G8 Reviewer - 3rd Grading

BIOLOGY
LECTURE / 3RD QUARTER

8TH GRADE LESSON TRANSCRIPT
MADE BY: JAN STEVEN SAQUING
SY 2023-2024
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- To deal with gases or exchange of gases
- Gases:
o Oxygen (O2) – needed
o Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – waste
PROCESS
1. Between environment and lung
2. Between lungs and blood
STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS
Environment (O2) ➡ Lungs ➡ Blood ➡ Cells of the Body ➡ CO2 ➡ Collected by Blood ➡ Lungs ➡
Environment (CO2)
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
The cell yields energy in the form of ATP. This means that no ATP, no energy.
C6H12O6 + O2 = ATP, CO2, H2O
Glucose – came from Carbohydrates processed by the Digestive system, specifically from Small
Intestine.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
TERMS
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
ADP Adenosine Diphosphate
NADH Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
FAD Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
DHAP Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate
GAP Glyceraldehyde Triphosphate
Fructose 1-6 Biphosphate
AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC
Aerobic Need Oxygen CellRespi
Anaerobic No Need Fermentation
Oxygen
GLYCOLYSIS
S1: 2 Phosphates (P1) from 2 ATP’s will be removed from each other,
and the remaining Phosphates will become Adenosine
Diphosphate.
S2: The phosphates removed from ATP shall attach to the 6 Carbon
Atoms from the Glucose, and the 6 Carbons shall be converted to
Fructose 1-6 Biphosphate. The 1st Phosphate shall attach to the 1st
Carbon, and the 2nd Phosphate shall attach to the 6th Carbon.
S3: The Fructose 1-6 Biphosphate shall undergo division. The first
product will be DHAP (Dihydroxy Adenine Phosphate), and the
second shall be GAP (Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate). Eventually,
1|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

BIOLOGY
SY 2023-2024
the DHAP shall be converted to GAP, the P1 shall move to the 3rd carbon.
S4: 2 NAD+ will enter, and will become NADH. They will release one phosphate from each of them, and
it will become ATP.
S5: The GAP will detach the phosphate from the 3rd carbon, and they shall become ATP. The product of
Glycolysis will then be PYRUVATE.
KREB’S CYCLE
The Krebs cycle, also known as the
citric acid cycle or the TCA cycle, is
a series of chemical reactions that
release energy from nutrients. The
cycle is used by all aerobic
organisms to generate energy
through the oxidation of acetate.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The Cardiovascular or the Circulatory System is the transport system of body. It comprises of the blood,
heart, and the blood vessels.
FUNCTIONS
Transport of substances
1. The cardiovascular system transports nutrients absorbed from the digestive system to storage
sites (such as the liver) or directly to cells for energy.
2. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and tissues at the capillaries,
supporting cellular respiration.
3. Other waste products, such as urea, are transported to the kidneys for excretion.
4. Hormones produced by endocrine glands are carried through the bloodstream to target organs
and tissues, regulating various physiological processes.
Immunity
1. White blood cells and antibodies are transported through the bloodstream, contributing to the
body's immune response against infections and foreign substances.
COMPONENTS
1. HEART – Main Pump
2. BLOOD – Circulating Liquid
3. BLOOD VESSELS – Passageway of Blood
HEART

BIOLOGY
SY 2023-2024
The heart is a four chambered, hollow muscular organ approximately the size of your fist.
Location:
Superior surface of diaphragm
Left of the midline
Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum
Function:
Generating blood pressure
Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and systemic circulations
4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

Right atrium: Two large veins deliver oxygen-poor blood to your right atrium. The superior vena cava
carries blood from your upper body. The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower body. Then the
right atrium pumps the blood to your right ventricle.
Right ventricle: The lower right chamber pumps the oxygen-poor blood to your lungs through the
pulmonary artery. The lungs reload blood with oxygen.
Left atrium: After the lungs fill blood with oxygen, the pulmonary veins carry the blood to the left atrium.
This upper chamber pumps the blood to your left ventricle.
Left ventricle: The left ventricle is slightly larger than the right. It pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest
of your body.
The atria act as receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart.
The ventricles act as pumping chambers for blood to move out of the heart.
VALVES
The heart’s valves ensure one-way flow of blood.
Semilunar (SL) valves open when blood flows out of
your ventricles.
a. Aortic valve: Opens when blood flows out of
your left ventricle to your aorta (artery that carries
oxygen-rich blood to your body).
b. Pulmonary valve: Opens when blood flows
from your right ventricle to your pulmonary
arteries (the only arteries that carry oxygen-poor
blood to your lungs).
Atrioventricular valves: The tricuspid valve and
mitral (bicuspid) valve. They are located between the
atria and corresponding ventricle.
Tricuspid valve: Door between your right atrium and right ventricle.
Mitral valve: Door between your left atrium and left ventricle.
VENA CAVA’S

BIOLOGY
SY 2023-2024
The posterior vena cava is a critical vessel in the circulatory system, responsible for returning
deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart.
The anterior vena cava is responsible for returning deoxygenated blood from the higher part of the body
to the heart.
The aorta serves as the main artery that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
The pulmonary arteries bring deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
The pulmonary veins bring oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.
BLOOD VESSELS
Blood Vessels – A closed network of tubes where blood travels.
1. Artery
Function: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various tissues and organs.
Characteristics: Thick, muscular walls to withstand high pressure during ventricular contractions.
2. Veins
Function: Transport blood from tissues back to the heart.
Characteristics: Thinner walls than arteries, containing valves to prevent backflow.
TYPES of VEINS
Superior and Inferior Vena Cava: Large veins that return blood to the right atrium.
Pulmonary Veins: Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.
Venules: Venules are the smallest veins and receive blood from capillaries.
3. Capillaries
- The smallest blood vessels are the capillaries. These vessels bring the blood to the smallest and
farthest cells. This is where the exchange of nutrients and gases with the cells occur.
FLOW OF BLOOD
Capillaries – Veins – Vena Cava – RA – AV – RV – SV – PA – LUNGS – PV – SV – LA – AV – LV – Aorta
BLOOD
Blood Functions
- Transportation of
dissolved gases, nutrients,
hormones, and metabolic
waste.
- Protection against toxins
and pathogens
- Stabilization of body
temperature
- Regulation of the pH and
electrolyte composition of
interstitial fluids throughout
the body.
COMPONENTS

