ECE-5521-Lecture4 - Symmetrical Components

ECE-5521
Protective Relaying
Class 4
Symmetrical Components and Fault Analysis
Instructor: Lalitha Devarakonda

Symmetrical Components
Discussion Topics
• History and Description
• The General Method of Symmetrical Components

– N-Phase Systems
– 3-Phase Systems
• Circuit Element Sequence Representations
• Fault Analysis Using Symmetrical Components
_______________________________________
1J. Lewis Blackburn and Thomas J. Domin, Protective Relaying Principles and Applications, 3rd Ed., CRC Press, 2007
.
2John, A Horak, Derivation of Symmetrical Component Theory and Symmetrical Component Networks, Georgia Tech
protective Relaying Conference, Atlanta, GA, April 2005, http://www.basler.com/downloads/Symmcomp.pdf
ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 2

Symmetrical Components – History and Description
• The method of symmetrical components provides a tool to study systems

with unbalanced phasors.
• Developed by Charles Fortescue in 1913, who presented a paper entitled’

“Method of Symmetrical Co-ordinates Applied to the Solution of Polyphase
Networks.”3
• In mathematics terms, it is a linear transformation4 mapping quantities

(ABC) from a physical domain into quantities (012) in a sequence domain.
• Simplifies circuit analysis of a three-phase mutually coupled circuit by

transforming it into 3 single phase circuits with no mutual coupling.
_______________________________________
3Fortescue’s paper is available at http://thunderbox.uwaterloo.ca/~ccanizar/papers/classical/Fortescue.pdf
from the University of Waterloo.
4Rowland,Todd and Weisstein, Eric W. "Linear Transformation." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web
Resource http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LinearTransformation.html

A Tool for Simplifying Fault Analysis
• A balanced system is
easily analyzed because
only one phase needs to
be considered.
• Unbalanced systems
require a full circuit
analysis of all three
phases, neutral and
ground elements.
• Therefore transforming an
unbalanced system into
balanced systems
promises to simplify our
analysis

The General Method of Symmetrical Components
• The use of symmetrical components for three-phase power system analysis is a

subset of a more general transformation method. The general method resolves N
unbalanced phasors which share the same reference plane into N sets of balanced
phasors, each of which has N members.
• Within each set, each of the phasors has the same magnitude and successive
phases have the same phase angle separation between them.
• Let α be the angle between phases in an N-phase system. Then let’s define a
useful operator dubbed the “a” operator. The “a” operator is a unit phasor
(magnitude = 1) with an angle equal to α. Multiplying a phasor by a simply rotates
that phasor by α degrees in the counterclockwise direction.
360
= a =1 Rotation operator
N
• Within each sequence network, the angular displacement of successive phasors is
-α∙n where n is the phase sequence network number and where n = 0, 1, 2, …N-1.

3-Phase System Example
Physical System Seq #0 System (Zero Seq)
c
a0,
α a b0,
c0
N=3
Seq #1 System (Pos Seq)
n = 0, 1, 2, …N-1
α = 120 deg c1
a1
b1
Note: All system rotation,
even “negative-sequence”
Seq #2 System (Neg Seq)
phasors, is counterclockwise!
b2
a2
c2

Physical System Seq #0 System Seq #3 System
d b3
a0,
b0,
c a c3 a3
α c0,
d0
b d3
N=4
Seq #1 System
n = 0, 1, 2, …N-1
α = 90 deg d1
c1 a1
b1
Seq #2 System
b2, a2,
d2 c2

e d3
d
b3
a0,
b0,
α a c0, a3
d0,
e0
c e3
b c3
N=5
Seq #1 System Seq #4 System
n = 0, 1, 2, …N-1
α = 72 deg e1 b4
d1 c4
a1 a4
c1 d4
b1 e4
Seq #2 System
c2
e2
a2
b2
d2

e f
a0,
b0,
b3, a3,
c0,
d a d3, c3,
d0,
f3 e3
e0,
f0
c b
N=6
n = 0, 1, 2, …N-1
α = 60 deg e1 f1 b4,
Trivia Factoid: e4
When N is prime, each set where n>0 will form a a4,

