Solutions

5. Chemical Bonding

Classical Thinking

5.1 Introduction 15. (B)

Formal charge, F.C. = V.E. – N.E. – (B.E./2)
1. (D) Oxygen atom 1:
1
5.2 Kossel and Lewis approach to chemical F.C.
= 64 (4) = 0
bonding 2
Oxygen atom 2:
1. (D) 2. (B)

ns
1
F.C.
= 62 (6) = +1
3. (C) 2
Oxygen atom 3:
4. (D) 1
According to octet rule, atoms try to achieve a F.C.
= 66 (2) = 1

io
2
complete octet in the valence shell. Since the
given element already has five electrons in the 16. (C)
valence shell, it accepts three more electrons In AlCl3, Al contains 6 electrons in the

at
and thus completes its octet. Therefore, its ions outermost orbit while Cl contains 8 electrons in
will have three negative charges (3–). the outermost orbit.
In CCl4, both C and Cl contain 8 electrons in
5. (A) 6. (A) their respective outermost orbits.
7. (B)
lic In PCl5, P contains 10 electrons in the outermost
orbit while Cl contains 8 electrons in the
8. (D) outermost orbit.
Lower the ionization enthalpy of an atom, In BF3, B contains 6 electrons in the outermost
ub
greater is the ease of losing the valence orbit while F contains 8 electrons in the
electron(s) to form the corresponding cations. outermost orbit.
Higher the negative value of electron gain Thus, among given options, PCl5 is having an
enthalpy, greater is the ease of formation of expanded octet.
P

corresponding anion. Thus, when an element

with very low ionization enthalpy combines 17. (D)
with an element having high negative value of Six covalent bonds with six fluorine atoms will
electron gain enthalpy, a strong ionic bond is result in twelve electrons around S, which is the
et

formed. central element in SF6 molecule.

9. (D) 5.3 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion
As size of cation decrease, lattice energy Theory (VSEPR)
rg

increases.
1. (C)
10. (B) The forces of repulsion between electron pairs
decrease in the following order:
Ta

11. (C)
lone pair – lone pair > lone pair – bond pair >
Two electrons from each atom are shared,
bond pair – bond pair
thereby four shared electrons form a double
bond. 2. (C) 3. (A)
12. (C) 4. (C)
The correct Lewis symbol for oxygen atom:
5. (A)
O ClF3 is a T-shaped molecule.
F
13. (C)
14. (B) F  Cl
Formal charge, F.C. = V.E. – N.E. – (B.E./2)
= X – Y – (Z/2) F

1
 

MHT-CET Triumph Chemistry (Solutions)

6. (A) 2. (B) 3. (C)
SF4 molecule contains 1 lone pair and 4 bond pair
4. (C)
of electrons. Hence, the geometry of the molecule
SF4, according to VSEPR theory, is see saw. Helium molecule is not stable as the bond order
of He2 = 0.
F
5. (A)
F
S O2: (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2px)2
F = (2py)2 (*2px)1  (*2py)1
F Hence, O2 contains two unpaired electrons and
See saw shape is paramagnetic.
7. (B) 6. (D)
8. (A)

ns
5.6 Parameters of covalent bond
SF6 has octahedral geometry. Hence, FSF
bond angles are 180 and 90. 1. (A)
(B) Bond angle of BF3 molecule is more than
9. (C) the bond angle of NH3 molecule.

io
10. (C) (C) The bond between two N-atoms in N2
Due to the repulsion between lonepair and (i.e., triple bond) is stronger than the
bond pair, the tetrahedral geometry gets bond between O-atoms in O2 (double

at
distorted to trigonal pyramidal structure. bond).
(D) The bond enthalpies of two O−H bonds
5.4 Valence Bond Theory (VBT) lic in water are different. This difference
1. (A) arises since cleavage of the two O−H
The covalent bond is directional in nature. bonds in water takes place in two steps.
At equilibrium distance between the nuclei of In the first step, one O−H bond breaks
the bonded atoms, the total energy of the leaving behind OH radical. The
electronic environment around oxygen to
ub
bonded atoms is minimum.
The electrons in the half-filled valence orbitals which hydrogen is attached in the OH
must have opposite spins. radical is different than that around
oxygen in H2O molecule. This causes a
2. (C) 3. (A) change in the successive bond
P

4. (A) 5. (B) dissociation energy.

