Notice of changes

For summer 2022, we introduced optionality for 8035/2 Paper 2: Challenges in

the human environment.

This paper featured changes to Section B The changing economic world and
Section C The challenge of resource management.

Section B featured the replacement of a 9 mark question with 6 mark

question.

Section C featured the additional 5 marks.

 Please write clearly in block capitals.

Centre number Candidate number

Surname _________________________________________________________________________

Forename(s) _________________________________________________________________________

Candidate signature _________________________________________________________________________

I declare this is my own work.

GCSE
GEOGRAPHY
Paper 2 Challenges in the Human Environment

Time allowed: 1 hour 15 minutes

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
 a pencil
 a rubber Question Mark
 a ruler.
You may use a calculator. 1

Instructions 2
 Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
 Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 3

4
Answer all questions in Section A.
Answer either Section B or Section C.
5
If you choose Section B answer all questions.
If you choose Section C answer Question 3 and either Question 4 6
or Question 5 or Question 6.
TOTAL
 You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box
around each page or on blank pages.
 If you need additional extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of this book. Write the
question number against your answer(s).
 Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want to be marked.

Information
 The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
 The total number of marks available for this paper is 63.
 Spelling, punctuation, grammar and specialist terminology will be assessed in Question 01.10.
 HIC is a higher income country.
 LIC is a lower income country.
 NEE is a newly emerging economy.

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For the multiple-choice questions, shade the circle next to the correct answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to
select as shown.

Section A Urban issues and challenges

Answer all questions in this section.

Question 1 Urban issues and challenges

Study Figure 1, a world map showing the rate of growth for some major cities,
measured in people per hour.

Figure 1

London Delhi Shanghai

+9 +79 +53
New York Berlin Dhaka
+10 +1 +74

Rio de Janeiro
+10

Mexico City Mumbai

+22 +51
Lagos Jakarta
+85 +27
Manila
São Paulo Kinshasa +29
+18 +63

Key
Africa Asia Europe North America South America

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0 1 . 1 Calculate the mean rate of growth per hour for the Asian cities shown
in Figure 1.

Answer to the nearest whole number.

[2 marks]

Show your working

Answer = ____________ people per hour

0 1 . 2 Outline one reason for the slower rates of growth in HIC cities.
[2 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 1 . 3 Give one way in which a major city in an LIC/NEE is regionally important.

[1 mark]

Name of city __________________________________________________________________

Regional importance __________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Study Figure 2, a newspaper extract about urban change in sub-Saharan Africa.

Figure 2

Housing in sub-Saharan Africa improves but millions still live in slums

A new study of housing quality in sub-Saharan Africa states ‘there has been a
dramatic improvement in living conditions during the past 15 years’.

Researchers found housing had improved across several measures during

the period. Amount of living space, access to water and sanitation, and good
quality construction were found in 23% of houses in 2015, up from
11% in 2000.

The study’s author said, “Our study shows that many people are investing in
their homes, but there is also an urgent need for governments to help improve
infrastructure.”

0 1 . 4 Explain how urban planning is improving quality of life for the urban poor.

Use Figure 2 and an LIC/NEE example you have studied.

[6 marks]

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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Study Figure 3, a photograph and factfile about transport improvements in

Utrecht, a city in the Netherlands.

Figure 3

From Bus Stops to Bee Stops

316
 bus stops have green roofs covered in plants
All
 have LED lighting and 96 have solar panels
The
 base of the shelter is made of recycled concrete

0 1 . 5 Suggest how developments such as this can help urban areas to become more
sustainable.

Use Figure 3 and your own understanding.

[4 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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Study Figure 4, a graph showing the 10 UK urban areas with the highest
population growth rate (%), 2011–2036 (projected).

Figure 4

33

32

31

30

29
Population
growth rate (%)
28
2011 – 2036
(projected)
27

26

25

24

23
ff

try

es

en

on

gh
le
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rg

to

do
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nd

ou
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Lu
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Ke
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ov

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Lo

or
Sw
in

C
Ab

rb
C

Ed
on

te
ilt

Pe
M

Urban area

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0 1 . 6 Complete Figure 4 using the following data.
[1 mark]

Population growth rate (%)

City
2011–2036 (projected)

Swindon 26.5

0 1 . 7 Calculate the range of population growth rate (%), 2011–2036 (projected) for the
urban areas shown in Figure 4.

Shade one circle only.

[1 mark]
A 8.0%

B 8.3%

C 8.6%

D 8.9%

Question 1 continues on the next page

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Study Figure 5, a map showing the 10 highest and 10 lowest UK urban areas for
population growth rate (%), 2011–2036 (projected).