d1 a1
regular N-sided polygon. Consider n=0 as being a d4
1-sided polygon. For N=6, prime factors are 1, 2,
3 and 6. Can you find a 1-sided, 2-sided, 3-sided c4,
c1 b1 f4
and 6-sided polygon among these sets? Try this
for any value of N.
A more detailed fault analysis and development of 6-phase c2,
c5 b5
f2
sequence network applications can be found in the following
paper:
a2,
d5 a5
5Bhatt, Navin B., Six-Phase (Multi-Phase) Power Transmission d2
Systems: Fault Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power

Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-96, No. 3, May/June 1977, b2,
e5 f5
e2
http://www.libsou.com/pdf/01601991.pdf
Back to the 3-Phase System Example
Physical System Seq #0 System (Zero Seq)
c
We can relate physical domain quantities to
sequence domain quantities by superposition. a0,
α a b0,
c0
Va = Va 0 + Va1 + Va 2 𝑉𝑏1 = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑎2 𝑉1
𝑉𝑐1 = 𝑎𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑎𝑉1
Vb = Vb 0 + Vb1 + Vb 2 𝑉𝑏2 = 𝑎𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑎𝑉2
b
Vc = Vc 0 + Vc1 + Vc 2 𝑉𝑐2 = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑎2 𝑉2 N=3

Seq #1 System (Pos Seq)
n = 0, 1, 2, …N-1
α = 120 deg c1
This transforms 3 quantities into a total of 9 quantities. Simplified?

a1
We can then define quantities V0, V1 and V2 in the sequence

b1
domain using a-phase (or specifically Va) as a reference and along
with the “a” operator substitute the new “sequence” quantities into b
Seq #2 System (Neg Seq)
and c-phases.
b2
V0 = Va 0 Va = V0 + V1 + V2
V1 = Va1 Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2
a2
V2 = Va 2 Vc = V0 + aV1 + a 2V2 c2

3-Phase System Example Using Matrix Notation
Expressing the transformation in matrix notation makes the transformation format easier
to remember.
Va = V0 + V1 + V2 Va  1 1 1  V0 
V  = 1 a 2 a   V 
Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2  b    1 Vabc  = A V012
Vc = V0 + aV1 + a 2V2 Vc  1 a a 2  V2 
Matrix notation also lets us easily derive an inverse transform.
V0  1 1 1  Va 
V012 = A−1  Vabc V  = 1 1 a a 2   Vb 
 1 3 
V2  1 a 2 a  Vc 

3-Phase System Example Using Matrix Notation
Naturally, current phasors will have the same transformation form as voltage phasors.
I a = I 0 + I1 + I 2  I a  1 1 1   I 0 
I b = I 0 + a 2 I1 + aI 2  I  = 1 a 2 a    I 
 b    1 I abc = A I 012
I c = I 0 + aI1 + a I 22
 I c  1 a a 2   I 2 
I0  1 1 1  I a 
I 012 = A  I abc 
−1
 I  = 1 1 a a 2    I b 
 1 3 
 I 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

Symmetrical Component Transformation
Worked Example
6This example is from Washington State University’s March 2011 Hands-On Relay School

Worked Example (Continued)
This example is from Washington State University’s March 2011 Hands-On Relay School


This example is from Washington State University’s

March 2011 Hands-On Relay School

Symmetrical Component Transformation – Visualization
• Steven Blair at the University of Strathclyde has a good interactive
tool for visualizing symmetrical components:
http://stevenblair.github.io/seq/

Circuit Element Sequence Representations

Sequence Networks
• Elements of a power system are represented by their impedances
and characteristics in each of sequence networks. For a 3-phase
power system:
– Zero sequence - represents impedances of the system to equal

(in-phase) currents in all three phases.
– Positive sequence - represents impedances of the system to

normal (balanced) currents in all three phases.
– Negative sequence - represents impedances of the system to

currents with reversed phase sequence.

