STUCTURE OF AN ATOM

Dalton considered atom to be an indivisible particle but this concept is rejected at the end of

19th Century. When Scientists contributed in revealing the presence of charge particle in an

atom.

These particles were called the Sub-Atomic particle.

• Discovery of Electrons- J.J Thomson

• Discovery of Protons- Rutherford

• Discovery of Neutron -Chadwick

• Discovery of Canal Rays- E. Goldstein

Canal Ray (Or Anode Rays)

Stream of Positively charged particles, which move towards negatively charge electrode.

When Compared with Watermelon: Red part of watermelon is positive part of Atom and electrons are
studded in positive part in the water melon.

Sure, let's simplify the information:

**Thomson's Model:**

- An atom is a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded in it.

- Negative and positive charges are equal, making the atom electrically neutral.

**Rutherford's Atomic Model:**

- Rutherford conducted the α-Ray scattering experiment with fast-moving α-particles on a thin gold foil.
- Observations: Most α-particles passed through undeflected, some were deflected by a small angle, and
a few rebounded.

- Conclusions:

- Atom has empty space, as most α-particles passed through the gold foil undeflected.

- Presence of a nucleus in the center, as some α-particles were deflected and a few rebounded.

- Nucleus is small compared to the atom's size.

- Nucleus contains positively charged particles (protons).

**Features of Rutherford's Model:**

- Positively charged nucleus in the atom, containing almost all the mass (protons + neutrons).

- Electrons revolve around the nucleus in defined orbits.

**Drawback of Rutherford's Model:**

- Unable to explain the stability of the atom.

- Electrons, being charged particles, would lose energy due to acceleration and should fall into the
nucleus according to classical electromagnetism.

**Bohr’s Model of Atom:**

To address the shortcomings of Rutherford's model, Neil Bohr proposed a modified structure of the
atom in 1912.

**Postulates of Bohr Model:**

1. Only specific orbits, known as discrete orbits, are allowed for electrons within the atom.

2. Electrons, while revolving in these discrete orbits, do not radiate energy.

3. These orbits or shells are referred to as energy levels and are represented by the letters K, L, M, N, or
numbers n = 1, 2, 3, 4.

**Mass Number:**
- Denoted by ‘A’

- It is the sum of the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

- Mass number = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons

**Atomic Number:**

- The total number of protons present in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number.

- Denoted by ‘z’.

**Valency:**

Valency refers to the combining capacity of an element.

**Key Points:**

- According to the Bohr–Bury Scheme, an atom's outermost shell is stable when it has 8 electrons.

- If an element's outermost shell already contains 8 electrons, it is stable and won't readily combine with
other elements, resulting in a valency of zero.

- Elements with full outer shells are known as inert elements.

- Helium, having two electrons in its outermost shell, is an exception to the octet rule due to its small
size.

- Hydrogen and Helium are exceptions to the octet rule.

In simpler terms, valency is a measure of how likely an element is to combine with other elements.
Elements with full outer shells (like the inert gases) have a valency of zero, indicating low reactivity.
Helium and Hydrogen are exceptions to the rule due to their unique electron configurations.
Representation of an Atom

A- Represent mass number

Z- Represent atomic number

X -Represent element

Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of same element, having same atomic number and different mass number.

Uses of Isotopes

• Uranium isotopes is used as fuel in Nuclear Rector

• Isotopes of Cobalt is useful in treatment of cancer

• An isotope of Iodine is used in the treatment of goiter.

Isobars

Isobars are the atoms of those elements, which have same mass number but different atomic number
are called Isobars.

Average Atomic mass

The Average atomic mass of an element is the sum of the masses of it’s isotopes, each multiplied by it’s
natural abundance. Chlorine occurs in nature in two isotopic forms, with masses 35 𝑢 and 37 𝑢 in the
ratio of 3 ∶ 1. The average atomic mass of chlorine atom, on the basis of above data, will be