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a
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UNIT 2
Describingspecific materiats
Categorisingmaterials
o Specifoingand describing
properties
Discussingquatityrissues

- Describingspecificmateriats
ln pairs, discuss the benefits and problems of
recycling.Use the following examples and your own ideas.

breaking
up ships demol.ishing
buitdings recycling
electronicsscrapping
cars

2a Read the following web page and complete the missing headings using the
words in the box.

Aluminium Copper Gtass Plastic Rubber 5tecl Timber

1ííE
c YcLABLE Li!ÁÍERl ALs
t Sfeel Scrap can be sortedeasilyusing magnetism.lf the metalis galvanised(coated
withzinc)the zinc is Íu||y
recyc|ab|e'
|Íit is stain|essstee|,othermeta|smixedwiththe iron,
such as chromiumand nickel,can also be recoveredand recycled. rE
2 - Glass Soding is critical,as thereare key differencesbetweenthe clearand coloured
materialused in bottlesand Jars,and the high-gradematerialused in engineering
applications,which containstraces of metals. y
3 - copper Scarcitymakes recyc|ingespecia|lydesirab|e,and justiÍies
the cost of removinginsulation
Írome|ectricwires,which are a majorsource of scrap. Pure meta|can also be
recoveredfrom alloysderivedfrom it, notablybrass (whichalso containsquantitiesof zinc,
and oftenlead)and bronze(whichcontainstin). t-
4 - aluminium The cost of meltingdown existingmetalis significantlycheaperthan the
process of electrolysis,
energy-intensive which is requiredto extractnew metalfrom ore. rE
5 - timber Hardwoodand softwoodcan be reused,However,the frequentneed to
removeironmongeryand saw or planeoff damagededges,can make the processcostly. y
6 - rubber Tyresare the primarysourceoÍrecyc|ab|e materia|.
These can be reusedwho|e
in certainapplications.They can also be groundintocrumbs which havevarieduses. y
7 - plastic An obstacleto recyclingis the need to son waste carefully.
Whilesome types
can be melteddown for reuse,manycannot,or resultin low-gradematerial. y
a)

74 Unit 2 Materiatstechnology

T
 I

Match the materials from the web page (l-8) in Exercise 2 to the
definitions (a-h).
1 stainlesssteet.,''a a metalusedto makebrass,andin galvanisedcoatingson steel
2 zinc I b the predominant metalin steel
3 iron \c a \rpe of steelnot needinga protectivecoating,as it doesn'trust
4 bronze d a dense,poisonousmetal
5 lead e rocksfromwhichmetalscanbe extracted
6 hardwood f an a[[oymadefromcopperandtin
7 ore g timberfrompinetrees
8 softwood h timberfromdeciduous trees

Compfete the following sentences using from, with or of .

I Bronze containssignificantamounts o{ copper.
2 Calvanisedsteel is steel coated -zinc.
with
3 Steel is an alloy derived- from iron.
4 Pure metals can usuallybe recovered- from alloys.
5 To producestainlesssteel, iron is mixed with other metals.
6 Stainlesssteel containsquantities of chromiumand nickel.
7 Glass tableware contains traces - of metals, such as lead.
8 When new metal is extracted from ore, the costs can be high.

ln pairs, ask and answer questions about different materials using the
following phrases.

3 a lrina, an ecological adviser, is

talking to a group of engineers
on a training course about
environmentally friendly design.
ln pairs, discuss the ideas
from her slide and give some
examples.

)z.t Listen to an extract from the talk and compare your

ideas with what lrina says. What example does she use to
illustrate her main point?