6. (B) 7. (A) 2. (B) 3. (B)

et

8. (B) 4. (B)
Electronic configuration of excited state of Be: Lower the bond order, greater will be the bond
1s 2s 2p length. Thus, bond length in NO (bond order
2.5) is greater than in NO+ (bond order 3).
rg

5. (D)
9. (A)
Orbitals having nearly same energy can undergo 5.7 Dipole moment
hybridization, so 2s and 2p orbitals undergo
Ta

hybridization. 1. (D)
HF has largest dipole moment because
10. (B) 11. (B)
electronegativity difference between H and F is
12. (D) 13. (B) highest among other given options, so it is
highly polar.
14. (B) 15. (C)
2. (D) 3. (B)
16. (A) 17. (A)
18. (B) 19. (A) 4. (D) 5. (B)

5.5 Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) 5.8 Resonance

1. (B) 1. (B) 2. (A)
Bonding molecular orbitals (MO’s) have high
electron density between the two nuclei. 3. (C)

2
 

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding

Critical Thinking

5.2 Kossel and Lewis approach to chemical 8. (C)

bonding 9. (A)
1. (B) When the single covalent bond is formed between
Octet rule is not valid for H and Li atoms. These two atoms, each combining atom contributes one
atoms tend to have only two electrons in their electron to the shared pair. Thus, during the
valence shell like that of Helium (1s2) which formation of CCl4 molecule, each chlorine atom
called duplet. contributes one electron to the shared pair.
2. (C)
Charge on the given cation M is +2 while that on Cl

ns
the given anion A is 3. Thus, the electrovalence
of M is 2 while that of A is 3. Hence, the Cl C Cl
compound formed will have the formula M3A2.
3. (C) Cl

io
Electronic configuration of X(Z = 12) = 2, 8, 2
Electronic configuration of Y(Z = 17) = 2, 8, 7 10. (C)
Thus, the X atom will form the corresponding Element ‘X’ has atomic number 7. So, its

at
dipositive ion and attain the noble gas electronic configuration is 2, 5.
configuration of neon. Thus, its electron dot symbol would be X
X+2 = 2, 8 (valence = 2 and electronic (as it has 5 valence electrons).
configuration similar to neon).
Similarly, the Y atom will form the
lic 11. (A) 12. (B)
corresponding univalent anion and attain the 13. (B)
noble gas configuration of argon.
Y = 2, 8, 8 (valence = 1 and electronic 14. (A)
ub
configuration similar to argon). Formal charge, F.C. = V.E. – N.E. – (B.E./2)
 Formal charge on S = 6 − 2 − 1/2(6) = +1
4. (B)
Given element X can lose two electrons from its 15. (A) 16. (D)
outermost shell to form a divalent cation. So, its
P

17. (D)
chloride will have the formula XCl2
18. (B)
5. (A) The phosphorus atom in PF5 is surrounded by
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl):
et

10 electrons and the sulphur atom in H2SO4 is

H
+ surrounded by 12 electrons respectively. In both
these molecules the central atom has expanded
H – N  H C l– octet.
rg

H 5.3 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion

Theory (VSEPR)
Here, nitrogen forms 3 covalent bonds with 3
Ta

hydrogen atoms, a coordinate bond by donating 1. (C)

the lone pair of electrons to another hydrogen NH3, PH3 and PCl3 have one lone pair in
ion, thus forming a cation of NH 4 , which forms valence shell of their corresponding central
atoms while BF3 has none.
ionic bond with Cl anion.
2. (A)
6. (A)
Ionization is always an endothermic process. 3. (A)
7. (A) Molecule H2O NH3 CH4 CO2
Cations having higher charge have large lattice Bond
energies: AlCl3 > CaCl2 > NaCl 10435 10718 10928 180
angle
As size of cation decrease, lattice energy
increases: LiCl > NaCl. Hence, among given options, the bond angle
Thus, among the given compounds, NaCl has between two covalent bonds is greatest in CO2.
lowest magnitude of lattice enthalpy. 4. (C) 5. (B)
3
 

MHT-CET Triumph Chemistry (Solutions)

5.4 Valence Bond Theory (VBT) 6. (C) 7. (D)
1. (A) 2. (A) 8. (C)
Electronic configuration of N 2 molecule is
3. (D)
2 2 2 2 2
N 2 : 1s *1s 2s *2s  2p 2x 2py  2p1z
4. (B)
(A) The covalent bonds formed by hybrid Bond order of N 2 ion
orbitals are stronger than those formed by N b  Na 94 5
pure atomic orbitals. = = = = 2.5
2 2 2
(C) The number of hybrid orbitals formed is
same as the number of orbitals taking part 9. (B)
in hybridization. Magnetic
(D) Atomic orbitals of same atom can take Species EC
nature

