The Teacher and the Teaching Profession • Teachers who earn salary comparable with other state employees

in state- owned enterprise

Beyond the ASEAN
Minban

•Community-paid
3 Countries Beyond the Asean
• Teachers who are paid by local community depending on
1 China community income
2 Japan

3 USA State-paid teachers

“To cultivate cultured persons as teachers with lofty ideals, high
morality, strong discipline, a sense of mission as educators,
engineers of the human soul and the gardeners of the nation's
flowers” China's political and ideological orientation of teacher
education Leung and Hui, 2020
• Super Grade Teachers - highest level upper 5% of teaching force
• Senior Grade Teachers - 6% of teaching force; mostly in Primary
level teachers
• Third Grade Teachers

• Second Grade Teachers - majority of secondary teachers

CHINA • First Grade Teacher - newly hired Primary Teachers
• Has over 200 million students attending public schools

• Over 9 million teachers in Elementary, Junior and Senior High
Schools
• Course syllabus are written by scientists and professors hired by
National Educational Commission
• First 6 years focused of developing cognitive skills Another 6 years
for high school
• Class size only 40-60 students
• Cover all topic to pass the National Examination
• Must pass 1 of 2 versions of National University Entrance
Examination
China's Teacher Licensing
•Secondary Teachers - exams are standardized Elementary Teachers
- provided by each province
• Primary Teachers - graduate from Secondary School or Senior
Secondary School
• Junior Secondary Teachers teaching diploma from Junior Teaching
Colleges
• Senior Secondary Teachers - graduate from a Normal University or
Teacher Colleges with degree from tertiary institutions

• Reputation of school depends on examination passers Chinese Teachers Enjoy Unquestionable Authority
• Another 6 years for high school • Tells the single and absolute truth

•Knowledge from the teacher and textbook is not to be challenged

New educational system • Students are to absorb the knowledge
•6 years of primary education

• 3 years of Junior Middle School

JAPAN
• 3 years of Senior Middle School
• Highly centralized and administered by their Mombusho or
• 6 years of University Ministry of Education

• Varieties of technical and vocational schools • Over 24 million students from kindergarten to university, 10% goes
to university
-Changed as of 1949
• 1/3 go to private schools and 2/3 goes to public school

• Model on school operation

2 Main Categories of Teachers based on their salary
• Education is free and compulsory for children ages 6-15 years old
Gongban
• 243 school days with breaks (8 months)
•State-paid
 BEING EMPLOYED AS A TEACHER

Standard Curriculum • Most public school teachers are Prefectural employees

• Japanese Language • Teacher applicant must secure a license to teach from the
Prefectural Board of Education
•Social Studies
•Required to take Prefectural Appointment Examinations
• Math & Science
• Promotions are based on seniority
• Home Economics
• Age is an important consideration; required to be under 30
• Arts & Music
• Once passed, assured a lifetime employment
• Physical Education
• Teachers are rotated in schools within prefecure
With priority to Japanese Language

Prefectural Appointment Examination in 2 stages

Division of Educational System
•First stage, written tests in general education and specialized fields.
• Kindergarten Skills test for PE, Music and Arts.
• 6 years of Elementary • Second stage consists of interviews
• 3 years of Lower Secondary School Prefecture-are regional authorities comprising municipalities, and
• 3 years of Upper Secondary School are in charge of broader regional administration

• Usually 4 years of University

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Teaching Profession • Greatly influenced the Philippine Educational System specifically
the making of Filipino teachers
Essential Element of Success ___________ Entrusted with teaching
Moral Education • The coming of American teachers and the opening of Normal
Schools provided a strong foundation for teacher education
Attractive Profession__________Increase renumeration; $43,775
annually Basic Education

One of Lifetime Professional Career Available for • 2 years of Pre-primary Education

Women____________90% of teachers are female; 1/3 in
Elementary, 2/3 in Lower Secondary 9/10 in Upper Secondary • Primary Education

• Middle School Education

Teacher Certification • Secondary Education

• Junior High School

First Class Certification Issued to teach in: • Senior High School

• Preschool and Elementary Compulsory education is from 6 years old - 18 years old

• Lower Secondary Teachers with Bachelor's Degree

• Upper Secondary Teachers with Master's Degree Becoming a Professional Teacher in the USA

Second Class Certification •Must attend a college or university for 4 years with major or minor
in Education and earn a teaching certificate
•2 years of study (62 units) at a university or other post-secondary
institution > Earning Teaching Certificate

• Upper Secondary Teachers without Master's Degree > Recruitment of Teachers

> Salaries of Teachers

Earning Teaching Certificates • Greece • Israel • Italy • Japan •Netherlands

• Each State Education Agency (SEA) has its own guidelines and • New Zealand • Portugal • Turkey • Singapore
requirements earning and maintaining a teaching certificate May or
may not be recognized in other states • South Korea • Spain • Switzerland • United Kingdom

• National Teacher Examination (NTE) or Praxis I or Praxis II written • United States of America
test Social Status of Teachers
• Required to renew certification by taking "renewal credits" •2/3 of the countries compared to Social Workers
• Permanent certification is granted if teacher performs adequately Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and Netherlands
according to standards of state
• Second closest status Librarians

USA, Brazil France, Turkey

Recruitment of Teachers
• Nursing
•A superintendent approves application and forwards a
recommendation to hire to local school board New Zealand

•Once signed, teacher is legally bound to contract •Doctors

• Expected to complete teaching during contract China

Teaching: Sought-After Profession

Salaries of Teachers • 50% of parents in China.

• Determined by education and experience • South Korea, Turkey and Egypt

• Masters+30 doctorate unit > Master's degree • Israel, Portugal, Brazil and Japan

• Master's degree > Bachelor s degree Sub-urban school Pupil Respect for Teachers
districts/large tows > urban or rural districts Average income is
$44,917 • 75% of parents in China

• 46% for Turkey, Egypt and Singapore

What Makes a Goods American Teacher? • 27% average per other country

• Elementary - Child-focused discussions; sensitive to the needs of • High Level of respect in Asia and Middle East; European counties
the children and understanding believe that there is more disrespect than respect among pupils

• Secondary school - Subject-matter specialists; know how to teach Perception of Teacher Reward
their subjects • Most country judged a fair rate of pay similar to teacher's actual
• Middle school - Give more personal attention to middle school pay
learners as young adolescents need the support of a family • Majority think teachers should be rewarded with higher pay than
The Global Teacher Status Index Varkey GEMS Foundation, 2013 what they are currently getting

The Global Teacher Status Index. Determined the level of respect Performance-Related Pay
afforded to teachers. Data included are: • Most countries believe that teacher salaries be based on student
• Profile of learning outcomes

•Teacher Respect • 51% believe in PRP

• Teaching as Sought after Profession Teacher Agency and Control

• Contextualized Understanding of Teacher Status Trusting Teachers To Deliver Education

• Views on Pupils Respect for Teachers • All countries placed positive trust in their teachers

21 Countries Included in Study • Finland and Brazil placed top; showing strong trust in their
teachers
•Brazil • China • Czech Republic
• Israel, Japan, South Korea and Egypt are at bottom; showing
• Egypt •Finland • France • Germany limited trust in their teachers