)z.z lrina asks the engineers to do a simplified

environmental audit. Their task is to compare steel and
aluminium car bodywork from an ecological perspective.
Listen to Sophia and Pete, two of the engineers, discussing
the topic and make notes of their ideas.

ln pairs, do an environmental audit for the following

applications and materials. Use the words and phrases in
the box.
Application Materials
wiresin vehicles
I electrical copperandaluminium
2 externalwallsin houses bricksand softwood
as far as I know ... I think so / I'd say so I'm (not) sure
thats an importantconsideration that needsto be researched
coated derived mixed recovered recycled
- Categorisingmaterials
What do you know about braking systems? In pairs, discuss the following
questions.
I Cenerallyspeaking,what do brakes do and how do they work?
2 What kinds of materialare used in brake pads and brake discs in different
vehicles?

5a Read the article on braking systems. In the title of the article, what do the
colours green and red refer to? green refers to ecologial issues . red refers to heat(red hot
means very hot). also, a hot topic is a current important topic
b In pairs, answer the following questions.
because they use friction,which wastes energy as heat
I Why do most braking systemswaste energy? They recover heat and use it to
2 What are regenerativebraking systems,and how do they save energy?power the car
3 What characteristicsare requiredof materialsused for the brakes on racingcars?
4 What is meant by heat soak, and why is it a problem in racingcars?
Heat from the engine being absorbed by the chasiss,which can damage

GREEN BrÜAKEs
sensitive parts such as electronic component and plastic parts

- A RED HOT TOPIC IN MOTOR RACING

As motor racing goes green, materials, and discs made of
Formula I is aiming to lead feÜous metal. The resulting
automotive research in finding friction generates heat, which
hi-tech efficiency gains. One is wasted. In performance cars,
of the keys to this ecological this phenomenon is taken
drive is regenerative braking to extremes, and due to the
(also known as kinetic energy high temperatures generated, The potential for recovering
recovery), which recovers brake discs are often made out energy also extends to the
energy generated during of ceramics. heat generated by engines
deceíeration.and stores it as a
The carbon discsand pads used and exhaust systems. This
source of power for subsequent
on Formula I cars generate area has also been discussed
acceleration.
so much heat that they glow as a oossible area for future
Regenerative brakes limit red hot. High temperatures exploitation in motor racing.
the energy loss inherent in are, in fact, necessary for the Heat recovery might offer the
traditional braking systems. In effective operation of carbon added benefit of reducing
most vehicles. conventional brakes. But there3 still plenty heat soak ítherma|absorption
brakes comprise pads of potential for recovering the by the chassisf as delicate
previouslymade from asbestos- kinetic energy, rather than alloy parts and sensitive non-
based composites, but now mere|y dissípating it ín the metallic materials, such as
consisting of compounds* form of heat. polymers, are susceptible to
of exotic. non-hazardous heat damage.
the abillity to generated high levels of friction, and to resist the
effects of frictions and consequent heat
C Match the materiats from the text (l-7) to the descriptions (a-g).

1 compounds1 a materialsthat are not metal

2 exotic \ U iron and steel
\
3 ferrous \ g combinationsof materials
4 ceramics d mixture of metals
5 al.Loy e plastic materials
6 non-metallic f mineralstransformedby heat
7 polymers g rareor complex

16 Unit 2 Materialstechnology

I
 I

ln pairs, take turns to describe an object using the words from Exercise 5c
and the phrases in the box. Ask your partner to guess what it is.

comprise consistof madefrom madeof madeout of

6 a You are going to give a talk on compositestechnologyat a construction

materialstrade fair. In part of the talk, you focus on reinforcedconcrete
as a well-knownexampleof a compositematerial. Prepare your talk using
words and phrasesfrom this section and the followingnotes.

hmpositematerials
(ammonetample:reinforcedconcrete(verywidelyusedcomposite)
Lement(derived
fron lime)
-
ftgregate f:i:r:fgrrg"te(und)+clarseaggregate
(qravelor crushed

Water + chemical additives (e.9.plasticiser to improve w1rk^bility)

kinforcement (steel barq fixed together withsteel tie wirQ

b ln small groups, take turns to give your talk.

c Margit, a sales engineer, is describing a A

high-voltage cable. Before you listen, label E
the cross-section with the parts (a-e). D
a insulation
b wateroroofmembrane
c outerjacket B
d armouredprotection 2
e conductor

)z3 tisten to the descriptionand

check your answersin Exercise6c.
C
Match the parts of the cable (a-e) in
Exercise6c to the followingcategoriesof
materials (l -5). You will need to use some parts more than once.
C
I non-metallic at B 4 non-ferrousmetal E
B
2 metallic D E 5 polymer-based A
3 ferrous metal - D C

Imagineyou are presentinga product or applianceyou knowwell to a

potential client. Describethe categoriesof material used to make the
different parts.