Sequence Network Independence
• Each of the sequence networks is independent of the others.
• For a balanced network:

– Sequence currents flowing in a balanced network produce only like
sequence network voltage drops.
• Thus the sequence networks are not connected to each other.
• Unbalanced sources resolve to zero, positive and negative sequence
sources.
• For unbalanced network:

– In general, sequence currents can produce all three sequence network
voltage drops.
• Thus, we model unbalances by setting up independent sequence networks
and interconnecting them at the point of the unbalance (i.e. the fault
location).
• For these studies we assume the rest of the system and all the sources are
balanced (i.e. no sources in the zero and negative sequence networks).

System Equivalent Sources (i.e. Non-rotating)
• Short circuit kVA or MVA values are used to express the fault duty of
an equivalent source at a point in the power system and can be
converted to equivalent impedances.
– Sometimes you may get driving point a.k.a. Thevenin impedances from
a short circuit program such as CAPE or Aspen. Generally they provide
Z0 and Z1. An equivalent source is nonrotating so Z2 = Z1.
– Otherwise, you may be given fault duties expressed in MVA or kVA

based on the driving point (i.e. base system) voltage and available fault
current. You need both 3 phase (S3ph or MVASC) and SLG (S1ph or
MVAGSC) fault duties to calculate sequence impedances (see next
slide). With this method assume impedances to be all reactive.
• For hand calculations you can often assume an ideal voltage

source, a.k.a. an infinite bus, (i.e. Z0 = Z1 = Z2 = 0).

System Equivalent Sources (i.e. Non-rotating)
Following is a calculation method for Z0, Z1 and Z2 from given 3ph (S3ph) and
SLG (S1ph) fault duties in MVA. Resulting impedances are in per unit.
S Base 3S Base
Z1 = Z 2 = Zg = = Z 0 + Z1 + Z 2
S3 ph S1 ph
Z 0 = Z g − Z1 − Z 2
 3S Base   S Base 
=  − 2 
 S   
 1 ph   S3 ph 
See Blackburn Appendix 4.1

for a detailed derivation.
Synchronous Generators
For a sustained fault on the terminals of an unloaded generator, the

armature current has a decrement as shown below. This defines
generator impedances.

Synchronous Generators
• Reactance increases with time after a short circuit because of the

demagnetizing effect of the fault current on the air-gap flux. For round
rotor machines, typical positive sequence impedances are as follows:
0.95  Xd 1.45 
0.12  Xd’ 0.28  pu on generator base
0.07  Xd’’ 0.17 
• Negative-sequence impedance is often approximated by equating it to

the subtransient reactance.
X2 = Xd’’

Generators – Induction Machines
• Induction machines (motors or generators) are not generally
considered sources of fault current for relaying purposes.
• The fault current contribution from an induction machine decays in a

few cycles.
• Induction machine contribution to fault current (subtransient

reactance) may be considered when performing maximum
instantaneous fault current studies for bus and switchgear rating
purposes.

Balanced 3-Phase Sources
Zero-sequence impedance depends on the manner in which the
generator is grounded. Any impedance in the neutral circuit (Zn) is
represented as three times this value (3Zn) in the zero-sequence
model since 3I0 flows through the neutral.
+
3Zn
E External neutral
Z2 impedance.
Z1 Z0
For solidly
REF REF REF grounded neutral
3Zn= 0.
POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO
SEQUENCE SEQUENCE SEQUENCE
For ungrounded
neutral 3Zn = ∞

Rotating machines
• For synchronous motors, particularly those that are designed with salient
poles, the negative sequence impedance generally lies between Xd’ and Xd’’.
 ZS ZM + ZM −  Z S + Z M + + Z M − 0 0 
Z 012  
= A−1   Z M − Z S Z M +   A =  0 Z S + a 2 Z M + + aZ M − 0 

Z M + Z M − Z S   0 0 Z S + aZ M + + a Z M − 
2
• Zero sequence impedance of loads depends on the manner in which they are
connected and grounded as shown on the following page.
Rotating machines
sequence representation