Figure 5

Key
N
Population growth rate (%)
10 highest urban areas
10 lowest urban areas

Aberdeen

Edinburgh

Sunderland

Blackburn Burnley
Blackpool Hull
Rochdale
Liverpool
Doncaster Grimsby
Birkenhead

Peterborough
Coventry

Milton Keynes
Cardiff Swindon Luton
London
Crawley

0 100 km

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0 1 . 8 Compare the distribution of the 10 highest and 10 lowest urban areas shown
in Figure 5.
[2 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 1 . 9 Outline how international migration has affected a UK city you have studied.
[2 marks]

Name of UK city ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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0 1 . 1 0 Assess the challenges created by urban change in a UK city you have studied.
[9 marks]
[+ 3 SPaG marks]

Name of UK city ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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End of Section A

Turn over for Section B

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Answer either Section B or Section C.

Section B The changing economic world

If you choose Section B answer all questions in this section.

Question 2 The changing economic world

Study Figure 6, a graph showing the percentage of employment in different

industrial sectors in the UK.

Figure 6

90

80

70

60

Employment 50
in different
industrial
sectors (%) 40

30

20

10

0
1966 1976 1986 1996 2006 2016
Year
Key
Primary industry
Secondary industry
Service industry

0 2 . 1 Complete Figure 6 using the following data.

[2 marks]

Year % employment in service industry

2006 81

2016 84

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0 2 . 2 Calculate the difference between employment (%) in primary industry and
secondary industry in 2016.

Shade one circle only.

[1 mark]
A 13%

B 17%

C 69%

D 82%

0 2 . 3 Which one of the following describes the change in employment in secondary

industry from 1966 to 2016?

Shade one circle only.

[1 mark]
A It halves

B It more than halves

C It stays the same

D It doubles

0 2 . 4 Outline one or more reasons for the decline of traditional industries in the UK.
[3 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Study Figure 7, showing newspaper headlines.

Figure 7

Does leaving wealth

th
taking back co e EU mean Can the Common
ntrol of our ading future
money, laws provide the tr
and borders?
for the UK?

0 2 . 5 Suggest how changing economic and political links may affect the UK’s place in
the wider world.

Use Figure 7 and your own understanding.

[6 marks]

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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Question 2 continues on the next page

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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Study Figure 8, a population pyramid for Chad (2019).

Figure 8

Age
groups
90 – 94
Male Female
85 – 89
80 – 84
75 – 79
70 – 74
65 – 69
60 – 64
55 – 59
50 – 54
45 – 49
40 – 44
35 – 39
30 – 34
25 – 29
20 – 24
15 – 19
10 – 14
5–9
0–4

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Percentage (%)

0 2 . 6 Complete Figure 8 using the following data.

[1 mark]

Males aged 30 – 34 3%

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0 2 . 7 Using Figure 8, calculate the percentage (%) of children aged 0 – 4 years old.

Shade one circle only.

[1 mark]
A 9.0%

B 9.2%

C 15.6%

D 18.2%

0 2 . 8 What is meant by infant mortality rate?

[2 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Study Figure 9, the Demographic Transition Model.

Figure 9

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

40

35
Birth and
death rates
per 1000 20
population
10

0
Time
Key
Birth rate
Death rate
Total population

0 2 . 9 Using Figure 9, suggest how population change in Stage 3 may have economic
benefits.
[3 marks]

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0 2 . 1 0 Describe one or more impacts that international aid has had on a named
LIC/NEE country.
[4 marks]

Name of country ______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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0 2 . 1 1 ‘Transnational corporations (TNCs) bring more disadvantages than advantages
to a host country.’

Do you agree?

Explain your answer.

[6 marks]

Name of LIC/NEE _____________________________________________________________

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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End of Section B

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Turn over for Section C

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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If you have answered Section B, do not answer Section C.

Section C The challenge of resource management

If you choose Section C, answer Question 3 and

either Question 4 (Food) or Question 5 (Water) or Question 6 (Energy).

Question 3 The challenge of resource management

Study Figure 10, a world map showing a measure of well-being for women
in 2019.

Figure 10

Figure 10 not reproduced here due to third-party copyright restrictions

0 3 . 1 Which of the following continents has the largest number of countries

with a score of 0 – 0.57?

Shade one circle only.

[1 mark]
A Africa

B Asia

C Europe

D South America

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0 3 . 2 Suggest how poor water supply may affect social well-being.
[3 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

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0 3 . 3 Explain how changing demand for food has affected the UK’s carbon footprint.
[4 marks]

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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Question 3 continues on the next page

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Study Figure 11, some headlines about changing demand for water in the UK.

Figure 11

UK dishwash
er for UK
increased fro ownership Increasing trend
m 22% in more than
1998 to 49% houses to have
in 2018
1 bathroom

UK population increasingly
concentrated in the South

0 3 . 4 Discuss the challenges of the changing demand for water in the UK.

Use Figure 11 and your own understanding.