Unit 2 Materiatstechnology t7
I Specifyingand describingproperties
8a In pairs, discuss what you know about the properties of Kevlar@and how it
is used.

b Read the following extract from DuPont'"'s technical guide to Kevlar@.

Compare the information with your ideas from Exercise 8a.

\^/HATIS KEVLAR,@?
DtrPontÍl'1KEVLAB@is an orgarricfiber
in the arornaiicpolyanridefanri{y.
The
lunique propertiesand distinctchemical
Co|-1pos|Llonot KEVLÁRe distingtrisn
tllan nlade
it Íromothercot-,rtllercia]'
Íibers'

KEVLAR@has a uniqueconrbination
of l'rrgh
nroduius, toughness, abrasion
resrstance stabilty.lt r,vas
ar'crIlrernral
developedfor der-nanciing industrial
arldadvanced-technology applrcations.
Currently. rrany types of KEVLAR@are
procluced to rrreeTa oroadrirngeof end
usesthatrequirestrong,ltghtwerght.
cltirablerraterials.
CopyrightDuPontde Nemours

DuPont"andKevtar@
areregistered of E.I.duPontde Nemours
or trademarks
trademarks or its affitiates
Company

Find words in the text in Exercise 8b to match the following definitions.

1 foraghness : the opposite of fragility
2 - : resistanceto damage caused by frictionabrassion resistance
3-:reS|Stancetoproblemscausedbytemperaturechange thermal stabillity
4 -: l o n g - l a s t i ndurable
g
5 - : the opposite of heavylightweight

9a Match the automotive parts (l -5) to the descriptions (a-e).

t drivebelts a sheetsinsertedbetweenpartsto preventgasor fluid leakage
2 brakepads b pneumatic envelopesin contactwiththe roadsurface
3 tyres c flexiblebandsusedin transmissionsystems
4 sealinggaskets d protective gunshots
capableof resisting
barriers
armour
5 butlet-resistant e padspressed againstdiscsto inducedeceteration

Read the information from DuPont'uon the following page explaining some
of the automotive applications of Kevlar@.Complete the text using the
automotive parts in Exercise 9a.

18 Unit 2 Materiatstechnology
 I

(1)-tyres haverncorporated
Car and trr-rck allolvthernto lastloi'rgand stop the rrelricle
Kevlar@intotheirconstructionbecauseit offers saÍe|y and qrtietly.
<
J ur frrnco r l _v r n
p ru lr t lavi r( u r roa . oe h
u rl o
r corlnu' l O rU lHOl 'g)l)iOl !8, Kev|ar@providesan eÍÍectlrle' 1ightweight
T h e h r g h| n o d U I U aS n c ja b Í a S | o lrle s | S t a l l c o
ef (4)- for
solutiorr r.'ehrciesthatrequrre
Kevlar@ help (2) retaintheir or ginal protectionagains{ballisticattack.allowingcars
c,h:np a n . l l p r r c r n n n \ / A r l h e t T l r l l r g p t O t drive belts and lighttrucksto retainmost of theiroriginal
revolrrt,crrts
tlteuno througnoverlhe litespano{ handiingcharacteristics.bullet-resistant armour
a venrcte. C h e r n r c .srtl a i l i i i ta\1 o l l r e !! a ' s l a D , l ' ir)e i o
brake pads sealing gaskets
The frictiona| Íorcesthat(3)- are designed make(5) reinÍorced with Keviar@pulp
t o e n d u r et a k el e s so f a t o l lo r rt l \ o s en ' d d ew r t i r strongancjdurable.The gaivaniccorrosion
Kerrlar@ pulp.The enhancedthernralstability resrstance of Kevlar'@ also contributesto
and inherent abrasion resistance of KevlariS irnproved iong ternr engrne perfonrance.

ln pairs, discuss why the properties of Kevlar@are especially important for

each application described in the text.

