Republic , Book 7-te Allegory of the Cave

Allegory-story i significance

The Cave-slaves that cannot turn around

↳ the shadows cast the masters from the
only ever seen by
fire behind tem all
they have ever seen or known
-

-one slave tries to turn around to see all of it

.
↳
escapes to see
everything
-

eventually sees the sun and understands It all

first he didn't want to leave the cave but now that he has he doesn't want
to go back when he does the others think he is leave
crazy and don't
ever

-all
they are seeing is the manufactured reality of authority

-turning from dark to light-enlightenment

have to turn
completely
Democracy d not fact-lessknowledge
for
-breeding ground Opinion -

↳ and decided not to listen to the

prisoners were majority
one person who knew the truth

Plato's Pessimism-Optimism

the Gods perigods of

are
rationality
-

philosophy is preparation for life after death

-

a
Hellinistic Philosophy
↳ time of Alexander the Great
Schools of Epicurus how to
of
Philosophy-school teaching
live life
-

mixed
groups to talk about how to live life

Epicurus
to Athens after Aristotle
came 20 years
School called "the Garden
-

-renounce wealth and public life ,

live in school to ,
eat

meditate ,
and learn
↳ but don't sleep together
>
-
platonic love

-requires conversion

Letter to Menosis

-don't
dely decision to study philosophy
never late to aid soul
to
early or
study and
-

Epicurus tackles obstacles to happiness

↳ -
fear
ignorance
e
-

harmful beliefs and desires

-happiness reduces to a
problem of knowledge
,
false beliefs to truth
-no immortal soul but does not fear death
,

Fear of Death

-our world is one of infinite nothing ideal about our

-

world

ignorance and misunderstanding is cause of issues

-
.
1 Gods Exist not
,
atrist
.
2 Gods don't care about human affairs
3 Gods
. are not to be feared they,
are a model for our

happiness

1 Idea
. is natural so is true

2 .
Gods are immortal and blessed ,
can't be hurt
-have no troubles so don't trouble others
have
evil proves indifference to Gods since they
-

power and foresight

-

Gods are indifferent to humanity

-

Gods live in the

interspace between worlds
3 .
-

death humanity
is
nothing to since death doesn't
-

harm you whoHe you are adive

If you don't fear death will
you be happy

Atomism-Epicurus
-all bodies are either atomic or compound
-nothing comes from
nothing or
disappears into
nothing
-

cosmos : bodies + void. motion is endless -

both without

purpose and infinite ,

void and atoms unlimited

extent of
quantity of is
-

/not
-inconceivably infinitely) many differences of atomic
Shape

Differences from Democracis' Atomism

-limit to atomic
shape
-internal atomic structure
 Aristote v. .
Democritis
that moves must have . Atoms therefore
parts
anything
-

cannot be homogenous ,
or simple
-

The Swerve
-nature is too well
organised to be of turbulent
casually but all atoms are unpredictable
atoms

Compounds introduce new properties

-

-death indifferent to
is
humanity
Epicurus
ideas of Socrates
-self care of the Soul
↳
happiness and virtue
-

idealism
↳
being is idea

Epicurus
emphasize the value of philosophy as care of self
-

denies idealism ,
afirm materialism

-take care of self

by removing false ideas to get rid

of anxietes

For Socrates desire never is

wrong

Necessary .
us
Non-necessary Desire

Necessary
Happiness-philosophy friends
-

-
Life-food , water
-
An untroubled body-law , leisure
 Non-Necessary

Rene Descartes (1596-1659)

Meditations first (1641)

on
philosophy
↳ what do I know ? >
-

What knowledge?
is

is reason sufficient for knowledge?

-

- long standing opinion of God-all clear

thinking people
should be able to
agree on the key principles of God
- he is
perfect

[↳
the reason is doubtful if God exists
the reason is doubtful if God doesn't exist

reason cannot
-
be trusted

knowledge seems impossible

-

and meditation
new optimism
-

-considers
sensory perception -> full of doubt

overlooked coinciousness of our own existence

"I think therefore

,
I exist" -

Cogito thought
-

proves the possibility of knowledge

proves a test
of truth True ideas are distinct" like the
-

and
. "clear ,
cogito

Substance-exists within itself ,

not in another

Thinking substance-immaterial ,
he matter the brain), non extended
Descartes equates material substance with spatial
extension

The essence
of body ,
what makes a
body corporal or material
,
is spatial extension
.

Material substance -

spatially extended corporal

,

First conclusion : Senses cannot be trusted

second conclusion : the

of matter is essential
essence
geometry
.He
quality is spacial extension

IMPLICATIONS

1 .

Primary and
secondary qualities

Primary
-size Necessarily accompany
-

shape Spatial existence

position
-

-quantity of rest our motion

Secondary
colour
-

odor
-

taste
-

texture ,
.
etc
. Plenum
2
small is
every region of however
body
-

space ,
a

no void but all filled up

.
"empty space" is
impossible
-

3 Inertness
.

-matter is dead-doesn't unless else it is motionless

move
something moves -

-motion to body
is not necessary

4 .

Mind-Body Problem
-no shared
properting
-mind has it interact with
body
?
no
occupation of space-now can cannot be

explained
-mind effects body body effects
,
mind

Spinoza 632-1677)
Ethics (1677)

God = Nature J one in the same

↳ most
people at the time beleived that God was above nature
-

the most impious hated athiest ,