INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
Published Darwin's book The Origin of the Species
DEFINED SOCIETY
The Scientific Revolution
 The Scientific Revolution is a revolution in
thought which established modern science as a
powerful new way to understand reality.
1. Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24
May 1543)
 Catholic church: postulate is geocentric
 Copernicus: heliocentric; unacceptable to the
catholic church
 1st conclusion isn’t right because the universe
is vast and infinite.
 2nd conclusion is deemed right.
 In his book, Copernicus introduced two kinds
of planetary motion:
A. The orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside
the Earth's realm, thus, closer to the sun.
B. The orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay
outside the Earth's orbit, thus farther from the
sun.
*Natural satellite: Moon (Luna)
Artificial satellites: for typhoon checking
In his postulate, one of the problems in the Copernican
model was the position of the stars, which is not in a
fixed position. Although the Copernican model was a
great help, it was said to be heretic and unacceptable to
the Catholics. It was banned and ignored by Rome for
the entire 16th century. His works influenced Galileo,
Keplar, Descartes, and Newton.
2. Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809 – April
19, 1882)
Facts about Darwin
1. Famous for his Theory of Evolution
2. went to Shrewsbury School where he was inspired
to study natural history
3. Took a 5-year voyage in Galapagos Islands through
HMS Beagle
4.
in 1589
5. His book The Descent of Man was very
controversial
The Descent of Man
- Controversial because the church disagrees
that we are not related to apes.
- Scientific or biblical basis
• HMS Beagle was the ship in which the
naturalist, Charles Darwin, sailed around the
world from 26 December 1831 to 02 October
1836.
• Darwin realized that life was a constant
struggle for survival: more creatures were born
than the world's resources could sustain.
• Any individual with an advantage over its
fellows would be more likely to endure long
enough to reproduce and perhaps pass on its
advantage to the next generation (Theory of
Natural Selection).
Theory of Natural Selection
- Us, who live currently (survivors)
- Our ancestors have good qualities for us to be
able to survive until now.
3. Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September
1939)
Facts about Freud
1. Famous in the Field of Psychology
2. A proponent of psychosexual development theory
3. Psychoanalysis
4. He examined frog brains
5. Believed that our base urges were sexual
6. Most of our personalities come from
our desire.
Oral (0-2)
- Learn to be independent (getting food on their
own)
Anal (2-3)
 - Inform that they will do something (bowel,
pee)
Phallic (3-7)
- Awareness on their sexuality (play boys with
boys; girls with girls)
Latency (7-11)
- Continues his or her development BUT sexual
urges are relatively quiet.
- Copy what they watch on the television.
Violent, pornographic, etc.
Genital (11-Adult)
- Develop feelings with the opposite sex
Fixation
- Even if the age is beyond the stage, there
could be a problem or a mannerism.
Freud-believed that mental illness is a result of
nurture (alaga), not nature (paligid).
He asked the question, “What makes people do
things?”
Answer: MOTIVATION
Needs motivate human behaviour (food, shelter,
clothing…)
Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling called a
DRIVE OR DESIRE. Animals respond instinctively,
humans learn various ways to respond.
Human motivation explains the reasons why people
behave the way they do.
People have DRIVES OR DESIRES in the back of
their minds
ie: Will to live, will to die
Some of these desires cause people to behave
irrationally.
• Eros is the drive of life, love, creativity, and
sexuality, self-satisfaction, and species
preservation.
• Thanatos, from the Greek word for "death" is
the drive of aggression, sadism, destruction,
violence, and death.
Conscious
- 100% know
Subconscious
- Nasa dulo na ng dila
- Trying to remember something
Unconscious
- Unknown fears
People are born with a certain number of instincts or
DRIVES (human instinctive behaviour)
The human mind has 3 Structures of Personality
1. ID - animalistic nature of man
- MAKAHAYOP PERSONALITY
(This part of the mind seeks to bring us pleasure)
- primitive parts of our personality including
aggression and sexual urge (libido) are present
2. EGO (self) - conscious part of the mind
(Rational Self).
- MAKATAO personality
- Decides what action to take for positive means
and what to do based on what is believed is the
right thing to do. Aware of reality (nakikita ng
tao).
- Acts according to laws and morals
3. SUPER EGO- unconscious part of the mind
that
- acts as our conscience. Reminds us of what we
should do.
- MAKA-DIYOS personality
The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant conflict.
Your DRIVE tells you to do one thing, while
SOCIETY tells you to do something else.
If you don’t resolve this conflict between the ID and
the Super ego, you may experience unhappiness or
mental distress.
Thus, in order to understand motivation, you must
understand what is in your unconscious memory.
This is the basis for PSYCHOANALYSIS.
 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION
BUILDING
Science and Technology in the Pre-Spanish Era
Scientific knowledge is practiced in the way
they plant their crops.
 They are taking care of animals to help them
in their daily tasks of food production.
 Climate interpretation
 The concept of a month is composed of days.
