4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

Describe the translation in each function as it

relates to the graph of the parent function.
1. g(x) = x + 11

2. g(x) = x – 8

SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x) + k where k = 11.

g(x) = x + 11 → f(x) + 11

x f(x) f(x) + 11 (x, g(x))

−3 −3 8 (−3, 8)
0 0 11 (0, 11)
3 3 14 (3, 14)

The constant k is not grouped with x, so k affects SOLUTION:

the output, or y-values. The value of k is greater
than 0, so the graph of f(x) = x is translated 11 units Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x) + k where k = –8.
up.
g(x) = x – 8 → f(x) – 8
g(x) = x + 11 is the translation of the graph of the
parent function 11 units up. x f(x) f(x) – 8 (x, g(x))
−2 −2 −10 (−2, −10)
0 0 −8 (0, −8)
2 2 −6 (2, −6)

The constant k is not grouped with x, so k affects

the output, or y-values. The value of k is less than 0,
so the graph of f(x) = x is translated |−8| units
down, or 8 units down.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

g(x) = x – 8 is the translation of the graph of the g(x) = (x – 7) is the translation of the graph of the
parent function 8 units down. parent function 7 units right.

3. g(x) = (x – 7)
4. g(x) = (x + 12)

SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x – h) where h = 7. SOLUTION:

g(x) = (x – 7) → g(x) = f(x – 7) Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x – h) where h = −12.

x x–7 f(x – 7) (x, g(x)) g(x) = (x + 12) → g(x) = f(x – (−12))

−2 −9 −9 (−2, −9)
0 −7 −7 (0, −7) x x + 12 f(x + 12) (x, g(x))
2 −5 −5 (2, −5) −3 9 9 (−3, 9)
0 12 12 (0, 12)
The constant h is grouped with x, so h affects the 3 15 15 (3, 15)
input, or x-values. The value of h is greater than 0,
so the graph of f(x) = x is translated 7 units right. The constant h is grouped with x, so h affects the
input, or x-values. The value of h is less than 0, so
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2
4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

the graph of f(x) = x is translated |−12| units left or The value of h is grouped with x and is less than 0, so the gra
12 units left. x is translated |−10| units left or 10 units left.

g(x) = (x + 12) is the translation of the graph of the The value of k is not grouped with x and is less than 0, so the
parent function 12 units left. of f(x) = x is translated |−1| unit down, or 1 unit down.

g(x) = (x + 10) – 1 is the translation of the graph of the paren

10 units left and 1 unit down.

5. g(x) = (x + 10) – 1

6. g(x) = (x – 9) + 5

SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x – h) + k where h = −10 and

SOLUTION:
g(x) = (x + 10) – 1 → g(x) = f(x – (−10)) – 1
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x – h) + k where h = 9 and
x x + 10 f(x + 10) f(x + 10
−4 6 6 5 g(x) = (x – 9) + 5 → g(x) = f(x – 9) + 5
−2 8 8 7
0 10 10 9 x x–9 f(x – 9) f(x – 9

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

−2 −11 −11 −6 7. BOWLING The cost for Nobu to go bowling is

0 −9 −9 −4 $4 per game plus an additional flat fee of $3.50 for
2 −7 −7 −2 the rental of bowling shoes. The cost can be
modeled by the function f(x) = 4x + 3.5, where x
represents the number of games bowled. Describe
The value of h is grouped with x and is greater than 0, so the graph of
the graph of g(x) as it relates to f(x) if Nobu does
f(x) = x is translated 9 units right.
not rent bowling shoes.
The value of k is not grouped with x and is greater than 0, so the graph
SOLUTION:
of f(x) = x is translated 5 units up.
If Nobu does not rent bowling shoes, then the total
g(x) = (x – 9) + 5 is the translation of the graph of the parent function
price to9bowl is 4x because it cost $4 per game.
units right and 5 units up. So, g(x) = 4x.

Since f(x) = 4x + 3.5, g(x) = f(x) + k, where k =

−3.5. So, g(x) = 4x → f(x) – 3.5.

