Friction is a force that opposes an objects motion resulting in slowing down or even stopping the moving

objects.

The theory of gravity was proposed by Sir Isaac Newton in 1687 in his book, Principia Mathematica.

Gravity puts all things on earth and the universe in order. Gravity helps keep the planets orbiting around the
sun and moons revolving around the planets.

Energy is everywhere and it can do a lot of things. Energy is invisible. But, how can we tell when energy is
there? If you see children running on the streets and a light from a lampshade, hear a sound from the radio,
or feel the heat of the sun, you can sure that the energy is in action.

All living and non-living things need energy. It warms up our planet enough to make life possible. It enables
people to do household chores or work in school. It illuminates every home, operates appliances and move
cars.

In physics, energy is described as the ability to do work or make changes in certain conditions. Energy can be
classified in two types: kinetic and potential energy. Potential energy is energy stored in an objects at rest
while Kinetic is an energy in motion.

Forms of Energy

Form of Energy Characteristics Examples

Mechanical Energy (ME) It is the sum of energy in motion
and stored motion by an object.
All moving objects possesses
mechanical energy.
Electrical Energy (EE) It is the energy possessed by
moving electrons that lights the
bulb, works appliances.
Chemical Energy It is an energy stored in bonds of
chemical compounds, like atoms
and molecules.
Heat Energy It is an energy in transit/transfer
from one body to another.
Thermal Energy It is an energy due to the
movement of molecules.
Sound Energy It is an energy produced by
vibrating objects.
Radiant or Light Energy It is a form of electromagnetic
radiation produced by hot objects
that can be seen by human eye.
windmills, falling water, dancing,
playing doing exercises, and
moving cars.
electric circuit, lightning,
transmission lines, turned on
appliances
batteries, food, fuel, match stick,
fireworks, medicine
The spoon becomes hot when
put in hot soup
sun, hot stove
radio, television, cellphones,
music instrument
Sun, lighted bulb, candle, laser,
fire, flashlight

Kinds of Simple Machines

1. Inclined Plane
- a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with one end higher than the other
 - it is used in raising and lowering load
- it lessens the effort exerted over a distance
- the lesser the angle of the inclined plane, the longer the distance and the lesser the effort needed
Examples:
Wheel chair ramp, stairway, the road, slide, car ramp

2. Wedge
- it is a double inclined plane that is sharpened to an end
- it can be used to cut, lift and hold and object
- used in separating objects like cutting
- lift up an object
- hold up an object in place
- the thinner the wedge is the lesser effort is needed to cut objects
Example:
Cutter, knife, axe, chisel, razor blade, blade, pins and needles, nails, wooden wedge, zipper

3. Screw
- it is another modified incline plane used to wrap a cylinder
- it is use to secure an object in place by spinning or twisting the srew
Examples:
Bolt nut, screw, jar’s mouth, faucet connector, bulb base and socket

4. Wheel and Axle

- the assembly formed by two discs of different diameter mouthed so that they can rotate together
around the same axis
- to move the load of the axle, the user needs to apply effort to the larger outer wheel
Examples:
Ferris wheel, wheelchair, skateboard, bicycle

5. Pulley
-it is a modified wheel and axle used to lift loads, apply forces, transmit power

Kinds of Pulley
1. Fixed Pulley
- It is hung, making the pulley and the wheel stationary position

2. Movable Pulley
- the entire wheel and axle of the pulley travels along the rope

3. Block and Tackle

- it is a combination of fixed and movable pulley. The fixed pulley pulls the movable pulley
- this combines the direction-changing ability of the fixed pulley and the force-multiplying ability
of the movable pulley

6. Lever
- it is composed of a straight or bent rigid bar that is free to turn in apart known as fulcrum
- it is a simple machines that you can easily find anywhere
Resistance (R) or Load
- a force that is being lifted by the effort.
Effort(E)
- a force lifts the resistance
Fulcrum(F)
- the fixed movable point where the rigid bar moves