 >min
h 60 min 1m 2.54 cm 12 in.
The answer has four significant digits because 2.54 cm in the centimeter–inch conversion factor is an
exact number.
2.47 See solution in textbook.
2.48 See solution in textbook.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2.49 See solution in textbook.
The temperature change is 60.0 °C - 22.0 °C = 38.0 °C. Now get the specific heat of ethanol from
Table 2.5 of the textbook and use the heat equation:
J 1 kJ
2.43 * 39.3 g * 38.0 °C * = 3.63 kJ
g °C 1000 J
1000 J
2.53 3.63 kJ * = 3630 J
1 kJ
1 Cal
3.63 kJ * = 0.868 Cal
4.184 kJ
1 cal 1000 J
3.63 kJ * = = 868 cal
4.184 J 1 kJ
This is the calorie count for only 0.1000 g of the candy. Because the problem asks for big-C Calories
per gram of candy, you have one more step:
1.35 * 10 4 cal 1 Cal
* = 1.35 * 10 2 Cal>g candy
0.100 g candy 1000 cal
2.55 The 3 in “3 ft in a yard” is an exact number and therefore is really 3.0000… , with an unlimited
number of significant figures. The 3 in “a certain piece of wood is 3 ft long” comes from a
measurement and therefore has some uncertainty associated with it.
2.56 Jack’s answer will be an exact number as there are exactly100 pennies in 1 dollar and one cannot
have a partial penny coin. Jill’s answer will be a result of a measurement using such devices as
measuring cylinders of various volumes.
2.57 You should choose the accurate result because a precise value that is not accurate is useless. An
average of accurate results that were not precise usually gets you closer to the true value. On the
other hand, an average of inaccurate but precise results may be far off the true value. 1 in. above
the average height measured accurately will be safer than 1 in. above the average height measured
precisely, but inaccurately.
2.58 The measurements are precise but inaccurate. The average of the three measurements is 2.5 miles,
far from the true value of 1.8 miles, and hence, the measurement is inaccurate. On the other hand, the
range between the largest and smallest measurements is only 0.1 mile, which is only a small fraction
of the true distance, meaning that the measurements were performed precisely.
2.87 The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales can have negative temperature values. The Kelvin scale cannot
because the zero point on the Kelvin scale is absolute zero. There is no colder temperature possible
than absolute zero, 0 K.
2.95 Density is the amount of mass in a given volume of a material. It is called a derived unit because it is
a combination of one SI base unit, mass, and one SI derived unit, volume.
2.96 From Table 2.4, you know that the density of water at 25 °C is 0.997 g> mL. Therefore,
g
1000.0 mL * 0.997 = 997 g
mL
2.97 From Table 2.4, you know that the density of mercury at 25 °C is 13.6 g> mL. Therefore,
1000 mL g 4
2.0 L * * 13.6 = 27,200 g = 2.7 * 10 g
1L mL
2.98 The volume of the stick is 10.0 cm * 10.0 cm * 10.0 cm = 1.00 * 10 3 cm3 = 1.00 * 103 mL.
Therefore:
0.9 g
1.00 * 103 mL * = 9 * 102 g
mL
2.99 First determine your own mass using a bathroom scale. One possible way would be then to enter the
tub and fill the tub all the way to the top with water, making sure you are completely immersed. Next,
1 mL 1L 0.264 gallon
2.106 1.000 * 10 3 cm3 * * * = 0.264 gallon
1 cm3 1000 mL 1L
2.107 Note that since 1.00 cm = 10.0 mm, 9.56 * 10 2 mm = 95.6 cm. Therefore:
Volume = 10.2 cm * 43.7 cm * 95.6 cm = 4.26 * 10 4 cm3 = 4.26 * 104 mL.
1L
4.26 * 104 mL * = 42.6 L
1000 mL
2.108 The mass in grams is
1000 g
2.43 * 102 kg * = 2.43 * 10 5g
1 kg
2.109 (a) The length of the edge = 100.0 cm + 1.40 cm = 101.4 cm. You must report the answer to the
tenths place because a sum cannot be more certain than the least certain measurement, which in
this case is the 100.0 cm.
(b) Volume = 1101.4 cm23 = 1.043 * 10 6 cm3 = 1.043 * 10 6 mL
111 kg 1000 g
(c) Density = 6
* = 0.106 g>mL
1.043 * 10 ml 1 kg
2.110 The volume in cubic inches is 6.00 in. * 7.00 in. * 8.00 in. = 336 in3. Because the given conver-
sion factor is for inches, you must cube it:
336 inches3 * a
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
2.54 cm 3 1 mL 1
b *
1 inch 1 cm3 L= 5.51 L
*
1000
mL
2.112 In an equation, the two sides are equal to each other and must remain equal in order not to change
the meaning of the equation. For the sides to remain equal, whatever is done to one side must also be
done to the other. In this case, both sides must be multiplied by the same amount.
2.113 To solve for x means to get x alone on one side of the equals sign—in other words, to isolate x. For
y = z>x , a good first step is to get x out of the denominator and onto the left side, accomplished by
multiplying both sides by x:
z
x * y = * x 1 xy = z
x
1 Cal
(c) 1.000 J * = 0.2390 Cal
4.184 J
4.184 kJ 1000 J
(d) 50.0 Cal * * = 2.09 * 10 5 J
1 Cal 1 kJ
2.121 The specific heat for any substance is the amount of heat energy necessary to increase the tempera-
ture of 1 g of the substance by 1 °C.
2.122 The specific heats are 0.901 J>g # °C for aluminum and 0.449 J>g # °C for iron.
0.449 J
Heat1iron2 = * 100.0 g * 75.0 °C = 3.37 * 10 3 J
g # °C
0.901 J
Heat1aluminum2 = * 100.0 g * 75.0 °C = 6.76 * 10 3 J
g # °C
The block of aluminum needs 6.76 * 103 J - 3.37 * 10 3 J = 3.39 * 103 J = 3.39 kJ more heat
than the block of iron.
