 Atomic radius tends to decrease with increasing atomic number across a period There is a higher

effective nuclear charge Greater attractive force in the nucleus from the higher number of
protons Atomic radius tends to increase with increasing atomic number within a group, More
energy levels Each subsequent energy level is further from the nucleus than the last

 The electronegativity of an atom depends on the radius of the atom. The atomic radius
decreases and attraction exerted on valence electrons by the nucleus increases from left to right
in a period. Atomic radius increases and attraction exerted on valence electrons by nucleus
decreases from top to bottom. Therefore, electronegativity increases from left to right and
decreases from top to bottom in the periodic table.

The physical properties of the elements, such as melting point, boiling point and density are related
to the atomic radius of the elements. Also, the atomic radius directly affects the ability of an atom to
gain and lose electrons. The atomic radius is practically defined by assuming the shape of the atom
as a sphere. The atomic radius is the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron. But
it is impossible to measure the atomic radius by separating the atoms from each other. Atomic
Radius within a Group Since the number of shells increases in the same group from top to bottom
(by the period number increases), the atomic radius also increases. This means that the electron
cloud around the nucleus becomes larger. The increase in the number of electrons causes them
occupy a new energy level and orbitals. A higher energy level is always further from nucleus. Within
a period, if the number of protons and electrons increases, the nuclear attraction force increases.
This attraction force prevents an enormous increase in atomic radius. Atomic Radius Within a Period
The atomic radius usually decreases from left to righ t in a period. It may be thought that the atomic
radius has to increase because of the increase in the number of electrons in a period (in the same
shell). However, the number of protons also increases by as much as that of electrons. Increasing
the number of protons increases the nuclear attraction force on the electrons. Thus, since the
intensity of nuclear attraction force per one electron increases, the atomic radius decreases from
left to right in a period.

 The changes in the atomic radius of transition elements are not as dramatic as in A group
elements. This is because the d orbitals are filled after filling the s orbitals which are at a higher
energy level (being further from the nucleus). For example, after filling the 4s2 orbital, the 3d
orbitals at a lower energy level are occupied. So, there is no big change in the atomic radii of
consecutive t
 1. Variation of the Ionization Energy within a Group As the atomic radius increases from top to
bottom in a group, the valence electrons become more further away from the nucleus and the
nuclear attraction forces on these electrons decrease. Therefore, as the atomic radius increases,
the amount of energy required to remove an electron decreases. As a result, we can say that
within a group ionization energy of elements decrease from top to bottom. 2. Variation of the
Ionization Energy within a Period In a period, since the atomic radius decreases from left to
right, the ionization energy generally increases. The elements of group 1A (alkali metals),
includes elements which have the greatest atomic radii; therefore, the ionization energies of
alkali metals are the lowest in every period. The elements of noble gases (group 8A) have the
 highest ionization energies, which means that the noble gases have a very stable electronic
structure. According to spherical symmetry (explained right), the variation of ionization energies
in a period is as follows: 1A < 3A < 2A < 4A < 6A < 5A < 7A < 8A In group B elements (transition
and inner transition metals), there are no fixed jumps between the two consecutive ionization
energies. That is why we cannot talk about the relationships of ionization energies of these
elements.
 Ip there is for next question
 1. Down a group, n dominates. As we move down a main group, each member has one more
level of inner electrons that shield the outer electrons very effectively. Even though additional
protons do moderately increase Zeff for the outer electrons, the atoms get larger as a result of
the increasing n value: Atomic radius generally increases down a group. 2. Across a period, Zeff
dominates. Across a period from left to right, electrons are added to the same outer level, so the
shielding by inner electrons does not change. Despite greater electron repulsions, outer
electrons shield each other only slightly, so Zeff rises signifi cantly, and the outer electrons are
pulled closer to the nucleus: Atomic radius generally decreases across a period.

 1. Down a transition group, n increases, but shielding by an additional level of inner electrons
results in only a small size increase from Period 4 to 5 and none from 5 to 6. 2. Across a
transition series, atomic size shrinks through the first two or three elements because of the
increasing nuclear charge. But, from then on, size remains relatively constant because shielding
by the inner d electrons counteracts the increase in Zeff. Thus, for example, in Period 4, the third
transition element, vanadium (V; Z 5 23), has the same radius as the last, zinc (Zn; Z 5 30). This
pattern also appears in Periods 5 and 6 in the transition and both inner transition series.