Zero Sequence Models for Different Load Connections
Ia0 = I0
I0
Ib0 = I0 Z Z0
Z 3I0
N
Z
Ic0 = I0
REF
Ia0 = I0
I0
Ib0 = I0 Z 3Zn
3I0
Z N
Zn Z0
Z
Ic0 = I0
Connection REF
Zero Sequence
Arrangement Equivalent Circuit
Z
Z N
Z Z0
REF
Z0
REF
Series Load Impedances
• Positive and negative sequence impedances of lumped loads are generally
equal. These are shown on a reference phase basis in sequence networks.
 ZS ZM ZM   Z S + 2Z M 0 0 
Z 012  
= A−1  Z M ZS Z M   A =  0 ZS − ZM 0 

Z M ZM Z S   0 0 Z S − Z M 
Ia Vaa a’
a
+ Zaa -
+ +
Vbb Va’n
Van b Ib b’
+
+ Zbb -
+
𝑍𝑎𝑎 = 𝑍𝑏𝑏 = 𝑍𝑐𝑐 = 𝑍𝑠
Vbn c Ic +
Vcc
c’ Vb’n 𝑍𝑎𝑏 = 𝑍𝑏𝑐 = 𝑍𝑐𝑎 = 𝑍𝑀
Zcc -
+ +
Vcn Vc’n
- - - - - - Series load sequence
n
representation

Transmission Lines and Cables
• In sequence network calculations, the per-phase values of line
resistance, reactance and shunt capacitive susceptance are used.
– These values can be found from conductor tables or calculated by hand
using Carson’s equations.
– Several software apps are available such as ATP-EMTP which can
derive the per-phase line constants from physical dimensions of the line
or cable.
• Recall from earlier expressions that for lines and cables, ZL1 = ZL2
while ZL0 > ZL1.
 ZS ZM ZM   Z S + 2Z M 0 0 
Z 012  
= A−1  Z M Z S Z M   A =  0 ZS − ZM 0 
Z M Z M Z S   0 0 Z S − Z M 

ZL0 for Overhead Transmission Lines
• The zero sequence impedance, ZL0, of an overhead line depends on

several factors which can result in wide variation.
– The use of overhead shield wires and the type of tower grounding and
counterpoise.
– Ground resistivity.
– Zero-sequence impedance is usually 2 to 3.5 times the

positive-sequence impedance.
Check out the Z0,
Z1 and Z2 values in
the sample EMTP
line model data.

Sample ATP-EMTP Output for OH Transmission Lines
Calculated impedances are for a typical flat profile 345kV transmission line (left-most
tower configuration) with two bundled conductors per phase.
Impedance matrix, in units of [ohms/mile ] for the system of equivalent phase conductors.
Rows and columns proceed in the same order as the sorted input.
ZAA
1 2.780137E-01
1.099286E+00 Notice that ZAA = ZCC ≠ ZBB
ZBA ZBB and ZBA = ZCB ≠ ZCA.
2 2.305740E-01 2.910487E-01
5.180598E-01 1.085324E+00
ZCA ZCB ZCC
3 2.230820E-01 2.305750E-01 2.780138E-01
4.412611E-01 5.181495E-01 1.099286E+00
Impedance matrix, in units of [ohms/mile ] for symmetrical components of the equivalent phase conductor
Rows proceed in the sequence (0, 1, 2), (0, 1, 2), etc.;
Columns proceed in the sequence (0, 2, 1), (0, 2, 1), etc. Z AA = (RA + RG ) + j ( X AA + X AG )
Z00
0 7.385127E-01 Z AB = RG + j ( X AB + X AG )
2.079613E+00
Z10 Z12
1 -2.156088E-02 -4.804473E-02  Z S + 2Z M 0 0 

Z 012 =  ZS − ZM 
-4.577000E-03 2.854904E-02 0 0 
Z20 Z22 Z21  0 0 Z S − Z M 
2 1.471788E-02 5.428174E-02 4.869572E-02
-1.642828E-02 6.021421E-01 2.742369E-02
ZL0 for Transmission Line Cables
• For cables, the type of sheath or pipe used in the construction is a

major factor in the zero-sequence impedance.
• In addition, the placement of the phase conductors relative to each

other affects the amount of current flow in the cable sheaths or pipe
and thus has a significant impact on the zero-sequence impedance.