 Technology
 building houses
 irrigations
 the instrument for planting, hunting, cooking,
and fishing
 weapons as a defense for war
 the use of soil for planting purpose
 medicinal uses of plants
 Waterways transportation
 Land transportation
o Archeological findings show that modern man
from Asian mainland first came over land on
across narrow channels to live in Batangas and
Palawan about 48,000 B.C.
o Subsequently they formed settlement in Sulu,
Davao, Zamboanga, Samar, Negros, Batangas,
Laguna, Rizal, Bulacan and Cagayan.
o They made simple tools and weapons of stone
flakes and later developed method of sawing
and polishing stones
o By around 3,000 B.C. they were producing
ornaments of seashells and pottery. Pottery
flourished for the next 2,000 years until they
imported Chinese porcelain. Soon they learned
to produce copper, bronze, iron, and gold
metal tools and ornaments.
o Filipinos from the Butuan were trading with
Champa (Vietnam) and those from Ma-I
(Mindoro) with China as noted in Chinese
records containing several references to the
Philippines. These archaeological findings
indicated that regular trade relations between
the Philippines, China and Vietnam had been
well established from the 10th century to the
15th century A.D.
o The People of Ma-l and San-Hsu (Palawan)
traded bee wax, cotton, pearls, coconut heart
mats, tortoise shell and medicinal betel nuts,
panie cloth for porcelain, leads fishnets sinker,
colored glass beads, iron pots, iron needles and
tin.
Spanish Era
It was during the Spanish era where formal
learning was created.
 There were schools for boys and girls created.
 The Spaniards introduced the idea of subjects.
 Most of the school then focuses on
understanding different concepts related to the:
Human body, Plants, Animals, and Heavenly
bodies
 The Catholic Orders introduced formal
colleges and universities through Medicine
and advanced science.
 Catholic Religion teachings.
Spanish Regime
o The later part of 16th Century
o Development of schools
 Collegio de San Ildefonso – Cebu – 1595
 Colegio de San Ignacia – Manila – 1595
 Colegio De Nuestra Senora del Rosario –
Manila – 1597
 Colegion De San Jose – Manila - 1601
o Development of Hospitals
 San Juan Lazaro Hospital, the oldest in the Far
East was founded in 1578
17th and 18th Century
o Successive shipwrecks of and attacks of
pirates on the galleons led to declining profits
from the trade that led to economic depression
in Manila during the latter part of the 17th
century.
o In 1789 Manila was opened to Asian shipping,
inaugurating an era of increase in export of
rice, hemp, tobacco, sugar, and indigo, and
imports of manufacturing goods.
The 19th Century
o In 1871 the school of medicine and pharmacy
were opened to UST, after 15 years it had
granted the degree of Licenciado en Medicina
to 62 graduates.
o The licentiate degree equivalent to a Master
degree was granted Bachelor's degree in
pharmacy to its 1st six graduates who included
Leon Ma. Guerrero considered was the father
of Philippine Pharmacy due to his works on
Medicinal Plants of the Philippines.
The trading system during the Spanish era has brought
additional technology and development in the
Philippines. Ideas, crops, tools, cultural practices, and
Technology.
● Some Filipino students who were able to study in
Europe lead to the advancement of Medicine,
Engineering, Arts, Music, and literature.

American Era
o The Americans pioneered the discovery of
minerals in the country.
o Transportation and communication systems
were improved.
o In this era, the teaching of basic and Science
Education is about nature studies and
sanitation. These lead to the introduction of
the terminology "Science."
o The Americans conducted researches about
how to control malaria, cholera, and
tuberculosis, and other tropical diseases.
After World War II
 World War II, in spite of the physical
destruction, it created an opportunity for
progress in the field of Science and
Technology in the Philippines. The newly
formed government then focused limited
resources for improving Science and
Technology and used the fund from the
Overseas Development Allocations (ODA), an
organization of different countries vowed to
the less developed countries for scientific
productivity and technological capability.
Producing more professions in Engineering,
Technology, Medicine, and others is the main
goal in terms of human resources at that time.
Government Policies on Science and Technology
The Filipino Scientists
● Emil Q. Javier is known for his practical
solutions to agricultural problems because he
knows that many farmers have very limited
resources.
● Alfredo C. Santos researched the chemical
composition of the medicinal properties of
Philippine plants. His vision for poor Filipinos
who cannot afford expensive drugs inspired
him to conduct studies on local materials for
drug development.
● Gregorio T. Velasquez is a phycologist where
he specializes in algae. He devoted 30 years of
his life studying algae called Myxophyceae.
● Gregorio Y. Zara has invented the video
phone, the alcohol-fueled airplane, a solar
energy absorber, an aircraft a propeller that is
made up entirely of wood, the wooden
microscope, and a semi-automatic propeller-
making Machine.
● Ramon Barba specializes in mango
propagation, where he developed a method
that will allow mangoes to produce harvests
three times in a year.
● Clare R. Baltazar - known for her works on
insects. She made an impact on how to control
insect pests.
● Filomena Campos was well-known for her
contribution to the Philippine cotton research.
Her research has led to the enhancement of a
set of proficiency in cotton fabrication.
● Luz Oliveros-Belardo examined Philippine
flora where essential oils can be collected from
to be used for flavoring, fragrance, medicine,
and energy sources.
● Eduardo A. Quisumbing specializes in plants
and is one of the first researchers to study
Philippine medicinal plants and orchids. He
wrote the book Medicinal Plants of the
Philippines, which is considered as one of the
first books in this area of specialty.
● Melecio S. Magno has conducted studies in
the Fluorescence Spectroscopy of rare-earth
crystals, as well as the effects of typhoons on
the Earth’s atmospheric ozone and Sky
Luminosity.
 The Department of Science and Technology
(DOST) or Kagawaran ng Agham at
Teknolohiya is the executive department of the
Philippine Government responsible for the
coordination of science and technology related
projects in the Philippines
 Formulates policies and projects in the field of
science and technology in support of national
development.