 Reynold’s equations of motion

= Fx = (Fg)x + (Fp)x + (Fv)x + (Ft)x

 Navier-Stokes Equation – For flow, where Ft is negligible

 Euler’s equation of motion - For flow, where Fv is negligible
= (dp / ρ) + gdz + vdv = 0

 Bernoulli’s equation from Euler’s equation

= (p / ρg) + (v2 / 2g) + z = constant

 Bernoulli’s equation for real fluid

= (p1 / ρg) + (v12 / 2g) + z1 = (p2 / ρg) + (v22 / 2g) + z2 + hL
Where: hL is loss of energy between points 1 and 2.\

 Practical Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation

1. Venturimeter – device used for measuring the rate of a flow of a liquid flowing
through a pipe. It has three parts: A short converging part, Throat, and Diverging part.

= (Theoretical Discharge)

= (Actual Discharge)
Where: Cd = Co-efficient of venturimeter and its value is less than 1
 2 equations for h

= (When the differential manometer contains a fluid

heavier than the liquid flowing through the pipe)

= (When the differential manometer contains a fluid lighter

than the liquid flowing through the pipe)

2. Orifice meter
 =
Where: Cd = Co-efficient of discharge for orifice meter. Smaller than Cd of
venturimeter.

3. Pitot – tube

= Velocity at any point =

(For pitot-static tube)

 The Momentum Equation

- States that the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in
momentum of flow per unit time in that direction.

= can also be written as Fdt = d(mv).

= Fdt = d(mv) is known as impulse-momentum equation.

=
=

 Moment of Momentum Equation

= (This equation is used for analysis of flow problem in turbines and
centrifugal pumps and for finding torque exerted by water on sprinkler)