1.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

Build resilient infrastructure,
Industry,
promote inclusive and sustainable
9 Innovation, and
The essential needs of the world’s poor, to industrialization, and foster
Infrastructure
which overriding priority should be given. innovation
Sustainable
development Reduced Reduce inequality within and
Limitations imposed by the state of 10
two factors Inequalities among countries
technology and social organization on the
environment’s ability to meet present and
future needs. Sustainable Make cities and human settlements
11 Cities and inclusive, safe, resilient, and
Communities sustainable
Desired result: A state of society where living conditions
and resource use continue to meet human needs without Responsible
Ensure sustainable consumption
undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. 12 Consumption
and production patterns
and Production
Live in world where life is sustainable.
Take urgent action to combat
13 Climate Action
climate change and its impacts

17 Sustainable Development Goals 2015 Conserve and sustainably use the

Life Below oceans, seas, and marine
also called “Global Goals”, SD is a universal call to action 14
Water resources for sustainable
to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all development
people enjoy peace and prosperity today and for the
years to come. Protect, restore, and promote
sustainable use of terrestrial
ecosystems, sustainably manage
15 Life On Land
forests, combat desertification and
halt and reverse land degradation
and halt biodiversity loss

Promote peaceful and inclusive

societies for sustainable
Peace, Justice,
development, provide access to
16 and Strong
justice for all, and build effective,
Institutions
accountable, and inclusive
institutions at all levels

Strengthen the means of

End poverty in all its forms
1 No Poverty
everywhere
End hunger, achieve food security
2 Zero Hunger and improved nutrition, and
promote sustainable agriculture
Good Health Ensure healthy lives and promote
3
and Well-Being well-being for all at all ages
Ensure inclusive and equitable
Quality
4 quality education and promote
Education
lifelong learning opportunities for all
Partnership for implementation and revitalize the
17
the Goals global partnership for sustainable
development
ANTECEDENTS TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Non-binding action plan of the UN with regard to
sustainable development.
 Product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference on
environment and development) held in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil, in 1992.
 The 21 in Agenda 21 refers to the 21st Century.
• Also the area code for Greater Rio de Janeiro, plus
Teresópolis and Mangaratiba in the countryside.

Achieve gender equality and

5 Gender Equality
empower all women and girls

RIO EARTH SUMMIT 1992

Ensure availability and sustainable
Clean Water
6 management of water and
and Sanitation
sanitation for all  The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED)
Ensure access to affordable,  Aka: The Rio Summit, The Rio Conference, and The
Affordable And
7 reliable, sustainable, and modern Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92)
Clean Energy
energy for all  Major UN conference held in Rio de Janeiro from June
3-14, 1992
Promote sustained, inclusive, and
Decent Work
sustainable economic growth, full
8 and Economic
and productive employment, and
Growth
decent work for all
 MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2000 2. POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT

 Achieve these goals by year 2015 (15 years) ROOT CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENT PROBLEMS:
 Developed by secretary-general Kofi Annan  Overpopulation
 Resource Consumption
 Man’s Activities (Anthropogenic)
 Industrial Activities
MDG 2000 (8 GOALS)
1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2 Achieve universal primary education
The tendency of all natural
3 Promote gender equality and empower women LAW OF ENTROPHY systems to go from a state
4 Reduce child mortality (2nd Law of Thermodynamics) of order to state of
increasing disorder.
5 Improve maternal health
6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7 Ensure environmental sustainability GREENHOUSE EFFECTS
8 A global partnership for development 1. Sunlight streams through the atmosphere
and heats the Earth.
2. Heat from the earth rises. Some of it escapes into space.
MDG 2000-2015 SDG 2015-2030 3. Greenhouse gases trap some of the heat near the
Developing country Erath’s surface.
universal
focused
4. Because of increasing amount of greenhouse gases in
Social, economic, and the atmosphere, more heat is being trapped near the
Social
environmental Earth.
Domestic investment, private flows,
Foreign aid
and aid

Big data, citizen generated data, GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE
Official statistics and
geospatial and earth observation
administrative data
data, open data, and more
 Records show that global temperatures rise as
atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase.
 Concern about the possibility of the world getting
warmer.
 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
established the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) to make a study.