ns
part in hybridization. He2+ 1s2 *1s1 Paramagnetic
Thus, among given options only option (B) is
H2 1s2 Diamagnetic
correct.
H2+ 1s1 Paramagnetic
5. (C) H2 1s2 *1s1 Paramagnetic

io
6. (B)
5.6 Parameters of covalent bond
The structure of BF3 is
1. (C)

at
Nitrogen molecule has highest bond enthalpy
120
A
due to presence of triple bond.
2. (D)
Trigonal planar
lic 3. (B)
2
It has sp hybridization and the number of Isoelectronic molecules and ions have identical
electrons around the central atom is 6. bond order.
ub
N2 and CO are isoelectronic species with each
7. (B) molecule containing 14 electrons and having
The % distribution indicates 2 p-orbitals and three shared pairs of electrons. Hence, their
one s-orbital to be the components, therefore sp2 bond order is same (i.e., B.O. = 3)
hybridization.
P

4. (A)
8. (B) As we move across a period from left to right,
In BeCl2, Be-atom undergoes sp hybridization. the electronegativity increases. Therefore,
 % of s-character = 50% correct order of increasing electronegativity is C
et

9. (C) < N < O < F.

Greater the difference in electronegativity of the
5.5 Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) two atoms forming covalent bonds more is its
rg

1. (A) polar nature. The electronegativity difference

(B) A pi bonding molecular orbital has large between carbon and fluorine is maximum.
electron density above and below the Hence, among the given options, CF bond is
internuclear axis. most polar.
Ta

(C) A  molecular orbital has a node between 5.7 Dipole moment

the nuclei.
(D) Linear combination of two 1s orbitals 1. (B) 2. (C)
give two σ molecular orbitals.
3. (B)
2. (C) 3. (D) CO2 is a symmetrical molecule so its dipole
4. (C) moment is zero.
Atomic orbitals having same or nearly same
Caution - Q.3
energy will not combine if they do not have
A molecule may contain polar covalent bonds but
same symmetry. its dipole moment may be zero if it is a symmetrical
5. (A) molecule.
N b  Na 10  4
Bond order (B.O.) = = =3
2 2 4. (C)

4
 

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding

5. (C) 7. (A)
CCl4 and CH4 are tetrahedral and are
Dipole moment of
Nature of symmetrical. Hence, they have zero dipole
Molecule the molecule, moment. CHCl3 is a polar molecule and has a
bonds
 (D) dipole moment.
N  H, 8. (D)
NH3 1.47 (Polar)
Polar Larger the charge on cation, greater is extent of
C  H, polarisation in an ionic compound. So, among
CH4 0 (Non-polar) given options, Al3+ has high polarising power
Non-polar
than Na+ and Mg2+. Greater the size of anion
C  Cl,
CHCl3 1.04 (Polar) greater is the extent of polarisation. Among I
Polar
and Cl, I has larger atomic size than Cl. Thus,
H  S, among the given options, AlI3 has maximum

ns
H2S 0.95 (Polar)
Polar covalent character.
6. (C) 9. (D)
Bigger the size of the anion, greater the
F

io
polarizability, greater the covalent character.
N N Among the given ionic compounds, the iodide
B < <
F F H H anion has the largest size, it undergoes
F F H polarization to larger extent.

at
F
μ=0 μ = 0.23 D μ = 1.47 D Hence, CaI2 has the largest covalent character.

< O
H
lic H
μ = 1.85 D
ub
Concept Fusion

1. (D)
P

2. (C)
 
CH3  CH = CH  CH2  C  CH

et

Carbon-carbon triple bond contains 2 bonds and the carbon-carbon double bond contains one  bond,
therefore, a total of three  bonds in all.
rg

3. (B)

4. (B)
In BF3 molecule, boron is sp2 hybridised. Hence, it will have planar trigonal geometry. So, all its atoms are
Ta

co-planar.

5. (C)
As the electronegativity increases from I to F, the bonding electron pairs are attracted more towards the
halogen i.e., they move away from nucleus of phosphorus atom thus allowing maximum expansion of the
lone pair. So, the bond angle decreases from PI3 to PF3.