Pipe-type Cables – R0 and X0
• R0 and X0 in pipe type cables vary with current loading.
• Most fault studies will choose a current level at which to study the
cable, usually a level corresponding with the available fault current.
8
40
7
35
30 6
25 5
X0/X1
R0/R1
20
4
15
3
10
5 2
0 1
10 100 1000 10000 100000 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Total Pipe Current - Amperes Total Pipe Current - Amperes

Transformers – Positive and Negative Sequence
• The positive and negative-sequence impedances of a transformer

are equal and are the leakage impedance of the transformer.
• Positive-sequence voltages and currents are shifted  30 when

passing through a Delta - Wye transformer bank. The sign of the
phase shift is determined by the transformer connections.
• Negative sequence voltages and currents are correspondingly

shifted by the opposite phase shift.
• No phase shift occurs in the zero sequence network.

Transformers – Zero Sequence
• Where a three-phase transformer bank is arranged without
interlinking magnetic flux (that is a three-phase shell type, or
three single-phase units) and provided there is a path for
zero sequence currents, the zero sequence impedance is
equal to the positive sequence impedance.
• In the case of three-phase core type units, the zero

sequence fluxes produced by zero sequence currents can
find a high reluctance path through the tank, the effect being
to reduce the zero sequence impedance to about 90% of the Shell-type
positive sequence impedance. For wye-wye winding this
may appear as a phantom or “tank” tertiary winding.
• With hand calculations, it’s common, to ignore this variation

and consider the positive and zero sequence impedances to
be equal.
• When using short circuit software, it’s common to assume a

zero-sequence impedance as indicated above, if
manufacturer provided zero sequence values are not
available.
Core-type
Source: Areva Network Protection and Automation Guide, Chapter 5, page 57. (3-legged)

2-Winding Transformers – Zero Sequence
This represents a solidly grounded

The connection from internal neutral (i.e. 3Zn = 0).
impedance to the reference
and the open connection to the Replace with 3Zn for an impedance
external terminal represents a grounded neutral.
delta connection.
You can also refer to a similar table on p.122 in Blackburn. Replace with an open (i.e. 3Zn = ∞) for
an ungrounded neutral.
3-Winding and Autotransformers
3-winding transformers can be represented with a T-model.
Recall that the impedances derived from measurements (i.e test reports) are those
between pairs of windings with the third winding being an open circuit. Thus we can
relate the values ZPS, ZPT and ZST to effective individual winding impedances ZP, ZS and
ZT as follows:
Then with some algebraic manipulation we can arrive at the following:

3-Winding and Autotransformers – Positive and Negative Sequence
The positive and negative sequence representations are the same and simply include
solid connections from the internal impedances ZP, ZS and ZT to the external terminals P,
S and T as shown below right.
Ref.

3-Winding and Autotransformers – Zero Sequence
Zero sequence representations use the same internal connection rules for each winding
configuration as seen in the 2-winding example.
You can also refer to a similar table on p.124 in Blackburn.
Note for N-Winding Transformers:

Representation of transformers with
more than 3 windings (i.e. N-winding
transformers) follow the same process
and connection rules as 3-winding
transformers.
How Zero Sequence Network Series and Shunt Elements
Relate to Neutral Current – A Common and Incorrect View
Current across shunt elements in the zero sequence representation corresponds with
neutral current.
If the zero sequence is open as for a delta-delta transformer or ungrounded wye winding
clearly there is no neutral current. When there is only a series path there is zero
sequence current flow but not through the neutral.

How Zero Sequence Network Series and Shunt Elements
Relate to Winding Currents – The Correct View
The connection to “reference’ making Zt0 a shunt element models the delta connection. I0 flowing
through the shunt connection models I0 inside the delta while I0 leaving Zt0 models I0 in the wye
winding.
I0
I0
I0
Consider a similar mapping for wye-wye windings. Notice that when there is only a series path there
is zero sequence current flow through the windings but the net zero sequence current through the
neutrals is zero.