IPCC CONCLUSIONS

 The average temperature of the earth has increased

 On January 1, 2016 – the SDG officially came in force.
 People; Planet; Prosperity; Partnership; & Peace
0.3 – 0.6 C (1997 the warmest) and sea level has
risen 10-25 cm in the last 100 years.
 There is a strong correlation between the increase
in temperature and the amount of greenhouse
gases present in the atmosphere.
 Human activity greatly increases the amounts of
greenhouse gases.

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

 Worsening health effects: mortality from

heat stress and poor air quality.
 Rising Sea Level
 Disruption of Water Cycle and Other Cycles
 Changes Forests and Natural Areas
 Challenges Agriculture and food supply
 Ozone depletion
 SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES
demand for more goods, energy,
Population
land, and housing.
emissions of CO2 and other
greenhouse gases like methane may
Global Atmosphere result in global warming and lead to
changes in climate and rise in sea
level
pollution from vehicles and industry
Air Quality
affects air quality
increased consumer and industry
Fresh Water
demand
marine issues include water quality,
The Sea dumping of waste at sea, over-fishing
or methods that destroy species
erosion, loss of organic matter,
Soil
increase acidity, contamination
Land Use lack of planting
Minerals (including increasing demand, efficient
fossil fuels) utilization
OTHER RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
The extra acidity in rain comes from the
reaction of air pollutants, primarily sulfur
Acid Rain oxides and nitrogen oxides, with water in
the air to form strong acids (like sulfuric
and nitric acid)
is a syndrome of ecosystem responses to
human activities that fertilize water bodies
with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P),
Eutrophication
often leading to changes in animal and
plant populations and degradation of water
and habitat quality
INTERNATIONAL LAWS ON ENVIRONMENT
The Basel Convention (Basel Convention on the Control of
Trans- boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and
Their Disposal) is an international treaty that was designed
to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between
nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous
waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs).
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the
Ozone Layer – a landmark international agreement
designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. The treaty
was originally signed in 1987 and substantially amended in
1990 and 1992.
Kyoto Protocol : an international agreement that aims to
reduce carbon dioxide emissions and the presence of
greenhouse gases.
The Kyoto Protocol separates countries into two groups.
Annex I includes developed nations, while Non-Annex I
refers to developing countries. Emission limitations are only
placed on Annex I countries. Non-Annex I nations
participate by investing in projects that lower emissions in
their own countries. For these projects, they earn carbon
credits. These credits can be traded or sold to Annex I
countries, which allow them a higher level of maximum
carbon emissions for that period.
Who are potential buyers for carbon credits?
Any entity, typically a business, that emits CO2 to the
atmosphere may have an interest or may be required by law
to balance their emissions through the mechanism of
Carbon sequestration. These businesses may include power
generating facilities or many kinds of manufacturers.
Who are potential sellers of carbon credits?
Entities that manage forest or agricultural land might sell
carbon credits based on the accumulation of carbon in their
forest trees or agricultural soils. Similarly, business entities
that reduce their carbon emission may be able to sell their
reductions to other emitters.
Landmark Legislation on Environment in the Philippines
Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
RA 6969
Waste Control Act of 1990
RA 8749 Clean Air Act of 1999
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
RA 9003
2000
RA 9275 Clean Water Act 2004
3. WATER POLLUTION / POLLUTION MITIGATION
TECHNOLOGIES / CLEAN WATER ACT
WATER
 It is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and
nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main
constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of
most living organisms.
 It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it
provides no calories or organic nutrients.
 Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of its
molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen
atoms, connected by covalent bonds
 Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas
and oceans.
 Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in
the glaciers;
 The ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%),
 In the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water
suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).
Sustainability and Water Management
 Only 3% is freshwater, of which just 1/3 is accessible
for use in agriculture and cities. The rest is frozen in
glaciers or hidden too deep underground.
 Today, the main water source for over 2 billion people
are aquifers – underground stores of freshwater.
 As income levels have risen globally, so has the
demand for water-intensive goods such as
manufactured, meat, and dairy products, stressing
global freshwater resources
 WATER USE SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION

Water can be used for direct and indirect purposes.  Flooding during rainy season which carries waste
Direct purposes include bathing, drinking, and cooking, deposits into our waters.
while examples of indirect purposes are the use of water in  Building lavatories and visionaries over running
processing wood to make paper and in producing steel water or even the sea as it the practice in some
for automobiles. The bulk of the world's water use is for riverine areas.
agriculture, industry, and electricity.  Mineral processing plant (e.g., coal production) xiv.
Eroded sediments
Worldwide, industry uses about  Mining  Littering
twice as much water as  Radioisotopes  Pesticides
households, mostly for cooling in  Heavy metal  herbicides and
the production of electricity. Far  Combustion fertilizers
more water is needed to produce  Toxic waste disposal  Failing septic
food and fiber (cereals, fruits, at sea system
meat, cotton) and maintain the  Deforestation  Household
natural environment. chemicals xxii.
Animal wastes

WATER SUSTAINABILITY IN THE FUTURE

SIMPLE WATER SOLUTIONS
2015 marks the end of a decade of action by the UN on  Keep lakes clean.
promoting water and sanitation issue, a campaign which has  Plant trees to prevent soil erosion.
seen an improvement in awareness of the threat that water
sustainability poses both to sustainable development and  Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of
political security gutters and storm drains.

Water sustainability is, therefore, at the core of GEF strategy

until 2020. Failure to address unsustainable use of water WATER TREATMENT
now will mean greater struggles in the future to achieve
goals in a myriad of other areas  It is a system to make water acceptable for a desired
usage, such as drinking water, industrial utilization, etc.
Protecting the environment for the coming generations  The water treatment process is to remove or reduce
begins with more effective water management today
contaminates in the water to meet the required levels.
 In the case of drinking water, it should be potable and
palatable
It is the contamination of water bodies
(e.g. lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and
groundwater). This form of environmental
WATER
degradation occurs when pollutants are
POLLUTION
directly or indirectly discharged into water
bodies without adequate treatment to
remove harmful compounds.