The constant k is subtracted from f(x) after the total

price of the games bowled and cost of renting
bowling shoes has been evaluated and is less than 0,
so the graph of will be shifted |–3.5| units down, or
3.5 units down.

g(x) = 4x is the translation of the graph of f(x) 3.5

units down.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions
8. SAVINGS Natalie has $250 in her savings
account, into which she deposits $10 of her
allowance each week. The balance of her savings
account can be modeled by the function f(w) = 250
+ 10w, where w represents the number of
weeks. Write a function g(w) to represent the
balance of Natalie’s savings account if
she withdraws $40 to purchase a new pair of shoes.
Describe the translation of f(w) that results in g(w).
SOLUTION:
If Natalie withdraws $40 to purchase a new pair of
shoes, then the amount in her savings account is 250
– 40 + 10w. So, g(w) = 210 + 10w.
Since f(w) = 250 + 10w, g(w) = f(w) + k, where k
= –40. So, g(w) = 210 + 10w → f(w) – 40.
The constant k is subtracted from f(w) after the
total amount in Natalie's savings account has
been evaluated and is less than 0, so the graph of
f(w) will be shifted |−40| units down, or 40 units
down.
g(w) = 210 + 10w is the translation of the graph of
f(w) 40 units down.
10. g(x) = 5(x)
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
9. BOAT RENTAL The cost to rent a paddle boat
at the county park is $8 per hour plus a
nonrefundable deposit of $10. The cost can be
modeled by the function f(h) = 8h + 10, where h
represents the number of hours the boat is
rented. Describe the graph of g(h) as it relates to
f(h) if the nonrefundable deposit increases to $15.
SOLUTION:
If the nonrefundable deposit increases to $15, then
the cost to rent a paddle boat at the county park is
8h + 15. So, g(h) = 8h + 15.
Since f(h) = 8h + 10, g(h) = f(h) + k, where k = 5.
So, g(h) = 8h + 15 → f(h) + 5.
The constant k is added to f(h) after the total cost
to rent a paddle boat at the county park and
nonrefundable deposit has been evaluated and is
greater than 0, so the graph of f(h) will be shifted 5
units up.
g(h) = 8h + 15 is the translation of the graph of f(h)
5 units up.
Describe the dilation in each function as it
relates to the graph of the parent function.
SOLUTION:
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = a • f(x) where a = 5.
Page 5
4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

SOLUTION:
g(x) = 5(x) → 5f(x)

x f(x) 5f(x) (x, g(x)) Since f(x) = x, g(x) = a • f(x) where .

−2 −2 −10 (−2, −10)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
2 2 10 (2, 10)

The positive constant a is not grouped with x, and

|a| is greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is x f(x) (x, g(x))
stretched vertically by a factor of a, or 5.
−3 −3 −1 (−3, −1)
g(x) = 5(x) is a vertical stretch of the graph of the
0 0 0 (0, 0)
parent function by a factor of 5. The slope of the
graph g(x) is steeper than that of f(x). 3 3 1 (3, 1)

The positive constant a is not grouped with x, and

|a| is less than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
compressed vertically by a factor of a, or .

is a vertical compression of the graph

of the parent function by a factor of . The slope

of the graph g(x) is less steep than that of f(x).

11.

12. g(x) = 1.5(x)

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 6

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

13. g(x) = (3x)

SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = a • f(x) where a = 1.5. SOLUTION:

g(x) = 1.5(x) → 1.5f(x) Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(a • x) where a = 3.

x f(x) 1.5f(x) (x, g(x)) g(x) = (3x) → f(3x)

−2 −2 −3 (−2, −3)
0 0 0 (0, 0) x 3x f(3x) (x, g(x))
2 2 3 (2, 3) −1 −3 −3 (−1, −3)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
The positive constant a is not grouped with x, and 1 3 3 (1, 3)
|a| is greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
stretched vertically by a factor of a, or 1.5. The positive constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is
greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
g(x) = 1.5(x) is a vertical stretch of the graph of the
compressed horizontally by a factor of , or .
parent function by a factor of 1.5. The slope of the
graph g(x) is steeper than that of f(x).
g(x) = (3x) is a horizontal compression of the graph
of the parent function by a factor of . The slope

of the graph g(x) is steeper than that of f(x).

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 7

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

The positive constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is

between 0 and 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
stretched horizontally by a factor of , or .

is a horizontal stretch of the graph of

the parent function by a factor of . The slope of

the graph g(x) is less steep than that of f(x).

14.

15. g(x) = (0.4x)

SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(a • x) where .

SOLUTION:
x (x, g(x))

−4 −3 −3 (−4, −3) Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(a • x) where a = 0.4.

