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Pseudo 3D seismic using kriging interpolation

To cite this article: F Abdullah et al 2021 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1725 012075

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2nd BASIC 2018 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1725 (2021) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1725/1/012075

Pseudo 3D seismic using kriging interpolation

F Abdullah, E Yulianto, Novrizal and A Riyanto

Geoscience Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMIPA),
Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia

Corresponding author’s email: agus.riyanto@sci.ui.ac.id

Abstract. Seismic method is one of geophysical method that is used to determine subsurface
condition of the earth. There are two types of seismic data, 2D seismic and 3D seismic.
The advantages of using 3D seismic data is it has less uncertainty for imaging the earth
subsurface. However, the cost to acquire 3D data is higher than producing 2D data, thus some
company needs to invest more money to be able to get a better data quality. One of the ways to
have 3D seismic data without having to spend a lot of money is by creating a 3D pseudo seismic
data from 2D seismic data. The purpose of this research is to create a 3D pseudo seismic data by
using a geostatistical method. The geostatistical method that is used in this research is Kriging
interpolation. By the help of Petrel software, kriging interpolation is done to create the 3D
seismic. The pseudo 3D seismic results show a good image such as difference in amplitude, also
structural geology features of subsurface. In conclusion, the use of kriging interpolation in
pseudo 3D seismic still needs more work and development so the results will be good for the
next interpretation steps.

Keywords: Pseudo seismic, geostatistical, kriging, interpolation

1. Introduction
In seismic exploration, there are different kind of seismic data that can be obtained, that is two
dimensional (2D) seismic data and three dimensional (3D) seismic data. A 2D seismic data only have
an x and y directions horizontal component, meanwhile 3D seismic data have x and y horizontal
components, and z vertical component which reflects time. In principle, 3D seismic data has more
advantages over 2D seismic data, which is the 3D seismic data can image the earth subsurface better
and it has higher resolution compare to the 2D seismic data. However, 3D seismic data also has
disadvantage over 2D seismic data, that is the cost to do seismic acquisition for the data is much more
expensive than to do acquisition for 2D seismic data [1].
To minimalize that disadvantage, there is an alternative way to overcome the problem which will be
discussed in this paper, that is pseudo 3D seismic. Pseudo 3D seismic is a process which basically
converting 2D seismic data by interpolating it into a 3D seismic data. Pseudo 3D seismic can be done
by using geostatistical interpolation method.
In this paper, pseudo 3D seismic is done by using a geostatistical method that is kriging interpolation.
The process interpolating 2D seismic data into 3D seismic data is helped by using Petrel software.

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2nd BASIC 2018 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1725 (2021) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1725/1/012075

2. Kriging interpolation
Kriging is one example of that can be used to estimate value that represents a point that is not known
based on the values from other sample points nearby by considering spatial variation as represented in
the variogram.
Kriging is a method that gives the best unbiased linear estimation of point values or of block averages.
There are several types of kriging estimators such as simple kriging, ordinary kriging, and indicator
kriging [1].
Kriging interpolation gives an error and confidence value, this method uses semi variogram that
represents spatial difference and value between all data sample. Semi variogram also shows weight
which is used for interpolation. Semi variogram is measured based on semi variogram sample with
distance h, value Z, and number of data sample N. Semi variogram equation can be written as the
equation 1 [2]:

ே೓
ͳ
ߛሺ݄ሻ ൌ ෍ሺܼ௜ െ ܼ௜ା௛ ሻଶ (1)
ʹܰ௞
௜ୀଵ

At short distance, semi variance value will be small, but with increasing distance the semi variance
will be higher. This shows that variation of Z value has nothing to do with distance of sample point.
There are several types of kriging interpolation, these are simple kriging, ordinary kriging, and universal
kriging [3, 4].
1. Simple kriging, this type assumes that sample data have stationary mean and variance value and
requires to input mean value.
2. Ordinary kriging, this type assumes that sample data have non-stationary mean value and
stationary variance value.
3. Universal kriging, this type is an approach that is used for surface area trend interpolation.