 Devastating to people and animals,

EFFECTS fish, and birds.
OF WATER  Unsuitable for drinking, recreation,
POLLUTION agriculture, and industry.
 Destroys water life. Potable Healthy for human consumption (safe)
free from turbidity, color, odor and
objectionable taste. Natural water usually
Palatable
contains various chemical and biological
constituents
 WATER POLLUTION TREATMENT AND CONTROL
Water is considered polluted if some substances or
condition is present to such a degree that the water cannot
be used for a specific purpose. Olaniran (1995) defined
water pollution to be the presence of excessive amounts of
a hazard (pollutants) in water in such a way that it is no long
suitable for drinking, bathing, cooking or other uses.
Pollution is the introduction of a contamination into the
environment (Webster.com, 2010).
It is created by industrial and commercial waster, agricultural
practices, everyday human activities and most notably,
models of transportation. No matter where you go and what
you do, there are remnants earths environmental and its
inhabitants in many ways. The three main types of pollution
are: Land Pollution, Air Pollution and Water Pollution. Both
for the purpose of this research, emphasis are on water
pollution and control
POLLUTION MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL
 There are many approaches that could be adopted in water
pollution control and management. It could be through
prevention, practice efforts or join a project/program;
 Regulation and monitoring or engaging in control measures by
reducing or minimizing waste. Prevention of water pollution
according to Wikipedia includes the following ways:
1. Wash your car far away from any storm water drains.
2. Don’t throw trash, chemicals, or solvents into sewer
drains.
3. Inspects your septic system every 3 – 5 years.
4. Avoid using pesticides and fertilizers that can run off
into water systems.
5. weep your driveway instead of hosing it down.
6. always pump your waste-holding tanks on your boat
7. use non-toxic cleaning materials.
8. clean up oil and other liquid spills with kitty litter and
sweep them up.
9. don’t wash paints brushes in the sink.
Another way is to join or get involved with pollution
prevention is to practice efforts on your own or join projects
or programme. Some of these are available with the
Environmental Protection Agency website (EPA).
Regulation and monitoring is an effective way of pollution
management. Many nations worldwide have enacted
legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to
mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.
CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004 (RA 9275)
 The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 (Republic Act
No. 9275) aims to protect the country’s water bodies
from pollution from land-based sources (industries and
commercial establishments, agriculture, and
community/household activities).
 It provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy
to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-
sectoral and participatory approach involving all the
stakeholders.
How will discharges of wastewater be controlled?
All owners or operators of facilities that discharge
wastewater are required to get a permit to discharge from
the DENR or the Laguna Lake Development Authority.
Existing industries without any permit are given 12 months
from the effectivity of the implementing rules and regulations
(IRR) promulgated pursuant to this Act to secure a permit to
discharge.
How will domestic wastewater be addressed?
The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), in
coordination with local government units will prepare a
national program on sewage and septage management not
later than 12 months from effectivity of this Act. A priority list
will likewise be prepared which will be the basis for the
allotment of funds on an annual basis by the national
government for the construction and rehabilitation of
required facilities.
On the other hand, LGUs are to provide the land including
road right of the way for the construction of sewage and/or
septage treatment facilities and raise funds for the
operations and maintenance of said facilities.
The Department of Health (DOH) will formulate guidelines
and standards for the collection, treatment and disposal of
sewage as well as the guidelines for the establishment and
operation of centralized sewage treatment system. The
MWSS and other agencies mandated to provide water
supply and sewerage facilities are required to connect
existing sewage lines, subject to the payment of sewerage
service charges/fees within five years following effectivity of
this Act. All sources of sewage and septage are required to
comply with the law.
4. AIR POLLUTION / POLLUTION MITIGATION
TECHNOLOGIES / CLEAN AIR ACT
any alteration of the physical, chemical
AIR and biological properties of the
POLLUTION atmospheric air, or any discharge thereto
of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances
any matter found in the atmosphere other
than oxygen, nitrogen, water vapor,
carbon dioxide, and the inert gases in their
natural or normal concentrations, that is
AIR
detrimental to health or the environment,
POLLUTANT
which includes, but not limited to smoke,
dust, soot, cinders, fly ash, solid particles