0 0 0 (0, 0)
g(x) = (0.4x) → g(x) = f(0.4x)
4 3 3 (4, 3)

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 8

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

x 0.4x f(0.4x) (x, g(x))

−5 −2 −2 (−5, −2) Since f(x) = x, g(x) = –1 • a • f(x) where a = 4.
0 0 0 (0, 0)
g(x) = –4(x) → –4f(x)
5 2 2 (5, 2)

x f(x) –4f(x) (x, g(x))

The positive constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is
between 0 and 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is –2 –2 8 (–2, 8)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
stretched horizontally by a factor of , or 2.5.
2 2 –8 (2, –8)

g(x) = (0.4x) is a horizontal stretch of the graph of The constant a is not grouped with x, and |a| is
the parent function by a factor of 2.5. The slope of greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
the graph g(x) is less steep than that of f(x). vertically stretched.

The negative is not grouped with x, so the graph is

also reflected across the x-axis.

The graph of g(x) = –4(x) is the graph of the parent

function vertically stretched by a factor of 4 and
reflected across the x-axis.

Describe how the graph of each function is

related to the graph of the parent function.
16. g(x) = –4(x)

17. g(x) = –8(x)

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

18.
SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = −1 • a • f(x) where a = 8.

g(x) = −8(x) → −8f(x)

x f(x) −8f(x) (x, g(x))

−1 −1 8 (−1, 8)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
1 1 −8 (1, −8)

The constant a is not grouped with x, and |a| is

greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
vertically stretched.
SOLUTION:
The negative is not grouped with x, so the graph is
also reflected across the x-axis.
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = −1 • a • f(x) where .
The graph of g(x) = −8(x) is the graph of the parent
function vertically stretched by a factor of 8 and
reflected across the x-axis.

x f(x) (x, g(x))

−3 −3 2 (−3, 2)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
3 3 −2 (3, −2)

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

The constant a is not grouped with x, and |a| is less

than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is vertically Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(–1 • a • x) where .
compressed.

The negative is not grouped with x, so the graph is

also reflected across the x-axis.

The graph of is the graph of the

x (x, g(x))
parent function vertically compressed by a factor of
and reflected across the x-axis. –5 4 4 (–5, 4)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
5 –4 –4 (5, –4)

The constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is less than

1, so the graph of f(x) = x is horizontally stretched
by a factor of or .

The negative is grouped with x, so the graph is also

reflected across the y-axis.

The graph of is the graph of the

Describe the dilation in each function as it parent function horizontally stretched by a factor of
relates to the graph of the parent function.
and reflected across the y-axis.
19.

20. g(x) = (–6x)

SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 11

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

SOLUTION: 21. g(x) = (–1.5x)

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(–1 • a • x) where a = 6.

g(x) = (–6x) → g(x) = f(–6x)

x –6x f(–6x) (x, g(x))

–1 6 6 (–1, 6)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
1 –6 –6 (1, –6)

The constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is greater

than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is horizontally
compressed by a factor of or .
SOLUTION:

The negative is grouped with x, so the graph is also Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(–1 • a • x) where a = 1.5.
reflected across the y-axis.
g(x) = (–1.5x) → g(x) = f(–1.5x)
The graph of g(x) = (–6x) is the graph of the parent
function horizontally compressed by a factor of x –1.5x f(–1.5x) (x, g(x))
–2 3 3 (–2, 3)
and reflected across the y-axis.
0 0 0 (0, 0)
2 –3 –3 (2, –3)

The constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is greater

than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is horizontally
compressed by a factor of or .

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

The negative is grouped with x, so the graph is also 2 2 6 (2, 6)

reflected across the y-axis.
The graph of g(x) = (–1.5x) is the graph of the
parent function horizontally compressed by a factor
of and reflected across the y-axis.
The constant k is not grouped with x, so k affects
the output, or y-values. The value of k is greater
than 0, so the graph of f(x) = x is translated 4 units
up.

g(x) = x + 4 is the translation of the graph of the

parent function 4 units up.

Describe the transformation in each function as

it relates to the graph of the parent function.
22. g(x) = x + 4

23. g(x) = (x – 2) – 8

SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x) + k where k = 4.

SOLUTION:
g(x) = x + 4 → f(x) + 4
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(x – h) + k where h = 2 and
x f(x) f(x) + 4 (x, g(x))
g(x) = (x – 2) – 8 → g(x) = f(x – 2) – 8
−2 −2 2 (−2, 2)
0 0 4 (0, 4)
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 13
4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

x x–2 f(x – 2) f(x – 2 Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(–1 • a • x) where .