P P
P P
I 102 I Br Cl 100.3
101.5 Br Cl F 97.8
I Cl F
Br F

5
 

MHT-CET Triumph Chemistry (Solutions)

MHT-CET Previous Years’ Questions

1. (A) 11. (B)

2. (A)
As a general rule, if the electronegativity
difference between the two combining atoms is
more than 1.7, the bond will have an ionic
character. If the electronegativity difference is 120
between 0.4 and 1.7, the bond will have a polar This hybridization involves the mixing of one s
covalent character. If the electronegativity and two p orbitals to give three sp2 hybrid orbitals.
difference is less than 0.4, the bond will have a
12. (A)

ns
nonpolar covalent character. Therefore, if the
electronegativity difference is 1.7, the bond will Antibonding orbitals are represented * or *.
have approximately 50% ionic character. 13. (D)
3. (A) Be2: (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2

io
4. (C) 14. (D) 15. (B)
The Lewis structure of ozone is 16. (D)

at
+ N2 has triple bond, O2 has double bond while
O Cl2 and H2 have single bond.
17. (A)
The structure of H2SO4 is
O O –
lic O
5. (A)
The structure of SF6 is H O S O H
ub
F O
F F Formal charge (F.C.) = V.E. – N.E. – (B.E./2)
= 6 – 0 – (12/2)
S
P

=0
F F 18. (D)
Combination of atomic orbitals to give
F
et

molecular orbitals - Molecular orbital theory

Expanded octet: 12 electrons around sulphur
19. (B)
6. (A) SeF4 has one lone pair and 4 bonding pairs
(AB4E). Its molecular geometry is trigonal
rg

7. (C) bipyramidal.
B2: (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2
N b  Na 42
Ta

Bond order
= = =1
2 2

8. (D)
20. (D)
Compound Octet type
21. (D)
BF3 Incomplete octet
N2 molecule has triple bond between N atoms.
AlCl3 Incomplete octet Due to highest bond order in N2, it has highest
SF6 Expanded octet bond enthalpy.
CH4 Complete octet 22. (B)
9. (D) Carbon monoxide ⇒ :C≡O:
Formal charge of oxygen atom
CO2 is a linear molecule with zero dipole moment.
1 1
= VE – NE – (BE) = 6 – 2 – (6) = +1
10. (D) 2 2

6
 

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding

23. (D) 24. (C) 38. (C)
25. (A) The electronic configuration of O2 molecule is
(1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2px)2
26. (C)
(2py)2 (*2px)1 (*2py)1
B in BCl3 has 6 electrons in the valence shell.
Bond order of O2 molecule
Hence, it is an electron deficient compound. N  N a 10  6
While other compounds have 8 (octet) or more  b  =0
2 2
than 8 electrons areound the central atom in the 39. (A)
valence shell. The lone pair-bond pair repulsions are stronger
27. (A) and the bonded pairs are pushed inwards.
Hence, bond angle decreases with increase in
Bent (Due to lone pair of
SO2 number of lone pairs. Nitrogen in ammonia has
electrons on S atom)
only one lone pair while oxygen in water has
CO2, BeBr2 Linear

ns
two lone pairs of electrons.
BF3 Trigonal planar
40. (C) 41. (D)
28. (D)
2 42. (D)
In BF3, central B atom undergoes sp

io
hybridization. O
29. (D)
Hybrid orbitals are formed by combining atomic H O S O H

at
orbitals of same atom.
O
30. (A)
H2SO4;
H 12 electrons around sulphur
N–H
lic 43. (B)
The electronic configuration of F2
H (1s)2 (*1s)2 (2s)2 (*2s)2 (2pz)2 (2px)2
Lone pair of e– = 1 (2py)2 (*2px)2 (*2py)2
ub
Bond pair of e– = 3
Bond order of F2 molecule = N b  N a  10  8 = 1
31. (B) 2 2
44. (A)
32. (C) PCl5: Trigonal bipyramidal
P

Greater the charge on cation, more is covalent

character of the ionic bond.
Covalent character of AlCl3, MgCl2 and NaCl
decreases in the order:
et

Al3+(Cl–)3 > Mg2+(Cl–)2 > Na+Cl–

33. (D)
45. (B) 46. (A)
34. (D)
rg

The lone pair-bond pair repulsions are stronger 47. (A)

and the bonded pairs are pushed inwards. No. of
Hence, bond angle decreases with increase in No. of lone
Molecule bonding
pairs of e
Ta

number of lone pairs. pairs of e

Molecule H2O NH3 CH4 BrF3 2 3
Bond angle 10435 10718 10928 IF5 1 5
PCl5 0 5
35. (C) BF3 0 3
36. (B)
There are three bonds in N2. Hence, its bond 48. (B)
order is 3. No. of lone pairs on
Molecule
37. (D) the central atom
SO2 1
H2S: Bent shape
SF6 0
NH3 1
SF4 1
104.5
7
 

MHT-CET Triumph Chemistry (Solutions)

