UNIT 1.

DYNAMIC
ELECTRICITY
Science Grade 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 DYNAMIC ELECTRICITY
(Listrik Dinamis)

02 ELECTRIC CURRENT
(Arus Listrik)

03 VOLTAGE
Tegangan/Beda Potensial Listrik)

04 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
(Rangkaian Listrik)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

05 KIRCHHOFF’S 1ST LAW

(Hukum I Kirchhoff)

06 SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY
(Sumber Listrik)

07 ELECTRIC POWER
(Daya Listrik)

ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
08 IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
(Kelistrikan dalam Sistem Saraf)
 01
DINAMIC
ELECTRICITY
(Listrik Dinamis)
 ”The flow of electric charges
through a conductor”

— Definition of Dynamic Electricity

William Gilbert

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vHTajrS030&ab_channel=Zenius

Who invented electricity?

 02
ELECTRIC
CURRENT
(Arus Listrik)
 ELECTRIC CURRENT
❑ “The number of charges that flow past a given point in an
electrical circuit every second.”

❑ The symbol for current is I.

❑ The unit for current is the ampere or amp (A).

❑ 1A = 1C/s

𝑸
I=
𝒕

Where :
I = electric current (Ampere, A)
Q = charge (Coulomb, C)
t = time (second, s)
 AMMETER
❑ “A device for measuring the current intensity”

❑ It acts as an instrument that counts the number of

charges that flow past a given point in a circuit in one
second.

❑ 1 mA = 0.001 A

• Ammeters must be placed

in the path that the charge
will take.
• “Holding hands” with the
circuit (series).
 EXAMPLE
1. An electric charge of 30 coulombs flows through a wire in a half minute.
Calculate the current!
Solution:
Given : Q = 30 C
t = 0.5 minute = 30 seconds
Asked : I = ... ?
𝑸 30 𝐶
Answer : I = = =1A
𝒕 30 𝑠

.
 EXAMPLE
2. The manual for a Honda Civic indicates its headlight needs 15 Ampere.
What is the charge needed in one minute of use?
Solution:
Given : I = 15 A
t = 1 minute = 60 seconds
Asked : Q = ... ?
𝑸
Answer : I =
𝒕

Q=I×t
Q = 15 × 60
Q = 900 C
.
 EXERCISE
1. If a wire has 360 coulombs of charge passing through it in one and a half
minutes, how much current has passed through the wire?
2. Calculate the amount of charge that would flow in one hour through the
element of an electric iron drawing a current of 0.5 amps.
 03
VOLTAGE/
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
(Tegangan/Beda Potensial Listrik)
 VOLTAGE
● “The amount of energy transferred between two points in an electrical circuit.”
● Voltage as know as potential difference
● The greater the potential difference, the more energy transferred between two
points.
● The unit of measurement is the volt (V)
● 1V = 1J/C
*The amount of energy transferred per coulomb of charge.

Voltage Formula
W
𝑾
V= V Q
𝑸
Where :
V = voltage (volt, V)
W= energy (Joule, J)
Q = charge (Coulomb, C)
 OHM’S LAW
Ohm's Law states that “The current flowing in a circuit
is directly proportional to the applied potential
difference and inversely proportional to the
resistance.”

Georg Simon Ohm

 VOLTMETER
❑ A device to measure voltage/potential difference.

❑ An instrument for measuring the energy each of the

charges transfers to a circuit element.

• Voltmeters must be
placed at the points where
the circuit enters or exits
an element (light bulb,
resistor, etc.)

• Hugging the circuit

(parallel)
 Placing an Ammeter and Voltmeter

placed in parallel

placed in series
 EXAMPLE
1. What potential difference is required to do 100 Joules of work to carry a
charge of 10 Coulombs between two points?
Solution:
Given : Q = 10 C
W = 100 J
Asked : V = ... ?
𝑾 100 𝐽
Answer :V = = = 10 Volts
𝑸 10 𝐶

.
 EXAMPLE
2. A 25 ohms resistor in a circuit has a current of 250 Amps through it. What
is the potential difference across the resistor?
Solution:
Given : R = 25 Ω
I = 250 A
Asked : V = ... ?
Answer : V=I×R
V = 250 × 25
V = 6250 Volts
.
 EXERCISE

1. What potential difference is required to do 750 joules of work to carry

a charge of 50 coulombs between two points?
2. What is the current produced by a voltage of 240 volts through a
resistance of 0.2 ohms?
3. What voltage is necessary to produce a current of 200 amperes
through a resistance of 100 Ω?
 04
ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
(Rangkaian Listrik)
 Electrical
Circuit
“path for transmitting electric current.”
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
 Types of Electrical Circuit