)Z.q Listen to a conversation about the properties of materials used in a

specific type of tool and answer the following questions.
1 Where does the conversationtake place?at the dentist
2 What tool is being discussed?the tools is ad ental drill
3 Which materialscan be used for its differentoarts? titanium can be used for be handle, and tungsten-
carbide and diamond for the bur
Complete the following extracts from the conversation using the properties
in Exercise 8c. Listen again and check your answers.
lightweight
1 The handle mustn't be heavy.ldeallg, Aou wont it to be
2 Resistingfrictionis essential.The keg requirementis-abrassion resistance
5 The bur has to be built to last. Obviouslg, theg need to be verg durable
4 Heat builds up in the bur. You need o good degree of - thermal stabillity

Match the words and phrases ( | -5) from Exercise | 0b to the synonyms
(a-e).

1 ideal.ty a iís clearthat

2 obviously b for the bestresults
3 the lastthingyouwant c the mostimportant fuctor
4 the keyrequirement d a lot ofl a hightevelof
5 a gooddegreeof e the worstsituation

a You work for a manufacturer of .,-\

Harprme's a! Joi're"s' hatmme's (tov rattls)
hand tools and have ;;;';;n* a
ro)Ltau'rphatwrmets(fov uaatsorrvy chisels)
investigate using alternative materials
- -
in your products. ln pui.., ."uá tr'" Co\siáev the harr"rmerheotA at\A the harmwrevshart|.
notes and discuss the main properties Satws a| Wooá Sarws(€ o v cta|tirrgwooá)
required of the materials used to make b) Harcksarws(fov craffirrg uaetatl)
the too|s. Coqsiáev |he satwb|oA,e aúO,|v\e sarwhatr,táleo" €varrre.
Think of a product you know well.
ln pairs, discuss the materials used in it and what properties make the
materials suitable. Discuss whether alternative materials could be used.

Unit 2 Materiatstechnology 79
 I qualityissues
Discussing
72 In pairs, answerthe followingquestions.
I ln advertising, whathi-tech,high-performance
situationsare oftenusedto promotewatches?
2 Whatmessagesare theyintendedto sendaboutthe
qualityof products?
3 What qualityissuesdifferentiate watches
higher-quality
ones?
from lower-quality
4 What is the differencebetweendescribingsomethingas
and waterproon
water-resistant

13a )ls touisa, a marketingexecutivefor a watch

manufacturer,is discussingmaterial selectionwith
Tom,one of her engineeringcolleagues.Listen to the
discussionand completethe four quality issues that are
mentionedin the meeting.
I corrosions
- resistance
2 water
-resistance
-resistance
3 scratch
-resistance
4 shock

b In pairs, discuss what is meant by each of the quality

issuesin Exercise13a.

14a )z.s tisten again and answerthe followingquestions.

I What pointdoes Tommakeaboutthe reasonsfor selectingmaterials?
2 What does he say aboutsubmarine-grade steelto exemplifythe above
point?
3 Whatproblemdoeshe describewithregardto the marketability of many
materials?
4 What hard commercialfact does Louisagive?

ln pairs, mark the followingstatementsTrue fI) or False (F)accordingto

the viewsexpressedin the conversation.Read the audioscripton page 87
and check your answers.
I Often,exotic-sounding materialsare notthat suitable, technically. T
2 Peoplethinkthat a submarinesteelwatchmustbe tremendouslyT
water-resistant.
3 The corrosionresistanceof submarinesteelis exceptionally good. F – it needs a protective coating.
4 Submarine-grade steellooksfairlygood.F – he says it’s fairly poor in terms of looks
5 Tomthinkssubmarinesteelis particularly suitablefor watches.F – no – for the reasons given above.
6 The firm has oftenused materialsthat are not adequatelydurable.
7 Often,the compositionsof good watchmaterialsare relativelycomplex. T
8 Materialswith complicatednamesare prettygoodfor marketing.F – complicated names are not good
for marketing
F – inadequate materials have never been chosen for marketing
reasons.