0 −2 −2 −10
2 0 0 −8
4 2 2 −6

The value of h is grouped with x and is greater than 0, so the graph of

f(x) = x is translated 2 units right.
x (x, g(x))
The value of k is not grouped with x and is less than 0, so the graph
of f(x) = x is translated 8 units down. −8 5 5 (−8, 5)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
g(x) = (x – 2) – 8 is the translation of the graph of the parent function
8 2 −5 −5 (8, −5)
units right and 8 units down.
The constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is less than
1, so the graph of f(x) = x is horizontally stretched
by a factor of or .

The negative is grouped with x, so the graph is also

reflected across the y-axis.

The graph of is the graph of the

parent function horizontally stretched by a factor of

and reflected across the y-axis.
24.

25.
SOLUTION:

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 14

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

SOLUTION: 26. g(x) = −3(x)

Since f(x) = x, g(x) = a • f(x) where .

x f(x) (x, g(x))

−5 −5 −1 (−5, −1)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
5 5 1 (5, 1)
SOLUTION:
The positive constant a is not grouped with x, and
|a| is less than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is Since f(x) = x, g(x) = −1 • a • f(x) where a = 3.
compressed vertically by a factor of a, or . g(x) = −3(x) → −3f(x)

x f(x) −3f(x) (x, g(x))

is a vertical compression of the graph
−2 −2 6 (−2, 6)
of the parent function by a factor of . The slope 0 0 0 (0, 0)
2 2 −6 (2, −6)
of the graph g(x) is less steep than that of f(x).
The constant a is not grouped with x, and |a| is
greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
vertically stretched.

The negative is not grouped with x, so the graph is

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 15
4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

also reflected across the x-axis.
The graph of g(x) = −3(x) is the graph of the parent
function vertically stretched by a factor of 3 and
reflected across the x-axis.
The positive constant a is grouped with x, and |a| is
greater than 1, so the graph of f(x) = x is
compressed horizontally by a factor of , or 0.4.
g(x) = (2.5x) is a horizontal compression of the
graph of the parent function by a factor of 0.4. The
slope of the graph g(x) is steeper than that of f(x).

27. g(x) = (2.5x)

REASONING Write a function g(x) to

represent the translated graph.
28. f(x) = 3x + 7 translated 4 units up.
SOLUTION:

Since f(x) = 3x + 7, g(x) = f(x) + k where k = 4.

g(x) = f(x) + 4 → g(x) = (3x + 7) + 4 → g(x) =

3x + 11

29. f(x) = x – 5 translated 2 units down.

SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Since f(x) = x, g(x) = f(a • x) where a = 2.5.
Since f(x) = x – 5, g(x) = f(x) + k where k = –2.
g(x) = (2.5x) → f(2.5x)
g(x) = f(x) – 2 → g(x) = (x – 5) – 2 → g(x) = x –
7
x 2.5x f(2.5x) (x, g(x))
−2 −5 −5 (−2, −5)
0 0 0 (0, 0)
2 5 5 (2, 5)