BIOLOGY
SY 2023-2024
Red Blood Cell (RBC)- cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the different parts of the body. It
does not possess nucleus.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)- (“leuko” means “white”) protect the body against invading pathogen. It
possesses nucleus. Larger than RBC but fewer in number. For every WBC in the blood, there are about
700 RBCs.
Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)

- Are not true cells but fragments of cytoplasm from large bone marrow cells known as
Megakaryocytes.
- These are important in the process of blood clotting.
PLASMA
Plasma is the pale yellowish liquid that is about 92% water. The remaining 8% is made up of dissolved
various substances.

BIOLOGY
SY 2023-2024
BLOOD FLOW
The pulmonary circuit, or pulmonary circulation, is responsible for

transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then
returning oxygenated blood back to the heart.
The systemic circuit, also known as the systemic circulation, is
responsible for distributing oxygenated blood from the heart to all the
tissues and organs of the body, providing them with the oxygen and
nutrients needed for cellular functions.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Respiration – exchange of gases
a. External Respiration – environment + lungs and lungs + blood
b. Internal Respiration – Blood + Cells of the Body
COMPONENTS
Location
a) Upper Respiratory
1. Nose – airway for respiration, cleaning foreign matters and warms air
2. Nasal Cavity – ciliated cells (hair-like that propels mucus), goblet cells (mucus, sticky
substance), basal cells.
3. Pharynx – pathway of air and food
a. Nasopharynx – posterior to nasal cavity, inferior to sphenoid, and superior to soft
palate; air passageway
b. Oropharynx – Inferiorly from soft palate to epiglottis; common passageway for food
and air
c. Laryngopharynx – common passageway; lies to upright epiglottis; extends to lsrynx,
respiratory, and digestive
4. Larynx – voicebox; hyoid bone and superior to laryngopharynx and posterior to vena cava
a. Vocal Chords – structure present at opening linings & true chords; produces different
frequencies and mouthpast resonator
b) Lower Respiratory
1. Trachea
a. Mucosa – ciliated & goblet
b. Submucosa – nerve endings
c. Adventitial – Structured (Cartilages)
2. Bronchi – “passageway of air”
a. Bronchioles – where the alveoli are anchored; Lobular, Terminal Respiratory
b. Respiratory Membrance – Elastic Fibers stretch to accommodate incoming air

BIOLOGY
SY 2023-2024
3. Lungs
a. Cardiac Notch – cavity that accommodates heart
i. Left Lung – smaller due to cardiac notch; UL Lobes by one oblique figure
ii. Right – 3 Lobes by oblique and horizontal fissures
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Master controller and communicating system of the body
- Signals the body thru electrical impulses that communicate with body cells
- Signaling and responding abilities are specific and rapid
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

- The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is the body's
processing centre. The brain controls most of the functions of the body, including awareness,
movement, thinking, speech, and the 5 senses.
o Brain – 3 major parts (Hind, Fore, Mid “Brain”)
o Spinal Cord – Column of nerves between brain and PNS
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
- Autonomic Nervous System – Involuntary Muscles (Eat, Digest…)
o Sympathetic NS – Fight or Flight? (Increased Heart Rate, Unactive Digestion)
o Parasympathetic NS – Rest and Digest (Active Digestion, Decrease heart rate)
- Somatic Nervous System – Voluntary Muscles

BIOLOGY
SY 2023-2024
o Sensory (Afferent) Division – Carrying toward a center; nerve Fibers that carry
information to the central nervous system.
o Motor (Efferent) Division – Nerve fiber that carry impulses away from CNS
NERVOUS TISSUE
1. Neuroglia – supporting cells; insulators, adhesive, protectors, and nourishers
2. Neurons – nerve cells that transmit impulses
ANATOMY OF NEURON
1. Cell Body – Nissl Substance-
Specialized RER; Neurofibrils-
intermediate cytoskeleton that
maintains cell shape
2. Dendrites – conduct impulses
toward the cell body
3. Axons – conduct impulses
away from cell body
4. Myelin Sheath – insulator to
ensure proper exit of electrical
impulses
5. Synapse - Synapses refer to the
points of contact between neurons
where information is passed from
one neuron to the next. (from axon ng Cell A, pass to dendrite ng Cell B)
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
1. Sensory – Carry impulses from sensory receptors
2. Motor - Carry impulses from CNS.
3. Interneurons – found in neutral pathways in CNS; conducts Sensory and Motor Neurons

COMPUTER
SY 2023-2024
INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
PROGRAMMING
It is the art and science of creating programs. IT means to create/develop software, which is called a
program.
PROGRAM
List of organized instructions that the computer must follow to process data into information.
COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS
A person who writes the program; thus, creating instructions for a computer to execute by writing and
testing code that enables software to function successfully.
USER
A Person who runs the program.
PROGRAMMERS
MARK ZUCKERBERG – American Computer Programmer who was CEO (2004) of Facebook, a social
networking site.
BILL GATES – American Computer Programmer and entrepreneur who founded Microsoft Corporation
LARRY PAGE - He is the CEO of Alphabet (Google's parent company). Larry Page, along with his co-
founder Sergey Brin, invented Google.
DENNIS RITCHIE - He was an American programmer, founder of the C programming language, and
co-developer of UNIX.
Ken Thompson - He is often considered one of the pioneers of computer science, designed and
implemented the original UNIX operating system.
W2: PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PHASES

Problem Analysis
- Is defined by the American national Standards institute (ANSI) as the “methodological
investigation of a problem and the separation of the problems into smaller related units for
further detailed study.”
DEFINE THE PROBLEM - Here, you need to specify the objectives of the program. The problem has to
be defined formally.
DETERMINE THE DESIRED OUTPUT - Understand first the kind of outputs expected for your program.
DETERMINE THE DESIRED INPUT - Determine the data type needed to produce the output, the data
format, and the data sources.
DETERMINE THE DESIRED PROCESSING - Clarify if the program you are supposed to create is feasible
within the present setup and budget.
DOUBLE CHECK THE FEASIBILITY - Clarify if the program you are supposed to create is feasible within
the present setup and budget.
DOCUMENT THE ANALYSIS - Make sure you document everything you do.
PROGRAM DESIGn
process describes the algorithm for the solution of the problem.
Algorithm specify what actions and operations a program will take.