2.123 Use specific heat of water of 4.184 J>g # °C from Table 2.5:
1000 mL 1.00 g 4.184 J
2.00 L * * * * 18.0 °C = 1.51 * 10 5 J
1L mL g # °C
(1)1* Temperatur
Water mass Specific e increase
heat of water
1 kJ
1.51 * 105 J * = 151 * 102 kJ
1000 J
1 Cal
1.51 * 102 kJ * = 36.0 Cal
4.184 kJ
Alternatively, you could use the specific heat of water of 1.000 cal>g # °C from Table 2.5:
1000 mL 1.00 g 1.000 cal
2.00 L * * * * 18.0 °C = 3.60 * 10 4 cal
1L mL g#°C (1)1*
(++++++)++++++* Temperatur
Water mass Specific e increase
heat of water
1 Cal
3.60 * 104 cal * = 36.0 Cal
1000 cal
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
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cleaned. The larger of the two is called Birket el-Hajj—“Pool of the
Pilgrimage.” The Hajj road to Mecca once passed by way of
Suweida, and from this reservoir the pilgrims drank. Mohammed
Said Pasha, when chief of the pilgrimage, changed the route, finding
the way by the western side of the plain less liable to annoyance by
the robber Arabs. Such reservoirs, more or less preserved and
protected by guards against other use, stand at intervals all along
the great Hajj road to Mecca.
What Suweida was in the far past no one can tell; the very name of
the ancient city seems irrevocably lost. But, judging from the
magnitude of the ruins, it must have played no unimportant part in
the history of the country. An ancient local tradition asserts that Job
was the first emîr or prince of Suweida. It is to this day what we may
call the capital of Jebel ed-Druze, the sheikh being, as we have
seen, not merely chief of the town, but also lieutenant-governor of
the district under the Turks. The appointment of one of themselves
as kaim makâm represents one side of the Turkish policy in its
endeavour to gain the mastery over these free-spirited and warlike
people. The man chosen in this instance was one whose name, if
any, would carry weight with his nation. But even the son of the
famous Ismaʿîl el-ʿAtrash could hardly render himself acceptable to
the Druzes in the ungracious task of tax-collecting—the chief
function of the Turkish official. The other side of the policy has long
been familiar to the world, the method of setting rival factions and
races against each other, fomenting their quarrels, fanning their
animosities, until they are so weakened by mutual conflict that
Turkey can step in without much trouble and lay an iron hand on all.
Of this more anon. There have been stirring times since our visit.
We took a straight line across country for ʿIry, a village crowning a
low hill some two hours’ distant from Suweida. The land is open and
diversified, hill and valley in pleasant succession relieving the
monotony of the plain. The soil is rich, and in this part the Druzes
use it well. Their skill in evading the iniquitous exactions of the
Government doubtless accounts partly for their industry. No one
cares to do his best to raise crops of which he knows he will be
systematically robbed; but the Druzes generally display a
commendable diligence compared with most other inhabitants of
Syria. Jebel ed-Druze, with its neat gardens and trim vineyards
creeping over the slopes, more closely resembles Mount Lebanon
than any other district in the country. With the advantages conferred
by the arrangements made for the government of the Lebanon after
the fearful scenes of 1860, of which recent corrupt governors have
been unable wholly to deprive the inhabitants, such progress has
been made in education, agriculture, and generally in the arts of
civilisation, in spite of the wild and sterile character of much of their
country, as to inspire hope for the rest of Syria when the time comes,
as surely it soon must now, to deliver her from the oppressions of the
Turk. A little over half-way, a large building to the right of our path,
with the Turkish flag floating over it, would have served as a
reminder had we been disposed to forget that we were not beyond
the reach of His Imperial Majesty’s arms.
Arrived at ʿIry, we took up our position on the bank of a little stream,
which was full to the brim with cool water. Fruit trees grew profusely
around, and lent us grateful shade. Forming a circle on the grass, we
discussed the contents of our luncheon-bags with all the relish of a
picnic-party. We had not rested long when a messenger arrived from
the sheikh, bearing his salutations, together with a load of substantial
viands. The chief was engaged with a company of brother sheikhs
from various districts in Haurân, and could not come himself; but
having seen the strangers seating themselves in the grove, he
sought to maintain the tradition of Eastern hospitality by sending to
us of the best—milk, leban, cheese, bread, honey, and, above all,
delicious fresh butter, the first we had seen in our travels. How
delightfully refreshing these were that hot noontide, with rustling
leaves overhead and rippling water at our feet, it is needless to say.
When we rode up to express our obligations to the worthy sheikh, he
and his companions received us with great cordiality. He also is a
son of the celebrated Ismaʾîl el-ʿAtrash, brother of the lieutenant-
governor of Suweida. The younger, he is also much the larger man
of the two. His frame is well built and in good proportion. When
dressed in his state robes of barbaric splendour, and girt with his
golden-hilted sword, he appeared quite a king among men. The
assembled sheyûkh had gathered from all the district between ʿIry
and Salkhad—the fortress on the mountain, marking the most
easterly boundary of Israel’s possession—and they formed a
company of chiefs such as it is a piece of rare good fortune for any
traveller to see. The doctor produced his camera, in which all were
immediately interested. After most of them had peeped into it, and, to
their great amusement, had seen their fellows upside down, they
were in the best of humour, and anxious to have their portraits taken.
This, of course, was what the doctor wanted; and the result was one
of the finest plates in his possession, presenting a striking group of
men, not one commonplace in appearance.