3. Methods
In this paper, the pseudo 3D seismic process is done by the help of Petrel 2009 software. There are 3
steps to do this. The first steps are to create seismic framework from 11 seismic data that is inputted to
Petrel. The purpose of this step is to restrict the top part and bottom part of seismic data that is going to
be interpolated. The second step is to insert seismic property which is the amplitude into the seismic
framework that has been created. The third step is to do structural modelling and property modelling.
Structural modelling is used for creating 3D geology model, this process is divided into several other
steps that is fault modelling, pillar gridding, make horizons, and layering [5].
1. Fault modelling, this process is aims to perfect fault that has been picked to be processed further
to be grid in 3D shapes.
2. Pillar gridding, is a process that is conducted to make 3D grid model framework. In this process
framework skeleton is made and contains top, mid, and base of skeleton grid.
3. Make horizons, this process has the purpose to input horizon that has been picked into the pillar
grid that has been made. In this paper, we made 4 horizons, in which 2 of them are the upper
boundary and the bottom boundary of the pseudo 3D seismic.
Next step is property modelling, the process that is done in this paper are scale up well logs and
petrophysical modelling [6, 7].
1. Scale up well logs, this process is intended to change object resolution or averaging variable
value on the volume with smaller scale.
2. Petrophysical modelling, this process is used for interpolating the 3D section that has been
scaled up by using geostatistical interpolation method, that is kriging.

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2nd BASIC 2018 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1725 (2021) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1725/1/012075

4. Results and discussion

There are eleven 2D seismic data that is used for pseudo 3D seismic in this paper. Figure 1 shown the
first step which is the making of the seismic framework from the data that has been input in Petrel.
The seismic framework is made with z value is 2000. After that we do vertical resampling for all the
data with resolution at 10, that is because the smaller the resolution the seismic image will be more
detail. The seismic property is inputted into the framework by using assign values from seismic cube
menu.
After the seismic property is inputted into the framework, the next step is the structural modelling,
that is fault modelling (figure 2), there are 3 main faults that has been picked before and being modeled
for 3D. The next step can be seen in figure 3. which is the making of horizons with make horizon menu
on the seismic section, there are 4 horizons, 2 of them are acted as the upper and lower boundary.
These horizons help the interpolation follows the geological condition of the research area.

Figure 1. Seismic framework created from eleven seismic data

Figure 2. Fault modelling created based on interpretation of fault in the seismic section

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2nd BASIC 2018 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1725 (2021) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1725/1/012075

Figure 3. Seismic horizons of the area

Figure 4. 3D seismic cube based on kriging interpolation

The last step of making the pseudo 3D seismic is the extrapolation process, which is by using kriging.
The kriging was controlled by the calculated variogram of the seismic amplitudes. The results can be
seen in figure 4, we can see that in west part of the seismic section, it is dominated with high amplitude
contrast, then in the bottom at the center part we can see geological structures like faults. And on the
east part we can see the color is showing low amplitude which probably because of the noises on the
seismic data.

5. Conclusion
Based on the results, we were able to process a 2D seismic data into a pseudo 3D seismic by using
Kriging interpolation, but the result was really depending on the variogram analysis, data coverage and

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2nd BASIC 2018 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1725 (2021) 012075 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1725/1/012075

seismic noise. The result of pseudo seismic shows the west part of the seismic section, it is dominated
with high amplitude contrast, then in the bottom at the center part we can see geological structures like
faults. And on the east part we can see the color is showing low amplitude which probably because of
the noises on the seismic data. The use of Kriging interpolation in pseudo 3D seismic still needs more
enhancement to be able to get a good result for the use in later stage of interpretation. The authors
suggest reducing the seismic noise before the Kriging interpolation.

Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by Universitas Indonesia under research grant PUTI Saintekes with
grant contract number NKB-2385/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2020.

References
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[4] Omre H and Halvorsen K B 1989 Math. Geol. 21 767-86
[5] Al-Baldawi B A 2015 Iraqi J. Sci. 56 1750-62
[6] Gunnarsson N 2011 3D Modeling in Petrel of Geological CO2 Storage Site Master Thesis
(Uppsala University: Department of Earth Sciences, Air, Water and Landscape Science)
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