[6 marks]

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14
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End of Question 3

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Answer either Question 4 (Food) or Question 5 (Water) or Question 6 (Energy).

Question 4 Food

Study Figure 12, a graph showing GNI per person and food consumption
per person for selected countries.

Figure 12

4000
USA
South Korea
3500 Morocco Poland Norway
UK
Brazil
Spain
South Africa Argentina
Food 3000
consumption Indonesia Bulgaria
Japan
(kilocalories Angola Peru
per person 2500 Bangladesh
per day) Pakistan
Kenya
Ethiopia
Afghanistan
2000
Central African Republic

1500

500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16 000 32 000 64 000 128 000
GNI (US$ per person per year)

0 4 . 1 Plot the following data on to Figure 12.

[1 mark]

Food consumption
GNI (US$ per person
Country (kilocalories per person
per year)
per day)

Botswana 16 000 2300

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0 4 . 2 Which country is identified by the following data?
[1 mark]

Food consumption
GNI (US$ per person
(kilocalories per person
per year)
per day)

32 000 3200

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 4 . 3 Draw a best fit line on Figure 12.

[1 mark]

0 4 . 4 Describe the relationship between GNI and food consumption shown in

Figure 12.
[2 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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0 4 . 5 Outline one or more reasons for the link between GNI and food consumption.
[3 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

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0 4 . 6 Give two impacts of food insecurity.
[2 marks]

1 _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

2 _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 4 . 7 Suggest how food supplies have been made more sustainable.

Use an example of a local scheme in an LIC/NEE.

[6 marks]

Name of local scheme ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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End of Question 4

If you have answered Question 4, do not answer Question 5 or 6

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Question 5 Water

Study Figure 13, a graph showing GNI per person and the percentage of rural
areas with a basic water supply for selected countries.

Figure 13

Bangladesh Philippines Croatia

100
Poland UK USA
90
Brazil
Bolivia
80
Cambodia Iraq
70 Ghana
Yemen Nicaragua
Basic 60
water supply South Sudan Sudan
in rural areas 50
(%) Haiti
40
Equatorial Guinea
30
Central African Republic
20
10
0
500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16 000 32 000 64 000 128 000
GNI (US$ per person per year)

Basic water supply = access to water within 30 minutes

0 5 . 1 Plot the following data on to Figure 13.

[1 mark]

GNI (US$ per person Basic water supply in

Country
per year) rural areas (%)

Botswana 16 000 58

0 5 . 2 Which country is identified by the following data?

[1 mark]

GNI (US$ per person Basic water supply in

per year) rural areas (%)

4000 52

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0 5 . 3 Draw a best fit line on Figure 13.
[1 mark]

0 5 . 4 Describe the relationship between GNI and access to a basic water supply
shown in Figure 13.
[2 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 5 . 5 Outline one or more reasons for the link between GNI and water supply.
[3 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 5 . 6 Give two impacts of water insecurity

[2 marks]

1 _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

2 _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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0 5 . 7 Suggest how water supplies have been made more sustainable.

Use an example of a local scheme in an LIC/NEE.

[6 marks]

Name of local scheme ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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End of Question 5

If you have answered Question 5, do not answer Question 4 or 6

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Question 6 Energy

Study Figure 14, a graph showing GNI per person and energy consumption for
selected countries

Figure 14

12 000
Bahrain
10 000

Canada
Energy 8000
consumption USA Brunei
(kg oil Norway
equivalent 6000 Australia
per person Chile New Zealand
per year) Bulgaria France
4000 Libya
South Africa UK
Namibia Malaysia
Algeria Croatia
2000 Angola Brazil
Jamaica
Philippines
0
500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16 000 32 000 64 000 128 000
GNI (US$ per person per year)

0 6 . 1 Plot the following data on to Figure 14.

[1 mark]

Energy consumption
GNI (US$ per person
Country (kg oil equivalent per
per year)
person per year)

Botswana 16 000 1200

0 6 . 2 Which country is identified by the following data?

[1 mark]

Energy consumption
GNI (US$ per person
(kg oil equivalent per
per year)
person per year)

8000 450

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0 6 . 3 Draw a best fit line on Figure 14.
[1 mark]

0 6 . 4 Describe the relationship between GNI and energy consumption shown in

Figure 14.
[2 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 6 . 5 Outline one or more reasons for the link between GNI and energy consumption.
[3 marks]

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

0 6 . 6 Give two impacts of energy insecurity.

[2 marks]

1 _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

2 _____________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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0 6 . 7 Suggest how energy supplies have been made more sustainable.

Use an example of a local renewable energy scheme in an LIC/NEE.

[6 marks]

Name of local scheme ________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

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Extra space ___________________________________________________________________

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If you have answered Question 6, do not answer Question 4 or 5

END OF QUESTIONS

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