COMPUTER
SY 2023-2024
PSEUDOCODE In text form
FLOWCHART Via shapes and figures
PROGRAM CODING
O The actual writing of the program begins. This process is called coding.
O In coding, the logic requirements from pseudocode or flowcharts are translated into instructions
using a programming language- letters, numbers, and symbols arranged according to syntax or
language rules that make up the program.
PROGRAM TESTING AND DEBUGGING
O Program testing involves running various tests, such as desk-checking and debugging, and then
running actual or real data to make sure the program works.
PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION AND MAINTAIN
O Documentation is the instructions shipped with a program or a piece of hardware. It includes
necessary instructions on the use and maintenance of the product. It is not just an end-stage
process of programming.
PSEUDOCODE
Pseudocode permits you to focus on the program logic without being concerned just yet about the
precise syntax of a particular programming language. READ, CALCULATE, PRINT, and always end with
a semi-colon (;)
SAMPLE
Write a pseudocode that will display the difference between the 2 numbers.
Read: a,b;
Calculate: d=a-b;
Print: d;
FLOWCHART
Flowchart is a graphical presentation that illustrates the sequence of operations to be performed to get
the solution of a problem.
TYPES OF CONTROL STRUCTURE
TERMINAL SYMBOL (OVAL) – to designate the beginning and end of program. (Start, End)
PREPARATION/INITIALIZATION SYMBOL (HEXAGON) – to prepare the data types and variables of the
program.
INPUT/OUTPUT SYMBOL (parallelogram) – represents an instruction to an input or output device. It

should end with a semicolon.
PROCESSING SYMBOL (RECTANGLE) – group of program instructions that perform processing
function of program such as to perform arithmetic operations.
DECISION SYMBOL (DIAMOND) – point where more than one path can be taken
FLOW LINES – reading order or sequence in which symbols are to be read.
FLOW DIRECTION (ARROWHEADS) – show direction of processing or data flow.

COMPUTER
SY 2023-2024
ONPAGE CONNECTOR – nonprocessing symbol, connecting one part of a flowchart to another without
lines.
OFFPAGE – instead of an onpage connector to designate entry or exit from a page when a flowchart
requires more than 1 page.
DATA TYPES
It specifies how the memory stores the values of each variable.
1. Int – whole numbers
2. Double – fractional part
3. Char – single character
4. String – letters, characters
SEQUENTIAL
The sequence/sequential structure indicates that one program statement follows another order
logically. There are no decisions to make, no choices between "yes" or "no.
EXAMPLES ARE FOUND IN GENYO
SELECTION
The selection control flowchart allows the computer to decide which action to take based on a specific
condition.
Diamond symbol (decision symbol)

• Indicates decision is to be made
• Contains an expression (condition)that can be True or false
• Test the condition, follow the appropriate path
EXAMPLES ARE FOUND IN GENYO

SEQUENTIAL – 2 DECISION SYMBOLS
2 Choices 1 Decision Symbol


ENGLISH
SY 2023-2024
WOW WORDS
Honors Achievement (Academically)
Honor Personal Integrity/Respect
Genial Friendly/Careful
Conflate Two closely related meanings of the verb conflate are
“to confuse,” i.e. “to fail to differentiate,” and “to blend
or bring together.”
Aloft In the air or higher position
LIFP: KNOW YOUR BIOGRRAPHICAL SOURCES!

LATE GREEK BIOGRAPHIA – “description of life”
- Bio = Life
- Graphia = Record, Account
BIOGRAPHY – anecdotes; a precious legacy, and contains information about people

o Locate info about a specific person
o Locate supporting material about an individual
➢ Curiosity
➢ Enjoy Reading
➢ Found out Facts about Famous people
TYPES OF BIOGRAPHY
DIRECT – factual of person or people
a) Directory – non-critical access
b) Dictionary – lengthy in prose form
INDIRECT – which titles consulted to locate needed information
a) Current – living persons
b) Retrospective – historical figures
TENSES
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
- Add –s or –es to the verb when subject is singular or the retain the base form of the verb for plural
subject.
o Habitual basis: I ask allowance to my parents on a daily basis.
o Present Condition: Chichi is the treasurer of the committee.
o General Truth: The Earth revolves around the sun.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
- bfV + d/ed or Irv
o Action happened in the definite time in past: The scholars viewed the exhibit
yesterday.
o Action that happened regularly in the past but no longer occurs: Einstein studied the
laws of motion for years.
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
- Will/shall + bfV

ENGLISH
SY 2023-2024
o Something Planned: I’ve gained ten pounds. I promise I will exercise.
o Predictions: Any disaster, big or small, will cause chaos.
o Consequences: I will call the manager when the package arrives.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