Fault Analysis Using Symmetrical Components
Example System
GA

Example System
GA

Example System (Fault at Bus C)

3-Phase (3PH) Fault a
b
At the fault point Vaf = Vbf = Vcf = 0 and Iaf + Ibf + Icf=0,
c
Iaf Ibf Icf
Since Va = Vb = Vc = 0
From the definitions: V0 = V1 = V2 = 0 ZF ZF ZF
Since Iaf + Ibf + Icf =0

From the definitions: I0 = 0
As expected, these relationships
suggest only the positive sequence
network to be connected at the
fault point.
REFERENCE EQUATIONS
V0 =
1
(Va + Vb + Vc ) I0 =
1
(I a + I b + I c )
3 3 Va = V0 + V1 + V2 I a = I 0 + I1 + I 2
V1 = (Va + aVb + a 2Vc ) I1 = (I a + aI b + a 2 I c )
1 1
3 Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2 I b = I 0 + a 2 I1 + aI 2
3
V2 = (Va + a 2Vb + aVc ) Vc = V0 + aV1 + a 2V2 I c = I 0 + aI1 + a 2 I 2
I 2 = (I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
1 1
3 3

3-Phase (3PH) Fault
a Va = Vb = Vc = 0
I a + Ib + Ic = 0
b
c
V
I a1 =
Z1

3-Phase (3PH) Fault
I1
Z1
| I a |=| I b |=| I c |
Va = Vb = Vc = 0 V POS V1
I2
Z2
V1  0
V0 = V2 = 0 NEG V2
I0 = I2 = 0
I0
Z0
Notice there is a extra
component of V1 and I1
present because of load
current and source impedance. ZERO V0
The above fault record is from Washington State University’s March 2011 Hands-On Relay School

3-Phase (3PH) Fault
I1
Z1
POS V V1 ZF
V
I a1 =
I2
Z2
Z1 + Z f
NEG V2
I0
Z0
ZERO V0

Single-Line-to-Ground (SLG) Fault
a
b
At the fault point Vaf = 0 and Ibf = Icf = 0
c
Since Vaf = 0 V0 + V1 + V2 = 0 Iaf

+
ZF Vaf
Since Ibf = Icf = 0 I0 + a2I1 + aI2 = 0 and -
I0 + aI1 + a2I2 = 0
Which simplifies to I 0 = I1 = I2 These relationships suggest that

all three sequence networks are
connected in series at the fault
point.
REFERENCE EQUATIONS
V0 =
1
(Va + Vb + Vc ) I0 =
1
(I a + I b + I c )
3 3 Va = V0 + V1 + V2 I a = I 0 + I1 + I 2
1 1
3 Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2 I b = I 0 + a 2 I1 + aI 2
3
I 2 = (I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
1 1
3 3

Va = 0
Ib = Ic = 0
V
I a1 = I a 2 = I a 0 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0
3V
I a = I a1 + I a 2 + I a 0 = 3I a 0 =
Z1 + Z 2 + Z 0

I1
Z1
POS
Va = 0 V V1
Ib = Ic = 0
I2
Z2
NEG
V0 + V1 + V2  0 V2
I 0  I1  I 2
I0
Z0
component of V1 and I1 ZERO
present because of load
current and source V0
impedance.
Z1
POS V V1
𝑉
𝐼1 = 𝐼2 = 𝐼0 = Z2
I2 ZF
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍3 + 3𝑍𝑓
NEG V2
ZF
I0 ZF
Z0
ZERO V0

Line-to-Line (LL) Fault
a
At the fault point Iaf = 0 and Ibf = -Icf and Vb = Vc b