of any kind, gases, fumes, chemical mists,
steam, and radioactive substances
MAJOR KINDS OF POLLUTANTS:
PRIMARY
Released in harmful form
POLLUTANTS
 Become hazardous after reactions in
the air.
SECONDARY
 Photochemical Oxidants –
POLLUTANTS
compounds formed with solar energy.
 Atmospheric acids
 means any building or immobile structure,
STATIONARY
facility or installation which emits or may
SOURCE
emit any air pollutant.
any vehicle propelled by or through
combustion of carbon-based or other fuel,
MOBILE
constructed and operated principally for
SOURCE
the conveyance of persons or the
transportation of property goods;
those that do not go through a smokestack
FUGITIVE
EMISSIONS Dust from soil erosion, strip mining, rock
crushing and building construction
Leaking valves and pipe joints contribute
as much as 90% of hydrocarbons and
volatile organic compounds emitted from
oil refineries and chemical plants
CONVENTIONAL AIR POLLUTANTS
Criteria Pollutants or Group of Seven Major Pollutants:
 Sulfur dioxide  Volatile Organic
 Carbon monoxide Compounds
 Particulates  Nitrogen Oxides
 Lead  Ozone
UNCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
compounds that are produced in less volume than
conventional pollutants but that are especially
toxic or hazardous
 Asbestos
 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
 Benzene
(PCBs)
 Beryllium
 Vinyl chloride
 Mercury
 any of several compounds
consisting of one or two carbon
atoms combined with bromine and
one or more other halogens
HALONS  are gases and are used as fire-
extinguishing agents.
 are between three and ten times
more destructive to the ozone layer
than CFCs are
Form of pollution that reduces the quality
AESTHETIC of life.
DEGRADATION  Noise
 Odors
EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION
 Human Health
 Plant Pathology
 Visibility Reduction
 Acid Deposition (acid precipitation)
o Aquatic effects of acid deposition
o Forest Damage
o Buildings and Monuments
Factors that influence deterioration:
 Moisture (humidity causes corrosion, even without air
pollution)
 Temperature (higher air temperature generally result
in higher reaction rates
 Sunlight (provides energy for pollutant formation)
 Position of the exposed material – influences rate of
deterioration
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
general amount of pollution present in a broad area; and
refers to the atmosphere average purity as distinguished
from discharge measurements taken at the source of
pollution
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDELINE VALUES
 means the concentration of air over specified periods
classified as short-term and long-term which are
intended to serve as goals or objectives for the
protection of health and/or public welfare
 shall be used for air quality management purposes
such as determining time trends, evaluating stages of
deterioration or enhancement of the air quality, and in
general, used as basis for taking positive action in
preventing, controlling, or abating air pollution (See
Table in RA 8749)
any air contaminant, pollutant, gas
stream or unwanted sound from a known
EMISSION
source which is passed into the
atmosphere
any device or apparatus used to prevent,
control, or abate the pollution of air
POLLUTION
caused by emissions from identified
CONTROL
pollution sources at levels within the air
DEVICE
pollution control standards established
by the Department
means the pollution control devices,
POLLUTION
production process, fuel combustion
CONTROL
processes or other means that effectively
TECHNOLOGY
prevent or reduce emissions or effluent
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
early approach done by tall smokestacks
Dilution
to send emissions far from the source
Reducing Production of pollutants by
reducing electricity consumption,
Waste
insulating homes and offices and
Minimization
developing better public transport (better
engines with no emissions)
Various Control Methods
For Gaseous Pollutants:
Air Pollution  Absorption – mass transfer process
Control Of in which the gas dissolves in liquid
Stationary  Adsorption – mass transfer process
Sources in which the gas is bonded to a solid
(surface phenomenon)
Flue Gas Air Pollution Control for Mobile Sources
used to remove sulfur oxides from gas
Desulfurization Automobiles: three Control of Design and Operating
stream
(FGD) familiar types of Variables on Emissions:
by preventing the formation of NOx engines  Air-to-fuel ratio
Removal of  gasoline  Load or power level
during combustion process or converting
Nitrogen Oxides  diesel  Speed
the NO formed into nitrogen and oxygen
 jet  Spark timing
Removal of Particulate Pollutants  Exhaust back pressure
 Valve overlap
for particle sizes greater than about 10
Cyclones
µm in diameter; the particulate – laden
gas is accelerated through a spiral
motion which imparts a centrifugal force Control of emissions by:
to the particles; inertial collector with no  Eliminate blowby emissions (through crankcase
moving parts; employed only for coarse  Control the evaporation of volatile hydrocarbons
dusts; some applications include (VOCs)
controlling emissions of wood dust,  Control Carburetor Evaporation Losses
paper fibers and buffing fibers
 Reduce Engine Exhaust Emissions
 Proper Inspection – Maintenance Programs