- have/has + PP
o Expressing something that happened in an indefinite past time: The family has
discovered the documents in the files of their father.
o Reporting an action that began in the past and extends up to the present: Since the
announcement of the schedules of exams, the students have studied their lessons.
o Reporting a recent past action: I have just finished reading the novel.
PAST PERFECT TENSE
- Had+PP
o An action that happened before another past event: Einstein noticed that his ideas had
become complex.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
- Will have + PP
o talking about an action that will be completed between now and some point in the future:
The parade will have ended by the time Chester gets out of bed.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
RULE 1: If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject is plural, the verb must be in
base form. (EXCEPTION: The pronouns I and You take the plural form.)
The best way to change your belief system (is, are) to change the truth about you.
RULE 2: If the subject is a compound subject joined by “and”, use a plural verb. One determiner = same
person = singular verb. Two determiners = diff. person = plural verb.
The president and the secretary (lead, leads) the discussion.
RULE 2A: If a subject has two subjects connected by or/nor, either/or, or neither/nor, the verb
must agree with the second subject (the subject closer to the verb).
The committee members or the student (writes, write) every day.
RULE 3: If the collective noun refers to the group as a unit, then it takes a singular verb. If it refers to the
individuals in the group or the parts that make up the group, then the verb should be plural.
The class (makes, make) their time off school count by helping out wherever they go.
RULE 4: Special Nouns (news, mumps, physics, politics, measles, economics, statistics, acoustics =
singular verb)
RULE 5: Indefinite Pronouns (either, somebody, nobody, neither, someone, no one, other, anybody,
everybody, each, anyone, everyone, one, anything = singular verb)
Few of the gifts (was, were) left opened.
MODALS

ENGLISH
SY 2023-2024
These are verbs but are different from the other verbs because of the way they are used in sentences.
Some define them as a special kind of auxiliary verbs because they always come with other verbs and
carry special meaning.
Examples:
• I can drive a car. (capability)
• You must learn how to drive. (necessity)
• May we borrow your car? (permission)
Sometimes we want to make requests, offers, or suggestions, or to express our wishes or intentions.
We may want to be polite or tactful, or to indicate our feelings about what we are saying.
Modals are always used with other verbs. They are a special kind of auxiliary verbs.
Here is a list of modals used in English:
1. may, can, could

o Used in polite
expressions that request
permission.
▪ COULD, in a polite
request, may have a present or
future meaning, not past.
▪ CAN is used in informal
conversation. CAN also
expresses ability or capability.
▪ MAY and COULD express
possibility.
2. Would you mind
a. To ask permission
Examples:
▪ Would you mind if I turn
on the light?
b. To ask someone else to
do something
Examples:
I don’t like the wrestling match
on Channel 15. Would you mind
changing the channel?
3. Must, have to, have got

to
- Used to express stronger
necessity. The expression HAVE
GOT TO is informal English.
o Examples:

ENGLISH
SY 2023-2024
o If you want to study in college, you must take a college admission test.
o If you want to study in college, you have to take a college admission test.
o If you want to study in college, you have got to take a college admission test.
4. Don’t have to, need not, must not

- DON’T HAVE TO and NEED NOT express lack of necessity.
- MUST NOT express prohibition.
Examples:
o Next week is called Integration Period. We don’t have to go to school for we are expected
to spend the period in reviewing for the final exam.
5. Should, should not, ought, ought not

- Modals SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, OUGHT, and OUGHT NOT express a range of advisability from
mere suggestions to a statement of responsibility or obligation.

ENGLISH
SY 2023-2024
CONTEXT CLUES
• Context clues are hints and extra information in a sentence or passage that help you understand
the meaning of an unknown word.
• Context clues essentially let you learn new words without outside assistance, like from a teacher
or dictionary.
1. Synonym - You can easily understand a new word if you can tell it has the same meaning as
another word you already know. (We’ll use the food court as our rendezvous, unless you can
suggest a better meeting place.)
2. Antonyms- words with opposite meanings, can be context clues like synonyms. Look for certain
cue words that suggest a contradiction or contrast. (Mary loves eating pasta like spaghetti and
noodles but abhors vegetables.)
3. Definition - Giving a direct definition of the new word using a form of BE or he can explain it by
restating it in other words.
4. Cause and Effect - The meaning of an unfamiliar word is signaled by a cause-and-effect
relationship between ideas in the text.

MAPEH
SY 2023-2024
FOLK DANCE
DANCE – set of movements having symbolic value, set to music and pattern of beats. It is also derived
from man’s activities by mimicking or creative choreography.
FOLK DANCING – human activity that describes the history and show culture of a group of people
through dance.
FOLK DANCE – Type of dance created by a group of people that captures the essence of the traditional
way of life.
DANCE TERMS
1. Arm-in lateral position - This is done at shoulder, chest, or waist level. Both arms are at one
side, either sideward left or right.
2. Arm-in reverse T-position - Arms are side horizontal, elbows bent at right angles, forearms
parallel to head, palms forward or facing inward, fists loosely closed.
Clockwise - Following the motion of the clock, the right shoulder is toward the center of an
imaginary circle. When facing the center, movement is toward the left.
3. Counterclockwise - The reverse direction of clockwise.
4. Cut- It is to quickly displace one foot with the other, thus completely taking off the weight of the
body from the displaced foot.
5. Hop- A spring from one-foot landing on the same foot in place or any direction. The other foot
may be raised in any direction (front, rear, sideward, and across)
6. Jump- Spring from one foot or both feet, landing on both in any direction.
7. Leap- A spring from one foot, landing on the other foot in any direction.
8. Saludo- A term in Filipino meaning “to bow”. This may be done to the audience, opposite
dancers, or neighbors with feet together.
9. Stamp- It is to bring down the foot forcibly to the floor (like a heavy step) with or without weight.
SAKUTING
Dance Researcher: Francisca Reyes-Aquino Place of Origin: Abra and Ilocos Norte
Country of Influence: China
Classification: Recreational Dance
NATURE: Depicts a girl and boy gowing to lowlands, uses sticks to make the dance lively
COSTUMES: Kimono with elbow-length sleeves
Native hat and camisa de Chino with red trousers
MUSIC: Consists of 2/4 or ¾ time signature
BINISLAKAN
It is a dance from Lingayen, Pangasinan. Lingayen means to look backward and upward, derived from
the Chinese “Ki-King-Tung”. It commemorates of the Chinese pirate who lived with them names
Limahong.
Dancers are exposed to injury because of several risk factors such as:
1. Physical environment such as hard and wet floors, hot and humid areas
2. Inappropriate clothing and shoes
3. Long hours of rehearsals
4. Previous history of injuries; and
5. Food nutrient deficiency
To prevent injuries:

MAPEH
SY 2023-2024
1. Perform proper warm-up and cool-down.
2. Wear properly fitting clothes and shoes.
3. Make sure to move using the correct technique.
4. Rest when tired.
5. Drink plenty of fluids.
For Muscle Cramps- sudden contraction or tightening of muscles at the back of the lower leg, the first
aid is to massage the affected part gently with ice. Legs should be fully straightened, and the end of the
toe should be pulled toward the shin.
2. Sprain could be treated by applying the first aid procedure in Unit 1 for sprain.
3. Heat exhaustion is a condition that needs to be treated immediately. It is a condition characterized
by substantial sweating and quick pulse due to body overheating.
4. Dehydration is the condition when the body doesn’t have enough fluids anymore. This may be due to
fever, vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating. The first aid is to take a rest and drink plenty of water.
MUSIC OF INDIA
India has one of the world’s oldest musical traditions. It contains mythology and chants.
HINDUS – Beliefs lay in reincarnation and different forms of yoga. Karma, mantra, yantras
VOCAL MUSIC
Indian Songs are a way for a man to communicate and engage. Singing consists of vocalization.
1. Tamil Nad – songs that describe natural beauty of tamil
2. Vijaya – farewell song
3. Hymn to Shiva – spiritual content.
TALA – rhythm cycle with fixed number of beats over and over.
1. X-SAM, main stress
2. O-Khali, silent beat
a. Dadratala
X O

MAPEH
SY 2023-2024
1 2 3 4 5 6
b. Keherwatala
X X O X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
c. Ektala
X O X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
d. Chautala
X O X X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
e. Jhumratala
X X O X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
f. Tintala
X X O X X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
AEROPHONES
1. Bansuri – transverse flute with 6-7 finger holes
2. Pungi – snake charmers in street performances.
3. Shehnai – wooden oboe with metal at end
IDIOPHONES
1. Ghatam – Earthen pot. The player taps its outer surface.
2. Ghungroo – small metallic bells, a musical anklet tied to feet of dancer.
3. Khartal – hand clapper commonly used in religious songs
4. Jal Tarang – set of ceramic bowls tuned using water struck in edges.
MEMBRANOPHONES
1. Tabla – pair of drums derived from Tabl or drum.
2. Mridanga – Carnatic ensemble’s rhythmic accompaniment
3. Damaru – small two-headed drum made of wood and leather
4. Chande – Carnatic music, Yakshagana Theather Art
CHORDOPHONES
1. Tambura – long-necked lute
2. Rubab – short-necked lute
3. Sitar – plucked string instrument
4. Ektara – single string
MUSIC OF ISRAEL
The Israeli musician made significant contributions to the classical, jazz, and pop rock genres. Many
compositions by Israeli classical composers have been performed by famous orchestras globally.

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1. ZIONIST – Vocal, Call prayer and repentance, Sabbath after Holy Days
2. SECULAR – Instrumental and vocal, musiv is rite of passage events, rhythmic and popular
romantic text
CHARACTERISTICS: Minor Keys, Dance has strong offbeats, Lyrics relate to Israeli Experience
1. SHOFAR/RAM’S HORN – Signal the coming of enemy forces

2. Riq – tambourine used in Arab traditional and classical music
3. Kinnor/Harp of David – Jewish Lyre, National Instrument of Israel
4. Darbuka – single head goblet-shaped membranophone
5. Birch – two circular concave metal plates
6. Psalterion – harp with wing-shaped form
7. Oud – short-neck, pear shape lute 11-13 strings
8. Toft/Bendir – Big hand frame drum played verticallys
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Communicable Diseases – any illness that can be passed or transmitted from a person to another,
directly or indirectly
Infection – when a person gets sick because of disease-causing organisms that enter his/her body.
Pathogens – disease-causing microorganisms
TYPES OF PATHOGENS
Virus – Smallest disease-causing pathogen and non-living
Bacteria – single-called microorganisms that live everywhere
Protozoa – More complex than bacteria
Rickettsia – smaller than bacteria but multiply like viruses
Fungi - single-celled/multi-celled organisms that feed on organic materials
STAGES
Incubation – time between exposure to a pathogen and appearance of symptoms
Prodromal – time when the signs and symptoms appear
Acute – period when the disease is at its peak and the signs can be tested to diagnose the disease.
Declining – period when symptoms substide and the severity decreases.
Convalescent – symptoms begin to fade and patient recovers strength
9. DISEASES IN PH
Disease Agent Signs Treat
Acute Respiratory Infections – Rhinoviruses, Runny Nose. Rest Well, Increase
infection in the lower/upper respiratory Pneumicoccus Cough, Sore throat, fluid take,
tract that prevents normal breathing Body Aches, Medications to
Fatigue reduce symptoms
COVID-19 – illness caused by severe SARS-CoV 2, Fever, cougg, Stay home, get care
acute repiratory syndrome single strand shortness of from health care
RNA virus breath, loss of provider
taste/smell

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SY 2023-2024
Pneumonia – Infection of lungs Bacteria, Chills, High Fever, Treat with
wherein the air alveoli are filled with viruses, fungi
Chest Pain antibiotics,
fluids hospitalization for
severe cases in
infants
Bronchitis – Inflammation of the Viruses and Persistent Take meds and
bronchial tubes Bacteria Coughing antibiotics
Influenza – Highly contagious viral FLU Virus High Fever lasting Bed rest, take fluids
infection affecting respiratory system for 3-5 days
Tuberculosis – infectious bacterial Bacteria Cough worse, Standard six-
disease that affect the lungs Chest pain, weight month course of 4
loss antibiotics
Dengue – Mosquito-borne disease Dengue Virus Fever to 41 Celsius, Rest, drink plenty
mostly occurring in tropical and sub- Muscle, Bone, Joint of fluids
tropical areas Pain, Vomiting

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WAYS OF TRANSMISSION
Direct Contact – direct person-to-person contact
Indirect Contact – pathogen is transferred from a person to another such as touching object
Airborne – Occurs when the pathogens are transferred from a person to another through small
respiratory droplets or dust
Vector-Borne – Occurs when pathogen is being transferred through carriers
PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

1. Guranteeing safe water supply
2. Dealing with sewage treatment and disposal
3. Holding vaccination programs
4. Introducing food safety program
5. Educating people in community
DOH Administrative department of the PH Government responsible for supervising the health of the
public
WHO Directing and coordinating authority for matters concerning the health of recipients within the UN
System
UNICEF Org that defends the rights of every child worldwide
DEPED Integrated system of basic education relevant to goals of nat’l development.