49. (B) 57. (D)
Lewis structure of NO molecule: In ethyne (C2H2), both the carbon atoms
N=O undergo sp hybridization.
58. (A)
It contains one unpaired electron. In SO2 and O3, the central atom has 1 lone pair
50. (B) of electrons. Both these molecules have same
shape (i.e., bent).
51. (C)
The Lewis structure of CO molecule is: 59. (A)
C≡O As the size of the cation decrease, lattice
enthalpy increases. Hence, LiF exhibits the
Its bond order is 3. highest lattice energy among the given.
52. (B)
In C2H2, both the carbon atoms undergo sp 60. (A)

ns
hybridisation. In MI, the size of anion (i.e., iodine) increases
thus, tendency to polarize the cation decreases
53. (C) which leads to decrease in the ionic character.
Formal Charge (FC) = V.E. – N.E. – 1/2 (B.E.)

io
FC on S = 6 – 0 – 1/2(12) = 0 61. (D)
Compounds having cations with higher charge
54. (D) have large lattice enthalpy (higher positive
In BeF2, Be has 4 electrons in its valence shell. value) than compounds having cations with

at
Thus, it does not obey octet rule. lower charge. In AlCl3, Al has +3 charge, which
55. (D) is higher than the other compounds. So, it
Electronic configuration of N 2 : (1s)2 (*1s)2 exhibits highest lattice enthalpy. The order
lic
(2s)2 (*2s)2 (2px)2 (2py)2 (2pz)1
follows as: NaCl < LiCl < CaCl2 < AlCl3.

Bond order = N b  N a = 1 (9 – 4) = 2.5 62. (B)

2 2

56. (A)
ub
Formal charge = VE  NE  (BE /2)
 Formal charge on C = 4  0  (8 / 2) = 0
P

Evaluation Test

2 2 2 1
1. (D) Li 2 = (1s) *(1s) (2s) *(2s) ,
et

2. (C) 1 1
Bond order
= (4  3) =
In N2 molecule, each nitrogen atom contributes 2 2
3 electrons, so a total number of 6 electrons are Li 2 is less stable than Li 2 because Li 2 has more
rg

shared. number of electrons in the antibonding

molecular orbitals. Otherwise, greater the bond
3. (B) order, greater is the stability. Hence, the correct
Ta

4. (C) order is
Greater the charge on cation, more is covalent Li 2 < Li 2 < Li2
character of the ionic bond. Hence, MgCl2 is
7. (D)
more covalent than NaCl.
5. (D) 8. (C)
6. (C) H H H
H
Li2 = (1s)2 *(1s)2(2s)2, 
     
  
1 C 
C C  C C   C H
Bond order
= (4  2) = 1 H 
2
2 2 1
Li 2 = (1s) *(1s) (2s) , Thus, the given molecule contains 11 sigma
1 1 bonds.
Bond order
= (3  2) =
2 2 9. (D)
8
 

Chapter 5: Chemical Bonding

10. (C)
In BeCl2, there are only 4 electrons around Be.
Hence, BeCl2 is electron deficient, as octet of
Be is incomplete.
11. (C) 12. (D)
13. (A) 14. (A)
15. (A) 16. (C)
17. (A) 18. (B)
19. (B) 20. (C)
21. (D)

ns
22. (C)
The covalent bond between iodine and chlorine
has partial ionic character. Of the two, chlorine is
more electronegative. Hence, it exerts a greater

io
pull on the bonding pair of electrons and develops
partial negative charge, while iodine develops a
partial positive charge on the basis of octet rule.

at
23. (A) 24. (B)
25. (C) 26. (D)lic
27. (A)
Electronic configuration of carbon is 1s2 2s2 2p2
which does not involve dorbital, hence sp3d
hybrid state cannot be shown by carbon.
ub
28. (C)
Percentage of scharacter in hybrid orbitals is in
the order sp > sp2 > sp3. Since the ‘s’ orbital is
closer to the nucleus than the ‘p’ orbital, greater
P

is the ‘s’ character and smaller is the orbital.

Hence sphybrid orbital with 50% of ‘s’
character is the smallest while sp3hybrid
orbital with 25% of ‘s’ character is the largest.
et

Hence, the increasing order of size of hybrid

orbital is sp < sp2 < sp3.
29. (C)
rg

30. (C)
The maximum antibonding effect of electrons is
in σ*2pz.
Ta

31. (D) 32. (A)

33. (A) 34. (B)
35. (C)
In LiCl, the bond formed is covalent and that in
NaCl is ionic. Therefore, LiCl shows the
characteristics of covalent compounds whereas
NaCl shows that of ionic compounds.