Operating System with case of unix and Windows

OPERATING SYSTEM~An operating system is the program that initially loaded into the
computer by a boot program.
~ It manages all of other applications in the
computer.
~For applications program ,we can use of operating
system by making requests for services.
~Applications program are defined by application
program interface(API).

USES OF OS:-
~Without operating system every application would need
to include its own user interface(UI).as well as
we need comprehensive codes to handle low level
functionality.
~By comprehensive codes it woild vastly bloat the size
of every application and make software development
impractical.
~ without OS a user can't use application program
because an operating system connects application
program to the computer hardware.
~System software provides a consistant and repeatable
way for applications to intract with hardware.
~The OS can servise almost any number of applications ,This vastly
reduses the amount of time and
coding require to develop and debug an application.
~By OS user can control ,configure and manage the system hardware
through a common and well
understood interface.
*QUEUE--A TECHNIQUE FOR DISTRIBUTING RESOURCES AMONG THE PROCESSES.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:- 1.Batch operating system

2.Multiprogramming system

Batch OS:-Batch operating system also called simple batch system .

~In this OS series of jobs are executed without any
human involvement in Batch processing system.
~In this set of jobs with similiar needs are batched
together and inputed to the computer for
execution.
~It is slower processing than multiprogramming system.
ADVANTAGES:-
1.It manages large repeated works easily.
2.No special hardware and system support required to input data
in batch OS.
3.It can be shared by multiple users.
4.It enables us to manage the efficiently large load of work.

DISADVANTAGES:-
1.Batch OS have poor responsive time,that is because batch system
is designed to maximize
throughput(the total amount of work performed per unit time)
2.Non linear behaviour.
3.Irreversible behaviour.
4.Due to any mistake , it may happen any job can go infinite
loop.
5.Prove to be costly sometimes.

MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM:-

~Multiprogramming OS allows to execute multiple processes by
monitoring their process ststes
and switching in between processes.
~It executes multiple programs to avoid CPU and memory underultilizaton.
~It also called multiprogram task system.
~It is faster in processing than Batch OS.
ADVANTAGES:-
1.CPU never becomes idle.
2.Efficient resources utilization.
3.Response time is shorter.
4.Increased throughput.
DISADVANTAGES:-
1.Long time jobs have to wait long.
2.Tracking all proceses sometimes difficult.
3.CPU scheduling is required .
4.Requires efficient memory management.
5.User intracting not possible during programming execution.
TIME SHARING OPERATING SYSTEM:-
~A time sharing OS enables comcurrent use of the computer by
multiple users.
~In this time sharing OS the computer resources are distributed among the
users for
execution of programs.
~Each users recieves an equitable share of the resources.
~In this OS ,the CPU time is divided into small time intervals called time
slices or quantum.
~This OS uses scheduling algorithms, such as round robin or priority based
scheduling.

MEMORY
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN OS
MAIN MEMORY:-
~Main memory is central to the operation of a modern computer.
~Main memory is the place where the programs and information are kept.
~Main memory is associated with the processor.
~Main memory is also known as RAM.
~ This memory is volatile.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT:-
~In multiprogrammimg computer .The OS is resides in the memory and the rest
memory
is used by multiple processs.
~The task of subdividing the memory among different processes is called
memory management
~Memory management is a method in the OS to manage operarions between main
memory
and disk during processes execution.
WHY MEMORY MANAGEMENT IS REQUIRED?
~Allocate and de-allocate memory before and after processes
execution.
~To keep track of used momory space by processes.
~To minimize fragmentation issues.
~To proper utilization of main memory.
~To maintain data integrity while executing of processes.
LOGICAL ADDRESS:-
~An address generated by CPU.
 ~It is also known as virtual address.
~A logical address can be changed.
~Logical address space can be defined as the size of the
processes.

PHYSICAL ADDRESS:-
~An address seen by the memory unit.
~A physical address is real address.
~A physical address is computed by MMU(memory management unit).
~The physical address always remains constant.

LOADING:-A process load into the main memory is done by a loader.

There are two types of loadings:--

1.DYNAMIC LOADING-The data of process must be in physical memory for the process