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SY 2023-2024
DRESSMAKING
Dressmaking is a craft of sewing clothes and dresses. It is also an age-old profession back to the
invention of needles thousands of years ago.
Figure 1. BONE NEEDLES. Above are the first needles from Xiaogushan, Liaoning Province, China dated
from 30,000 – 23,000 years ago.
HISTORY
The early beginning of dressmaking was marked by woven linen textile found in Egypt around 6,000
years ago and the evidence of silk culture in China 5 000 years ago.

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When woven fabrics became a norm, the dressmaking business became widespread and
commonplace. However, dressmakers would usually cater primarily to wealthy aristocrats who wore
clothing based on the latest style.
Traditionally, dressmaking was a career only for women. Still, we know now that it has became an
acceptable career for men and women alike, just like any other craft that used to be either only for men
or women has now become open to all.
Ancient Civilizations:
In ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome, people crafted clothing using
basic sewing techniques. Garments were often draped and fastened with pins or brooches.
Medieval and Renaissance Periods:
Clothing became more tailored and fitted. The Renaissance saw a resurgence of interest in classical
styles, with an emphasis on luxurious fabrics, intricate embroidery, and elaborate accessories.
16th to 18th Centuries:
The 16th century saw the rise of structured garments, including corsets and farthingales. Tailors and
seamstresses worked with increasingly complex patterns. In the 18th century, the Rococo style
influenced fashion, characterized by elaborate and ornate designs.
19th Century:
The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to dressmaking. Sewing machines were invented
in the mid-19th century, revolutionizing the production of clothing. Ready-made garments became
more widely available, but bespoke tailoring remained popular.
Victorian Era:
The Victorian era was marked by a strict social hierarchy reflected in clothing. Women's fashion
included voluminous skirts, corsets, and high collars. Tailors and dressmakers catered to the specific
needs and social status of their clients.
20th Century:
-The flapper style of the 1920s, with its loose silhouettes, symbolized a break from traditional restrictive
clothing.
-Prominence of couture houses like Chanel and Dior, shaping fashion with iconic designs.
-A rise in casual and eclectic styles.
20th Century:
-The flapper style of the 1920s, with its loose silhouettes, symbolized a break from traditional restrictive
clothing.
-Prominence of couture houses like Chanel and Dior, shaping fashion with iconic designs.
-A rise in casual and eclectic styles.
JOB OPPORTUNITIES

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SY 2023-2024
SEWER - Sew and alter clothes, fabrics, and apparel. You can either have your own sewing business or
work in tailoring shops.
GARMENT CUTTER - Prepare materials to sew into a garment. You can work in different environments
and handle various materials.
APPAREL MANUFACTURER - Design and manufacture your clothing items and sell them.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS
Basic sewing consists of the following processes: measuring, marking, cutting, and sewing.
MEASURING TOOLS
TAPE MEASURE - A flexible measuring device used in taking body measurements.
RULERS - It is a useful tool to have for measuring and drawing straight seam lines and cutting lines.
YARDSTICK - It is used for marking hemlines and checking grain lines when laying out the pattern.
SEWING GAUGE - A small ruler with a sliding guide and is about six inches long.
Hem in sewing is a garment finishing method, where the edge of a piece of cloth is folded and sewn.
L-SQUARE - The tailor square or "L" is used to transfer measurements to the draft pattern.
a. The longer arm is twenty-four (24) inches long.
b. The shorter arm is fourteen (14) inches long.
FRENCH CURVE - This is used to shape the depth of the neck hole and armhole of the pattern.
CUTTING TOOLS
Cutting steels, Chrome-plated shears - All are for heavy duty
Stainless steel blades and plastic are fine for lightweight fabrics
A serrated edge shears give maximum cutting control and is used for synthetic fibers and slippery knits
Pinking Shears This is used to finish seams and raw edges and to create decorative edges on many
types of fabric.
TRIMMING SCISSORS - It is 3-4 inches long. It is used for trimmings, clipping threads and snipping
slashes.
EMBROIDERY SCISSORS - Both points are sharp for use in working with fine details in delicate fabrics
and in embroidery work.
BUTTONHOLE SCISSORS - This is intended for making buttonholes.
Thread Clippers - This is intended for making buttonholes.
Seam Ripper - Seam rippers are specifically designed for ripping out stitches from seams, either as a
result of an error or during alterations.
Rotary Cutter and Mat - It works like a pizza cutter and can be used by left or right-handed sewers.
Fabric Marking Tools - Are required for transferring pattern markings to garment fabric pieces and for
making alterations on garments.