+
c
Since Vbf = Vcf V0 + a2V1 + aV2 = V0 + aV1 + a2V2 +
Ibf Icf
Which simplifies to V1 = V2 Vbf
Vcf
ZF
Since Ibf = -Icf I0 + a2I1 + aI2 = -(I0 + aI1 + a2I2) - -
G
Which simplifies to I1 = -I2
These relationships suggest the
Since Iaf = 0 I0 + I1 + I2 = 0 where I1 = -I2 positive and negative sequence
Which simplifies to I0 = 0 networks are connected in
parallel at the fault point.
REFERENCE EQUATIONS
V0 =
1
(Va + Vb + Vc ) I0 =
1
(I a + I b + I c )
3 3 Va = V0 + V1 + V2 I a = I 0 + I1 + I 2
1 1
3 Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2 I b = I 0 + a 2 I1 + aI 2
3
I 2 = (I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
1 1
3 3

Ia = 0
Ib = −Ic
Vb = Vc
V
I a1 = − I a 2 =
Z1 + Z 2
Va1 = Va 2

I1
Z1
Ia = 0
Ib = −Ic POS V V1
Vb = Vc
I2
Z2

component of V1 and
NEG V2
I1 present because of
load current and
source impedance.
V1  V2 Z0
I0
I0  0
I1  − I 2 ZERO V0
I1
Z1
POS V V1
ZF
I2
𝑉 Z2
𝐼1 = −𝐼2 =
𝑍1 + 𝑍2 + 𝑍𝑓
NEG V2
I0
Z0
ZERO V0

Double Line-to-Ground (DLG) Fault
a
At the fault point Iaf = 0 and Vbf = Vcf= 0 b

+
c
Since Vbf = Vcf= 0 V0 + a2V1 + aV2 = 0 and Ibf Icf +
V0 + aV1 + a2V2 = 0 Vbf
Vcf
Which simplifies to V0 = V1 = V2 ZF
- -
G
Since Iaf = 0 I 0 + I1 + I2 = 0
Or rewritten as I1 = -(I0 + I2) These relationships suggest the
zero, positive and negative
sequence networks are all
connected in parallel at the fault
point.
REFERENCE EQUATIONS
V0 =
1
(Va + Vb + Vc ) I0 =
1
(I a + I b + I c )
3 3 Va = V0 + V1 + V2 I a = I 0 + I1 + I 2
1 1
3 Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2 I b = I 0 + a 2 I1 + aI 2
3
I 2 = (I a + a 2 I b + aI c )
1 1
3 3

Ia = 0
Vb = Vc = 0
Va1 = Va 2 = Va 0
V
I a1 =
 Z Z 
Z1 +  2 0 
 Z2 + Z0 

I1
Z1
Ia = 0
V POS V1
Vb = Vc = 0
I2
Z2
V0  V1  V2 NEG V2
I1  − ( I 0 + I 2 )
I0
Z0
component of V1 and
I1 present because of
load current and ZERO V0
source impedance.
I1
Z1
POS V V1
I2
Z2
NEG V2
I0
Z0
3Zf
ZERO V0

Phase Shifting Across Delta-Wye Transformers
For this example HV leads LV by 30°. Let the system
voltage ratio (N) equal 1. Consequently, the turns
ratio (n) must be 1/3. We know that
Because the sequence networks are independent, we

can apply them individually adding the results by
superposition.
Starting with positive sequence values we get the
following for voltage and current.
Pictures and equations are from Appendix 4.3 in Blackburn.

Recall from before that
Next applying negative sequence values we get the

following for voltage and current.
Pictures and equations are from Appendix 4.3 in Blackburn.

• Blackburn Appendix 4.3 provides a second transformer,

Example (b), which has a high side delta, low side wye with
the HV side similarly leading the low side by 30°.
• The process for determining the positive and negative

sequence shift angles is the same as Example (a) as are the
actual shift angles.

Example System (Fault at Bus C)
• After interconnecting the sequence

networks to model the particular fault
type and solving the network to
determine the fault current, you likely
want to determine other internal values
for particular elements – say the
current through Generator GB and the
voltage behind its reactance.
• You simply determine the current

through GB in each network (IGB0, IGB1
and IGB2) as well as the 3 voltages
across GB (VGB0, VGB1 and VGB2).
Recall that
• IGBA = IGB0 + IGB1 + IGB2, and
• VGBA = VGB0 + VGB1 + VGB2.
• You similarly determine VGBB and VGBC.