20 Unit 2 Materialstechnotogy
I
E"
E- . - r

C )z.O Listen to the followingphrasesfrom the conversationand undertinethe

stressed syllable. Practise saying the phrases.
I not patjeularlysuitable 4 tremendously marketable
2 exceptionally resistant 5 relativelycomplex
3 notat all suitable 6 notall thatgood

d Completethe followingtable usingthe words in the box.

cxrcÉia*y fairty insufficientty notadequatety not(alt)that
notpartí.culartypÍetty ntativety tetendousty

extremely quite not very not enough definitelynot

excepfiohrrlly fairly not particularly insufficiently not at call
tremendously pretty not (all) that not adequately
relative

15 In pairs, discussthe key propertiesand differenttypes and grades of

the followingmaterials.Give examplesof the propertiesthat make each
material good or bad for watch-making,from a quality perspective.
Materials
steel glass atuminiumtitanium gotd ptastic copper rubber

Properties
water-resistant abrasion-resistant corrosion-resistant shock-resistant touqh
brittLe etastic durable heavy Lightweight thermaltystable

16 ln small groups,choose a well-knownconsumerproduct or applianceand

discuss it from a quality perspective.How suitable are the materials used?
How good is the product,comparedwith others sold by competitors?

Unit 2 Materialstechnology 27
Nama : Dwi Rizky Rosilila

NIM:23091387112

KELAS : D

Lembar jawaban Lanjutan unit 2 yang tidak cukup

1. Scrapping cars A lot of metal, notably steel, can be recycled. Intact parts can be recovered and resold.
Oil, brake fluid and battery acid are potential pollutants which need to be disposed of carefully. Tyres are
more difficult to recycle. Recycling electronics Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium are
potential pollutants and can also be recovered for recycling. The process of recycling electronic products
is quite difficult due to the difficulty of breaking up and separating very small components. Breaking up
ships Large amounts of steel can be recovered and recycled. Main pollutants are fuel oil from tanks and
asbestos which was widely used as an insulation material inside ships. Demolishing buildings Structural
steel can be recycled, concrete can be crushed and reused, for example in asphalt for road surfacing,
copper in electrical wires can be recovered and recycled, good-quality bricks can sometimes be cleaned
and reused. As with ships, asbestos is often found, requiring special precautions for its removal. The main
difficulty is the time taken to demolish buildings meticulously

3.b

The main point that Irina makes is that it’s important to consider the total environmental impact of a
product, including producing it (pre-use), using it (inuse) and recycling it (post-use). She gives the
example of an energy-saving light bulb.

3.c

Sophia and Pete’s ideas: Pre-use: aluminium production (extraction from ore and recycling), coating
steel (galvanising), transporting and handling bulk material, cutting and welding In-use: weight (impact
on fuel consumption), lifespan (frequency of manufacturing)

3.d

Electrical wires in vehicles For pre-use, as far as I know, it takes more energy to produce aluminium than
to produce copper, if it’s derived from ore. However, it takes less energy to transport aluminium,
because it’s lighter. For in-use, I’m sure aluminium is better because it’s lighter, so the vehicle would
consume less fuel. For post-use, both aluminium and copper can be recycled. I’d say it takes less energy
to handle and transport aluminium, because it’s lighter. External walls in houses For pre-use, it takes a
lot of energy to produce bricks because they have to be fired in a kiln. They’re also heavy to transport.
Softwood is lighter to transport, and I’d say it probably takes less energy to saw it and handle it,
compared with making bricks. During construction, building with bricks uses more energy, as sand and
cement have to be transported and mixed to make mortar. For in-use, wood is a better insulator than
brick which is an advantage, as the house should take less energy to heat. In theory, softwood could last
as long as bricks, if it’s properly maintained. But in practice, that will often not be the case. So,
construction energy could sometimes be higher for softwood, as houses need to be rebuilt more often.
For post-use, it’s possible to recover both bricks and softwood for re-use, but neither is very easy to
recycle.