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Tailor’s Chalk - Tailor‘s chalk is available in a range of colors and is removed by brushing.
Dressmaker Pencil - This is available in white or pastel shades. This chalk pencil is used to make fine
lines on fabric. It has an erasing brush at one end.
Liquid Marking Pen – It’s either; washes out, or fades after 48 hours. Those that wash out should not
be used on fabric that show water marks.
Wax Chalk - Wax can be removed by pressing.
Tracing Wheel - There are two types of tracing wheels: a serrated edge and with smooth edge.
Dressmaker’s Carbon Copy - Also called dressmaker’s tracing paper. It is a specially waxed carbon
paper that transfer’s the tracing wheel’s markings to the fabric.
PINNING AND SEWING TOOLS
Pincushion - A pincushion holds the straight pins and needles while working to prevent accidents.
Needle - Used in making temporary stitches and buttonholes. Sizes of 7 to 10 are for general hand
sewing.
Threader - It aids in putting the thread to the needle. It consists of two parts: Handle, and Wire
Thimble - A small hard pitted cup worn for protection on the finger that pushes the needle in sewing.
Fabric - It is the cloth used in making garments. The plain cotton fabrics, flour sack or catcha is the
most appropriate material for beginners because these are very easy to handle. The types are:
Lengthwise center fold, Crosswise center fold, Off-center lengthwise fold, and Off-center Crosswise
fold.
SEWING MACHINE - It is a equipment used to sew or join the pieces of fabric or parts of the garments
together.
SEWING MACHINE
Elias Howe -invented the first practical sewing (lockstitch) machine.
LOCKSTITCH SEWING MACHINE - This is usually used in homes and sometimes in school. This is also
called Domestic Sewing Machine.
HI-SPEED LOCKSTITCH SEWING MACHINE - This is sometimes called “straight stitching machine or
industrial sewing machine”
OVER EDGING MACHINE- Other companies call it “small machine”. It finishes the raw edges of the
pattern for construction.
EMBROIDERY MACHINE- This is used in making fancy stitches and in making different kinds of
embroidery stitches on fabrics
BUTTON-HOLE MACHINE - This is used in making buttonholes on garments.
BUTTON ATTACHMENT MACHINE - This is used in attaching buttons to the garments.
DOUBLE NEEDLE MACHINE - This is used in the construction of the different kinds of clothing
especially for the inseam, out seam and side seam. BAR-TACKING MACHINE - This is used in
reinforcing the opening and closing of pockets

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PARTS OF THE SEWING MACHINE
Spool Pin
➢ is the thread holder.
2. Thread Guide
➢ keeps the thread in position.
3. Thread Take up Lever
➢ releases the thread and interlocks with the bobbin thread.
4. Presser bar lifter
➢ moves the presser foot.
5. Tension
➢ controls the looseness and tightness of stitches.
6. Needle Bar
➢ holds the needle in place.
7. Needle Clamp
➢ holds and tightens the needle.
8. Presser Foot
➢ holds the fabric in place while sewing.
9. Needle

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SY 2023-2024
➢ a slender tool attached in the needle clamp used for sewing.
10. Bobbin Winder
➢ controls the bobbin while winding thread.
11. Stitch regulator / Stitch length dial
➢ checks the length of the stitches.
12. Balance Wheel
➢ sets the mechanism in motion.
UNDER BED
Feed Dog
➢ moves the fabric while sewing.
Throat plate
➢ the windows of the feed dog and it is where the bobbin threads come out.
Slide plate
➢ a movable plate that covers the shuttle and bobbin case.
Shuttle
➢ holds the bobbin case while sewing.
Bobbin
➢ a metal spool for winding thread.
Bobbin Case
➢ holds the bobbin.
MEASUREMENT
CIRCUMFERENTIAL
BUST - Measure around your body crossing over the fullest part of your bust. (The tape measure must
run directly over the apex point and across your shoulder blades on your back).
WAIST - Measure around the waist at the narrowest natural waistline point.
HIPS - Measure around the fullest part of your hips.
NECK - taken around the neckline.
ARMHOLE - Measure around the shoulder under the armpit.
UPPER ARM GIRTH – taken around the arm or the bicep.
LOWER ARM GIRTH – taken around the arm two to three inches below the armpit.
WAIST - taken around the wrist.
DESIRED BOTTOM - taken around the fullest part of the bottom.
HORIZONTAL MEASUREMENTS
SHOULDER – Taken from the shoulder point across the back to the other shoulder point.
FRONT CHEST – Taken from the armpit to the other armpit at one’s front.
APEX – Measure from the apex point to other apex point.
BACK WIDTH – Taken beside the armpit to the other armpit at the back.

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SHOULDER BLADE DISTANCE - Taken from the shoulder blade to the other.
VERTICAL MEASUREMENTS
FRONT FIGURE – Taken from the neck point passing over the bust down the waist.
FIGURE BACK - Taken from the nape down the waist of the back bodice.
APEX HEIGHT - Taken from the neck point down to the highest point of the bust.
BLOUSE LENGTH – taken from the neck point passing through the bust down to the desired length.
SLEEVE LENGTH – taken from the shoulder point down to the desired length in the arms.
SKIRT LENGTH – Taken from the waist down to the desired length.
CROTCH / RISE – measured by placing a L-squre under the crotch then measure below the waistband
down to the top of the level of the L-square. (seated in a chair then measure from the side of the waist
down to the seat.)
PANTS LENGTH - measures along the side below the waist band to the desired length of the pants.
MEASUREMENTS

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SY 2023-2024
SAFETY MEASURES IN SEWING

PRE-OPERATION
1. Thoroughly review & understand information provided in the owner’s manual.
2. Before using, always inspect for damage, including power cord.
3. Assure ventilation openings are clear of lint & scrap cloth.
4. Inspect all machine setting & adjustments and modify as necessary for sewing task.
5. If sewing machine fails pre-use inspection, notify your supervisor. Do not use until repaired.
6. Inspect the needle to make sure it’s not bent, dulled, or damaged. Never use a bent needle.
OPERATION
1. Only use a sewing machine for its intended purpose as described in the operator’s manual.
2. Use the proper type and size needle for the fabric being sewn.
3. For zig-zag or any other special stitching, use a throat plate that accommodates a wide stitch.
4. Always maintain a safe zone, of about one inch, where fingers never enter when in operation.
5. Learn to start and run machine slowly & evenly. Operating the backstitch lever or knob takes practice.
6. Never sew across pins. Carefully use straight pins & when done, place in proper storage containers.
7. Never look away from the machine while it is sewing. If you need to look away, stop sewing first.