for high efficiency control of particles

Filters Waste Minimization
smaller than 5 µm in diameter
the first and best step in any pollution control strategy which
Two types of filters: Deep bed filter & Baghouse is to minimize the production of pollutants in the first place
 Conserve energy
resembling a furnace filter; a packing  Improve fuel use.
of fibers is used to intercept the
 Designing/Building smaller and lighter vehicles
Deep bed filter particles in the gas stream; good for
 Reduce fuel consumption thru mass transit,
relatively clean gases and low volumes
walking, bicycling
such as air conditioning systems
Baghouse

made of natural or synthetic fibers

which intercept the particles Air Quality Control Techniques

Best available technology and alternative methods of

prevention, management, and control of air pollution

Best available technology economically achievable which

widely used as filtration fabrics
because of their low cost, better
temperature and chemical-resistance
Synthetic Fibers
characteristics and small fiber
diameter; bag life varies between 1
and 5 years
used when particulate matter to be
Liquid Scrubbing
collected is wet, corrosive or very hot
that fabric filter may not work
typical scrubbing applications include
control of emission of talc dust,
phosphoric acid mist, foundry cupola
dust and open-hearth steel furnace
fumes
shall refer to the technological basis/standards for emission
limits applicable to existing, direct industrial emitters of
nonconventional and toxic pollutants
Alternative fuels, processes and operating methods which
will result in the elimination or significant reduction of
emissions
Air Pollution interacts with climate in important ways: climate
patterns concentrate or distribute pollution around the globe,
and air pollution can alter climate conditions. Among the
most important of these processes are long-range transport
of pollutants and photochemical reactions in trapped
inversion layers over urban areas

ESP consists of alternating plates

and wires where a large current
Electrostatic potential is established resulting in
precipitation (ESP): the creation of an ion field; Ions
for fly ash attach to the particles that pass
through giving them a net negative
charge hence are attracted to the
positively charged plate

Fly ash – generic term used to

describe the particulate matter
carried in effluent gases from
furnaces burning fossil fuels
PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
REPUBLIC ACT 8749
CHAPTER 1:
General Provisions / Article 1 / Basic Air Quality Policies
SECTION 1: Short Title
This Act shall be known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of
1999.
SECTION 2: Declaration of Principles
The State shall protect and advance the right of the
people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord
with the rhythm and harmony of nature.
It is also the policy of the State to attain and maintain a
balance between development and environmental
protection.
Finally, it is the policy of the State to maintain a quality of
air that protects human health and welfare
Air Quality Principles
a.) The State shall promote and protect the global
environment to attain sustainable development while
recognizing the primary responsibility of local
government units to deal with environmental problems.
b.) The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning
the habitat and environment is primarily area-based
and that air quality management and control is most
effective at the level of airsheds.
c.) The State recognizes the principle that “polluters
must pay” and the important role of economic
instruments in air quality management and control.
d.) The State recognizes that a clean and healthy
environment is for the good of all and should therefore
be a concern of all.
SECTION 3: Declaration of Policies
The State shall pursue a policy of balancing development
and environmental protection. To achieve this end, the
framework for sustainable development shall be pursued. It
shall be the policy of the State to:
 Formulate a holistic national program.
 Encourage cooperation and self-regulation.
 Focus primarily on pollution prevention.
 Promote public information and education.
 Formulate and enforce a system of accountability
SECTION 5: Definitions (as used in this Act)
 Air Pollutant
 Infectious Waste
 Medical Waste
 Mobile Source
 Motor Vehicle
 Ozone Depleting Substance (ODS)
 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
CHAPTER 2: Air Quality Management System / Article 1 /
General Provisions
SECTION 6:
Air Quality Monitoring and Information Network
The Department shall prepare an annual National Air Quality
Status Report which shall be used as the basis in
formulating the Integrated Air Quality Improvement
Framework.
The said report shall include the following:
✓ Extent of pollution
✓ Analysis and evaluation
✓ Identification of critical areas
✓ Recommendations
✓ Other pertinent qualitative and quantitative information
SECTION 9: Airsheds
Pursuant to Sec. 8 of this Act, the designation of airsheds
shall be on the basis of, but not limited to, areas with similar
climate, meteorology and topology which affect the
interchange and diffusion of pollutants in the atmosphere, or
areas which share common interest or face similar
development programs, prospects or problems.
SECTION 10: Management of Non-attainment Areas
The Department shall designate areas where specific
pollutants have already exceeded ambient standards as
non-attainment areas. The Department shall prepare and
implement a program that will prohibit new sources of
exceeded air pollutant without a corresponding reduction in
existing resources.
SECTION 11: Air Quality Control Techniques
Simultaneous with the issuance of the guideline values and
standards, the Department, through the research and
development program contained in this Act and upon
consultation with appropriate advisory committees,
government agencies and LGUs, shall issue, and from time
to time, revise information on air pollution control
techniques.
Such information shall include:
✓ Best available technology and alternative methods
✓ available technology economically achievable
✓ Alternative fuels, processes, and operating methods
SECTION 12:
Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values and Standards
The Department, in coordination with other concerned
agencies, shall review and or revise and publish annually a
list of hazardous air pollutants with corresponding ambient
guideline values and/or standard necessary to protect health
and safety, and general welfare.
SECTION 13: Emission Charge System
The Department, in case of industrial dischargers, and the
Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC),
in case of motor vehicle dischargers, shall, based on
environmental techniques, design, impose on and collect
regular emission fees from said dischargers as part of the
emission permitting system or vehicle registration renewal
system, as the case may be. The system shall encourage
the industries and motor vehicles to abate, reduce, or
prevent pollution.
SECTION 14: Air Quality Management Fund Violation of Standards for Stationary Sources