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 16

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions
30. PERIMETER The function f(s) = 4s represents
the perimeter of a square with side length s. Write a
function g(s) to represent the perimeter of a square
with side lengths that are twice as great. Describe
the graph of g(s) compared to f(s).
SOLUTION:
The perimeter of a square with side lengths that are
twice as great is 2(4s). So, g(s) = 8s.
Since f(s) = 4s, g(s) = a • f(s), where a = 2.
So, g(s) = 2(4s) → 2f(s).
The constant a is multiplied by f(s) after the
perimeter of the square with side length s has
been evaluated and is greater than 0, so the graph
will be stretched vertically by a factor of 2.
The graph of g(s) = 8s is the graph of f(s) =
4s stretched vertically by a factor of 2.
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
31. GAMES The function f(x) = 0.50x gives the
average cost in dollars for x cell phone game
downloads that cost an average of $0.50 each.
Write a function g(x) to represent the cost in dollars
for x cell phone game downloads that cost
$1.50 each. Describe the graph of g(x) compared
to f(x).
SOLUTION:
The cost in dollars for x cell phone game
downloads that cost $1.50 each is 1.5x. So, g(x) =
1.5x.
Since f(x) = 0.50x, g(x) = a • f(x), where a = 3.
So, g(x) = 3(0.50x) → 3f(x).
The constant a is multiplied by f(x) after the cost in
dollars for x cell phone game downloads that cost
an average of $0.50 each has been evaluated and is
greater than 0, so the graph will be stretched
vertically by a factor of 3.
The graph of g(x) = 1.5x is the graph of f(x) =
0.50x stretched vertically by a factor of 3.
Page 17
4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions
32. TRAINER The function f(x) = 90x gives the cost
of working out with a personal trainer, where $90 is
the trainer’s hourly rate, and x represents the
number of hours spent working out with the trainer.
Describe the dilation, g(x) of the function f(x), if the
trainer increases her hourly rate to $100.
SOLUTION:
If the trainer increases her hourly rate to $100, the
cost is 100x for x hours spent working out with the
trainer. So, g(x) = 100x.
Since f(x) = 90x, g(x) = a • f(x), where .
So, .
The constant a is multiplied by f(x) after the cost of
working out with a personal trainer, where $90 is
the trainer’s hourly rate, has been evaluated and is
greater than 0, so the graph will be stretched
vertically by a factor of .
The graph of g(x) = 100x is the graph of f(x) =
90x stretched vertically by a factor of .
eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero
33. DOWNLOADS Hannah wants to download
songs. She researches the price to download songs
from Site F. Hannah wrote the function f(x) = x,
which represents the cost in dollars for x songs
downloaded that cost $1.00 each.
a. Hannah researches the price to download songs
from Site G. Write a function g(x) to represent the
cost in dollars for x songs downloaded that cost
$1.29 each.
b. Describe the graph of g(x) compared to the
graph of f(x).
SOLUTION:
a. The cost in dollars for x songs downloaded that
cost $1.29 each is 1.29x. So, g(x) = 1.29x.
b. Since f(x) = x, g(x) = a • f(x), where a = 1.29.
So, g(x) = 1.29(x) → 1.29f(x).
The constant a is multiplied by f(x) after the cost in
dollars for x songs downloaded that cost
$1.00 each has been evaluated and is greater than
0, so the graph will be stretched vertically by a
factor of 1.29.
The graph of g(x) = 1.29x is the graph of f(x) =
x stretched vertically by a factor of 1.29.
34. PERSEVERE For any linear function, replacing
f(x) with f(x + k) results in the graph of f(x) being
shifted units to the right for k < 0 and shifted k
units to the left for k > 0. Does shifting the graph
horizontally k units have the same effect as shifting
the graph vertically –k units? Justify your answer.
Include graphs in your response.
SOLUTION:
Consider any constant function. Shifting the graph of
a constant function to the right or left does not result
in any vertical shift of the same graph. A sample
graph is shown.
Page 18
4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

35. CREATE Write an equation that is a vertical

compression by a factor of a of the parent function
y = x. What can you say about the horizontal
dilation of the function?
SOLUTION:

A vertical compression means that the positive

constant a is not grouped with x and |a| is less than
1.

So, the graph of is the graph of y

= x compressed vertically by a factor of a.

If the slope m of the line described by f(x)
is something other than –1, 0, or 1, then a horizontal
shift of k units is the same as a vertical shift of This mean that the function is horizontally
–mk units.
stretched by a factor of , or a.
For example, if f(x) = 3x, then f(x + 5) = 3(x + 5)
or 3x + 15. f(x + 5) is shifted 5 units left of f(x) or
15 units up from f(x). A sample graph is shown.

Shifting the graph horizontally k units only has the

same effect as shifting the graph vertically –k units
when the slope is 1.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 19

4-4 Transformations of Linear Functions

36. WHICH ONE DOESN’T BELONG Consider

the four functions. Which one does not belong in
this group? Justify your conclusion.

f(x) = f(x) =
f(x) = –
2(x + 5(x –
3x + 10
1) – 3 7) + 3

SOLUTION:

The graph of f(x) = 2(x + 1) – 3 is a vertical stretch

by a factor of 2, a translation 1 unit left, and a
translation 3 units down of the parent function.

The graph of is a vertical

compression by a factor of and a translation 4

units down of the parent function.

The graph of f(x) = –3x + 10 is a reflection across

the x-axis, a vertical stretch by a factor of 3, and a
translation 10 units up of the parent function.

The graph of f(x) = 5(x – 7) + 3 is a vertical stretch

by a factor of 5, a translation 7 units right, and a
translation 3 units up of the parent function.

f(x) = –3x + 10 does not belong because for the

other three. This function is a reflection
and translation of the parent graph. The other three
functions are dilations and translations of the parent
graph.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 20