Symmetrical Component Model for
Double-Line-to-Ground (DLG) Fault With Impedance
I1
Z1 ZF
a POS V V1
I2
Z2 ZF
b
NEG V2
c
I0
Z0 ZF
ZF ZF
3ZG
ZERO V0
ZG
ECE-5521 Class 4 – Symmetrical Components 68

3-Phase-to-Ground Fault With Impedance on Phase “a” Only
I1
Z1
a POS V V1
I2
Z2
b
NEG V2
c
I0
Z0
ZF
ZERO V0 ZF/3

Unbalanced Wye-connected Load
I1
Z1 ZB
a POS V V1
I2
Z2 ZB
b
NEG V2
c
I0
Z0 ZB + 3ZG
ZA ZB ZB
ZERO V0
(ZA – ZB)/3
ZG

One (1) Open Phase
I1X I1Y
Z1X Z1Y
X Y
a POS V V1X V1Y V
I2X I2Y
Z2X Z2Y
b
NEG V2X V2Y
c
I0X I0Y
Z0X Z0Y
ZERO V0X V0Y

Sequence Networks for a UG System With an SLG Fault
A B
G
L
No
Ground
Sources
• X0C is generally assumed

equal to X1C and X2C.
• X0C, X1C and X2C are very large

compared to the series
reactances of the system so
X1C and X2C are shorted by the
XFMR and GEN X1 and X2.
• Note that the location of the

fault has little effect on the
magnitude of the capacitive
fault current since the
capacitance is distributed
throughout the system and
the values of the series
reactances are small.

Questions?

ECE-5521-Lecture4 - Symmetrical Components

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ECE-5521-Lecture4 - Symmetrical Components

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ECE-5521

Instructor: Lalitha Devarakonda

• History and Description

• The General Method of Symmetrical Components

• Circuit Element Sequence Representations

• Fault Analysis Using Symmetrical Components

protective Relaying Conference, Atlanta, GA, April 2005, http://www.basler.com/downloads/Symmcomp.pdf

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 2

• The method of symmetrical components provides a tool to study systems

• Developed by Charles Fortescue in 1913, who presented a paper entitled’

• In mathematics terms, it is a linear transformation4 mapping quantities

• Simplifies circuit analysis of a three-phase mutually coupled circuit by

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 3

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 4

• The use of symmetrical components for three-phase power system analysis is a

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 5

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 6

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 7

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 8

When N is prime, each set where n>0 will form a a4,

Systems: Fault Analysis, IEEE Transactions on Power

Vc = Vc 0 + Vc1 + Vc 2 𝑉𝑐2 = 𝑎2 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑎2 𝑉2 N=3

This transforms 3 quantities into a total of 9 quantities. Simplified?

We can then define quantities V0, V1 and V2 in the sequence

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 10

Matrix notation also lets us easily derive an inverse transform.

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 11

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 12

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 13

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 15

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 16

This example is from Washington State University’s

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 17

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 18

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 19

– Zero sequence - represents impedances of the system to equal

– Positive sequence - represents impedances of the system to

– Negative sequence - represents impedances of the system to

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 20

• For a balanced network:

• For unbalanced network:

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 21

– Otherwise, you may be given fault duties expressed in MVA or kVA

• For hand calculations you can often assume an ideal voltage

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 22

See Blackburn Appendix 4.1

For a sustained fault on the terminals of an unloaded generator, the

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 24

• Reactance increases with time after a short circuit because of the

• Negative-sequence impedance is often approximated by equating it to

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 25

• The fault current contribution from an induction machine decays in a

• Induction machine contribution to fault current (subtransient

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 26

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 27

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 28

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 30

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 31

• The zero sequence impedance, ZL0, of an overhead line depends on

– Zero-sequence impedance is usually 2 to 3.5 times the

ECE-5521 Class 4 Symmetrical Components 32

• For cables, the type of sheath or pipe used in the construction is a

• In addition, the placement of the phase conductors relative to each