An Air Quality Management Fund to be administered by the
Department as a special account in the National Treasury is
hereby established to finance containment, removal, and
clean-up operations of the Government in air pollution
cases, guarantee restoration of ecosystems and rehabilitate
areas affected by the acts of violators of this Act, to support
research, enforcement and monitoring activities and
capabilities of the relevant agencies, as well as to provide
technical assistance to the relevant agencies. Such fund
may likewise be allocated per airshed for the undertakings
herein stated.
SECTION 20: Ban on Incineration
 Incineration – Burning of municipal, bio-medical and
hazardous wastes, which process emits poisonous
and toxic fumes.
 INCINERATION IS PROHIBITED
 Prohibition does not apply to :
o traditional small-scale method of
community/neighborhood sanitation "siga",
o traditional agricultural, cultural, health, and food
preparation
o crematoria
 LGUs are mandated to promote, encourage and
implement a comprehensive ecological waste
management.
o waste segregation
o Recycling
o composting
 Actual exceedance of any pollution or air quality
standards
 Fine: not more than P100,000 for everyday violation
against owner
 Max fine based on: ability to pay, willfulness, degree of
negligence, history of non-compliance, degree of
recalcitrance
 Fines are increased by at least 10% every 3 years
 Closure, suspension of development, construction,
operations
 3rd offense: permanent closure
Violation of Standards for Motor Vehicles
 No motor vehicle shall be registered with the DOTC
unless it meets the emission standards set by DOTC
 Warrant repair of the motor vehicle so as to comply
 Attendance of the driver to a seminar on pollution
control management
 Payment of fines
Fines and Penalties for Violations of Other Provisions in
the Act
 For violations of all other provisions in the Act, and of
the rules and regulations thereof,
 Fine not less than P10,000 but not more than P100,000
 6 months to 6 years imprisonment or both

Gross Violations
SECTION 21: Pollution from Motor Vehicle
 3 or more specific offenses within a period of 1 year-3
 Implement the emission standards for motor vehicles.
or more specific offenses with 3 consecutive years
 Develop an action plan from the control and
 blatant disregard of the orders of the PAB
management of air pollution from motor vehicles
 irreparable or grave damage to the environment as a
consistent with integrated Air quality Framework.
consequence of any violation of the provisions of this
 Inspection of motor vehicles and the testing of their
Act
emissions for determining the concentration and rate
of pollutants discharged from motor vehicles
inspection and maintenance program.
 National motor vehicle inspection and maintenance
program.
SECTION 22: Regulation of Motor Vehicle and Engines
Imported, new or locally assembled new motor vehicle must
comply with the emission standards.
SECTION 23: Second-hand Motor Vehicle and Engines
Any imported second-hand motor vehicle engine shall not
be introduced into commerce, sold, or used unless it
complies with emission standards.