4. 1.Brakes are designed to slow down vehicles or moving parts. Often they work through friction,
by applying pressure to pads which are pressed against the sides of a disc, the inside of a drum, or
directly against a wheel rim. Alternatives include systems that use electromagnetic force, systems that
exploit the braking effects of engines or flywheels (via clutches and gearboxes), aerodynamic braking
systems (for example spoilers on aircraft, parachutes on dragsters), and reverse thrusters on jet engines.
Brake discs are often made of ferrous metals (iron-based – for example steel), or sometimes ceramic
materials.

2 Examples of materials used to make pads include: compounds of advanced materials (cars),
ferrous metals (trains), rubber (bicycles), ceramics (performance cars).

9.c

In tyres, puncture and tear resistance help to stop punctures and blowouts and abrasion resistance
helps the tyre to last longer. In drive belts, high elasticity allows belts to fit tightly and abrasion
resistance helps them resist the friction caused by the belt turning. In brake pads, abrasion resistance
helps the pads to last longer and thermal stability helps them resist the heat generated during braking.
Kevlar® helps make bullet-resistant armour, which is generally heavy, more lightweight, which is better
for the vehicle’s performance. Kevlar® makes sealing gaskets durable and its thermal stability allows
them to resist heat – for example, in engine cylinder heads – and its chemical stability means gaskets are
not affected by engine fluids such as fuel, lubricating oil and coolant liquids.

12. 1.Examples of situations used in advertising include motor racing, water sports such as surfing
and diving, and aviation.

2 The intended message is that watches are accurate and are resistant.

3 Higher quality watches keep good time; are resistant to water and shocks; and are made from
more expensive, better-looking materials.

4 Describing something as water-resistant suggests it can resist water up to a certain limit, for
example to a certain depth or pressure. Describing something as waterproof suggests it gives unlimited
protection from water.

13.b

You could look at the following terms and discuss the difference between resistant and retardant. Some
materials cannot resist the effects of flames indefinitely and therefore only have a retarding [delaying]
effect. Ask students to think of examples for each one. chemical-resistant heat-resistant fire-resistant
flame-retardant

14.a.

1. Watch materials are sometimes chosen for marketing reasons, not technical reasons.

2 They considered using submarine-grade steel in some models even though water resistance actually
depends on the joints and seals, not the metal used.

3 Many good watch-making materials are either ordinary, or complex, and so are not very marketable.

4 Consumers are not technical experts, and make choices based on their impressions, rather than on
factual information.

14.C

2 exceptionally resistant 5. relatively complex

3 not at all suitable 6. not all that good

4 tremendously marketable

15.

Steel is relatively heavy and very tough. It is pretty scratch-resistant and shockresistant. Mild steel is not
very corrosion-resistant but stainless steel has good corrosion resistance and is therefore suitable for
watches. Glass is quite heavy and is water-resistant and corrosion-resistant. Ordinary glass is very brittle
and has fairly poor shock resistance and scratch resistance, although it is still suitable for watches.
Toughened glass is more durable. Aluminium is relatively lightweight and is fairly tough. It has good
corrosion resistance. It is therefore suitable for watches. Titanium is exceptionally lightweight and tough
and has excellent abrasion resistance. It is also extremely corrosion-resistant and is therefore an
excellent watch material. Gold is extremely heavy and pretty tough, although softer grades of gold have
quite poor shock resistance and scratch resistance. Gold has excellent corrosion resistance. It is suitable
for more expensive, decorative watches