PLASMA

 Same number of protons & electrons than atom is neutral (stable)

 More number of electrons than protons then atom is negatively charged (ion)
 More number of protons than electrons then atom is positively charged (ion)
 A plasma is a hot ionized gas consisting of equal amount of
positively charged nucleus (cations) and negatively charged electrons. Plasma is neutral.
plasma can easily conduct electricity & has electromagnetic characteristics
 Plasma is generated when fast moving atoms collide with each other OR electrons
directly gains energy, when electron gains energy it jumps from lower orbit to higher
orbit with fast speed then it collide with another atom and transfer its energy into
another electron thus in this way electron loss its energy and return back to its lower
orbit by emitting light with specific frequency.
 Ionization energy is the minimum amount of energy required to remove el- from a
gaseous atom, it depends directly upon strength of nuclear charge (no. of proton) and
inversely proportional to atomic size (no. of shell).
 Electron-affinity is the energy change that occur when el- is gained by an atom in the
gaseous state (it occurs when el- losses its energy). Electron-affinity for addition of first
el- is –ve (energy is released) but for further addition of el- electron-affinity is +ve
(energy is absorbed) because energy has to be added to overcome the repulsion between
negative ion and el-. It depends directly upon the strength of nuclear charge (no. of
proton) and inversely proportional to atomic size (no. of shell).
 Electro-negativity is the relative tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared
pair of electrons to itself. It depends directly upon the strength of nuclear charge (no. of
proton) and inversely proportional upon the atomic size (no. of shell).
 Generally, elements with higher ionization energy has large electron-affinity and
electron-negatively.
 ionized gas are the highly heated gas with loosely bound el-
 An electric discharge is the released and transmission of electricity in an
applied electric field through a medium such as a gas.
Down the group of periodic table, the atomic size (no. of shell) increases & nucleus attraction
decreases.
Left to right of periodic table, the strength of nuclear charge (no. of proton) increases.

EARTH ATMOSPHERE

 The earth's atmosphere can be considered as a thin sheets of air extending from the
earth's surface to about an altitude of 60 miles. It is the earth's gravity that holds the
atmosphere.
 Speed of sound (which has a direct relation with temperature) decreases with altitude, as
because of at high altitude pressure of air becomes less thus all air molecules are spread
with greater intermolecular distance this causes delay in transferring the energy of sound
waves produced by any source.
 Decrease in pressure of air means ratio of air molecules will remain same and no mass
effected (decrease) of air but at high altitude separation becomes greater between
molecules in other words volume of air increase as pressure decrease hence density of air
also decreases.
 Latitude are horizontal imaginary lines connected from east to west
 Thermal stratification is the phenomena of hot molecules are settle above the cold
molecules because of kinematic molecular theory of gas.
 lightning is generated in electrically charged storm systems
 At every thousand meter altitude above the ground temperature drops down by 2 degree
centigrade.