SECTION 24: Pollution from Smoking

Smoking is prohibited.
 Inside a public building or an enclosed public place
 Public vehicles and other means of transport
 Any enclosed area outside of one’s private residence,
private place of work, or any duly designated
smoking area.
 Implemented by the LGUs
SECTION 25: Pollution from other mobile sources
 Formulate and establish the necessary standards for all
mobile sources other than those already specified.
 Under the jurisdiction of the DOTC
** ADDITIONAL NOTES  P: Pathogens; disease causing organisms that grow and
multiply within the host; virus, protozoa, helminths,
• Air water land pollution parasitic worms
o Aesthetic degradation  SS: Suspended Solids; soil erosion, sediments;
o Odor decreases the capacity of water to penetrate light
 S: Salts, increase concentration
• Basel Convention - switzerland, prohibition of transfer of  HM: Heavy metals, hazardous
hazardous waste country to country
 TM: Toxic Metals; industrial wastes
• Montreal Protocol - banning of chemicals; CFC, halons,
 ED: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals; aids in
tetrachloride - 2000; methychloroform - 2015
development processes in mammals; disrupts endocrine
• Kyoto Protocol - reduce carbon emissions and presence process -> deformity, infertility, miscarriage
of greenhouse gases
 P: Pesticides; surface runoff, Pesticide drift - transition
Annex 1 - carbon credits, developed countries get capped from one place to another through air/wind
 A: Arsenic; toxic, if exposed - bad effect to internal organs
Non annex 1 - carbon trading, developing gets points and  TP: Thermal Pollution; large steam-electric power plant
project requires an enormous amount of cooling water
 VOC: Volatile Organic Compounds; most commonly
found contaminants in groundwater; carcinogens,
** Water pollution ** mutagens

 70% of Earth is covered with water

 Contamination of water bodies; foreign substances
 It affects dentrimentally the organisms living in water
 97% saline
 3% fresh water: 68.7 icecaps and glaciers, 30.1 ground
water, 0.3 surface water
Hydrologic cycle
Water Pollution Control
 Bar screen - remove large objects
 Grit chamber - filter sand, pebbles
 Settling tanks - sludge, treat the water; clarification;
decompose with anaerobic bacteria
 Aeration Tanks - air is pumped into water to throw
bacteria

Water and its properties

- water has a high capacity to absorb and store heat.
- Only common compound whose solid form is lighter than
its liquid form.
Water resources
Water waste treatment
 Primary - removal of solids from waste streams with
screens and settling tanks
 Secondary - removal of pathogens and organics, aeration
 Tertiary - removal of dissolved metals and nutrients and
phosphates from secondary effluent

- sources of water that are useful or potentially useful

- Agriculture Remediation - physical process
- Industry uses 1/4 of water withdrawal
- Domestic or household 6% Bioremediation - use of live organisms to clean up
- Water shortages prevent agriculture, industry and other contaminated water
developments

Point sources
Republic Act 9275
- discrete and identifiable and easy to monitor and regulate
Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
- Pipe, sewer, outfalls, ditch
- aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution
from land-based sources
Non-point sources - Provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy to
prevent and minimize pollution
- diffuse contamination that does not originate from a single - Prohibition of discharges
discrete source - Sec 3: Coverage of the Act
- Runoff from farm fields, feedlots, golf courses, lawns and - Sec 4: definition of terms
gardens
Aquifer - layer of water-bearing rock located underground that
transmits water in sufficient quantity

Water pollutants Beneficial use - use of water for domestic, municipal,

 OD: Oxygen-demanding wastes; bacteria that requires
oxygen to decompose; fish kill
 N: Nutrients; phosphorus can add to eutrophication
irrigation, power generation
Discharge - spilling, leaking, pumping
Effluent - discarges from known sources
Septage - sludge produced on individual onsite wastewater
disposal

Sewage - water-borne human or animal wastes, removed from

residences, buildings

Sewerage - pipeline

Sludge - any solid, semi-solid

Sec 28: Fines, Damages, Penalties

- 10000 but not more than 200000 everyday

- Failure to undertake clean-up willfully - 2 years not more
than 4 years in jail; fine 50000-100000 per day of violation

Mercury poisoning - the minamata story

1954 - epilepsy

Neurological disorder - body convulsions

1957 - central nervous system

1960 brain damage

Chisso corporation - wastes: mercury, discharge in body of

water