SERIES CIRCUITS PARALLEL CIRCUITS

Elements are connected end This type of circuit contains
to end. There is only one at least 1 branch. There are
loop of wires. more than one loop of wires.
REMEMBER!
Characteristics of Series Circuits
● If one component is defective, the entire circuit stops working
● The energy used by the resistors adds up with each new resistor in the
circuit.
● The current stays the same everywhere.
● The voltage is shared among the loads.
● Formula:
Characteristics of Parallel Circuits
● If an element of the circuit is defective, the elements in the other
branches can still function.
● The effect of each resistor is shared among the pathways.
● You cannot add up the resistance to get the total.
● The current intensity is shared among the different resistors.
● Each load gets the same amount of voltage from the power supply
● Formula:
Resume
GROUP DISCUSSION
TIME!
THINK ABOUT IT!
What are the advantages and
disadvantages of parallel and
series circuit?
YOUR ANSWER
 The Advantages and Disadvantages
of Series and Parallel Circuits

Type of Circuit Advantages Disadvantages

1. If a bulb or lamp is burnt, other bulbs

1. Series circuits do not overheat easily.
will not light up.
2. Series circuits are easy to install and easy
2. Cells in series do not last long.
to repair and maintain.
3. Each bulb receives the different
3. It requires the use of less of wires and
voltage, resulting in each bulb
Series Circuit switches. It can be cost-effective.
glowing with different brightness.
4. All circuit components are controlled by
4. If more bulbs are added, the
one switch.
resistance in the circuit increases
5. The voltage in the circuit increases if more
causing the electric current that
cells are connected.
flows to decrease.

1. If one of the bulbs is burnt, the other bulbs

continues to shine.
1. Parallel circuits overheat easily.
2. Parallel cells last longer.
2. It’s hard to install and repair.
3. Each bulb receives the same voltage,
3. It requires the use of lot of wires and
Parallel Circuit resulting in each bulb glowing with equal
switches.
brightness.
4. We cannot increase or multiply the
4. It becomes easy to connect or disconnect
voltage in a parallel circuit.
a new element without affecting the
working of other elements
EXAMPLE
 EXAMPLE

𝑽𝒊𝒏 𝟓𝟎
b. Iin = = = 37.5 A
𝑹𝒆𝒒 𝟐𝟎/𝟏𝟓

c. V1=V2=V3= 50 volts
𝑽𝟏 50
c. I1 = = = 25 A
𝑹𝟏 2
𝑽𝟐 50
I2 = = = 10 A
𝑹𝟐 5
𝑽𝟑
I3 = = 10= 5 A
𝑹𝟑

Rtotal (Rtot) in English = Requivalent (Req)

EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
 EXERCISE

Do exercise on your textbook

page 117 number 14-17!
 05
KIRCHHOFF’S 1ST LAW
(Hukum I Kirchhoff)
 EXAMPLE

1. Find the value of I from the circuit in the figure below.

Answer:
ƩIin = ƩIout
0.2 + 0.7 + 0.6 = I + 0.5 + 0.4
1.5 = I + 0.9
1.5-0.9 = I
I = 0.6A
 EXERCISE

1. Find the value of I4 from the circuit in the figure below.

 06
SOURCE OF
ELECTRICITY
(Sumber Listrik)
• Lithium-ion (Li-on) batteries
• Car batteries
• Camera batteries
• (anything rechargeable)
 Examples
Type of Current Source of Current Energy transformation

Voltaic cell/wet cell (elemen volta) Chemical ⟶ electrical energy

Dry cell (elemen kering) Chemical ⟶ electrical energy

DC (Direct Current)
Accumulator / Accu (Aki) Chemical ⟶ electrical energy

Solar cell Light ⟶ electrical energy

Motion (Mechanical) ⟶ electrical

AC (Alternating
Generator energy
Current)
.
Alternative Energy Sources
 07
ELECTRIC
POWER
(Daya Listrik)
 ELECTRIC POWER

• Electric power describes the electric device's ability to supply the circuit with electric
energy.
• It is the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed in an electrical circuit.
• Simply put, it is a measure of how much energy is used in a span of time.

Power Formula
W
𝑾
P= P t
𝒕
Where :
P = Power (watt W) W=Pxt
W= energy (Joule, J)
t = time (second, s)
Joule (J) =watt second (Ws)
EXAMPLE
 COST OF
USING ELECTRICITY
We use kWh (kilo Watt hour) to calculate the cost of using electricity.
1 kWh = 1,000 watts x 3,600 seconds = 3,600,000 watt second = 3,600,000 Joule
EXERCISE
 08
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS
IN THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
(Signal Listrik dalam Sistem Saraf)
 NERVOUS
SYSTEM

https://www.youtube.com/watc
h?si=sAqO6BojVUHYlqw2&v=E_
gPIg0a9lU&feature=youtu.be&a
b_channel=Neuron
 Electrical Signals
In The Nervous System
• The basic building block of the nervous system is
the nerve cell, called a neuron.
• A neuron can transmit an electrical impulse to the
next neuron.
• The network of electrical impulses enables us to
receive information from the physical world and
then send it to our brains, and vice versa. Without
the neuron circuits our bodies would completely
shut down, like turning off the power supply to a
city.
THANKS!
Do you have any
questions?