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POST-OPERATION
1. Always turn the sewing machine off & unplug from the power source after use.
2. Regularly clean the sewing machine with a lint brush after use.
3. Clean up the work space when finished with your sewing task.
OHSP
Sharp Edges and Blades: Sewing machines have various components with sharp edges, including
needles, knife blades, and scissors. Be cautious to avoid accidental cuts or puncture wounds to your
fingers while handling these parts.
Eye Strain: Prolonged use of sewing machines can strain your eyes, especially if the lighting is
inadequate. Ensure proper illumination in your workspace to reduce eye fatigue.
Electrical Hazards: If you’re dealing with automatic sewing machines, there’s a risk of electric shock.
Always follow safety protocols and unplug the machine from the power source after use.
Back Injuries: Lifting or moving heavy sewing machines incorrectly can lead to back strain. Use proper
lifting techniques and avoid sudden movements to prevent back problems.
Broken Needles: A broken needle can cause eye injuries. Be cautious when replacing needles and
handle them carefully.
Posture: Poor posture during sewing can contribute to back pain. Maintain an ergonomic posture to
minimize strain on your back.
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
The elements of design are the parts that define the visual, the tools and components that a person uses to
create a composition.
1. Lines in garment design can be straight, curved, diagonal, or any other shape, and they help define the
silhouette, structure, and movement of the garment.
2. Color is a crucial element in garment design, influencing the mood, style, and visual impact of the
garment. It includes considerations of hue, saturation, and value.
A. Hue - Hue, which is the color name.
B. Saturation - Saturation refers to how intense the hue is.
C. Value - Value refers to the lightness and darkness of the hue
3. Shapes are the outlines or forms created by the combination of lines, edges, and curves within a
garment, such as the silhouette of a dress or the neckline of a top.
4. Texture refers to the tactile quality or surface characteristics of fabrics used in the garment. It adds
depth, dimension, and interest to the design.
5. Patterns are repeated decorative motifs or designs applied to fabrics, such as stripes, florals, or
geometric shapes.
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
The principles of design are all about how a person uses the elements to create a visual and convey a message.
1. PROPORTION involves the relative size and scale of different elements within a garment, such as the
length of sleeves compared to the torso or the size of buttons in relation to the garment's overall size.
Maintaining appropriate proportions helps create a balanced and harmonious look.

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SY 2023-2024
2. UNITY refers to the coherence and consistency of design elements within a garment. It involves ensuring
that all components of the garment work together harmoniously to create a cohesive overall look.
3. EMPHASIS involves drawing attention to specific areas or features of a garment to create visual interest.
This can be achieved through the use of color, texture, embellishments, or strategic placement of design
elements to create a focal point.
4. CONTRAST involves the position of different elements within a garment to create visual interest and
impact. This can include contrasts in color, texture, fabric weight, or design details to highlight certain
features or create a dynamic visual effect.
5. REPETITION AND RHYTHM repetition involves the use of recurring design elements or motifs throughout
a garment to create a sense of unity and rhythm. This can include repeated patterns, textures, shapes, or
decorative elements that help unify the overall design.
BASIC HAND STICHES
• Sewing - a loop of thread or yarn used to close a wound or fabric, or a tiny item of clothing.
• Baste - Temporary long-running stitches.
• Right Side - The front, or face of the fabric.
• Hem - The finished bottom edge of a garment.
• Hooks and Eyes - Small and sturdy fasteners used at the points of a garment opening.
• Quilting - The art of making a quilt.
a. Temporary Stiches
1. Even basting – this is used for tacking seams and other details, which must be held
securely.
2. Uneven basting – It is used principally for marking center lines, pocket position and
the like.
b. Permanent Stiches
1. Running Stitch - This is a small hand stitch which is used for attaching fabrics
together or for joining fabric at the seams. Use a single thread with a knot at the end
and make several of the running stitches at once, so that it goes faster.
2. Back Stitch - This is a stronger and more secure hand stitch which done with a
single thread. Make a single stitch in and out of the fabric, and the front should look
straight and neat in a row, the back should have longer and overlapping stitches.
3. Blanket Stitch - Traditionally used to neaten edges. The regularly spaced stitches
cover the edge of a fabric, leaving a twist to strengthen and protect the edge. When
sewn very close together, it becomes a buttonhole stitch.
4. Slip Stitch/ Blind Stitch - This is an invisible hand sewn stitch which is used for
hemming. The less visible the thread is from the front of the hem the better.
5. Overcasting Stitch - This stitch is like the whip stitch. It is used for safe finishing of
the fabric edges to keep them neat and to stop them from getting unraveled at the
10 | T R A N S C R I P T E D B Y : J A N S T E V E N S A Q U I N G
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raw edges. The overcast is made with short, diagonal stitches over the edge of the
fabric.
6. Cross-stitching is suitable for finishing hems and for front-facing designs. All you're
doing with a cross-stitch is making Xs in the fabric
11 | T R A N S C R I P T E D B Y : J A N S T E V E N S A Q U I N G
FILIPINO
SY 2023-2024
“Ang pag-aaral ay hindi nakamit ng pagkakataon, dapat itong hanapin nang may kasigasigan at
dumalo nang may kasipagan.” - Abigail Adams
DEBATE
- Ito ay isang pormal na pakikipagtalong may estruktura at sistemang sinusundan.

- Ang dalawang panig dito ay:
o Proposisyon (Sumasang-ayon)
o Oposisyon (Sumalungat)
MGA KASAPI SA DEBATE
1. Proposisyon o panig na sumasangayon
2. Oposisyon o panig ng sumasalungat
3. Moderator o ang tagapamagitan upang matiyak na maayos ang daloy ng debate
4. Time-Keeper na tumitiyak sa oras na nakalaan sa magsasalita
5. Hurado na walang kinikilingan sa dalawang panig. Kailangan nakaupo ng magkakalayo upang
hindi ito maimpluwensiyahan sa mga hatol ng bawat isa.
MGA KATANGIAN NA TAGLAYIN NG ISANG DEBATER
NILALAMAN
- Kailangan na may malawak na kaalaman ang isang debater patungkol sa magiging paksa ng
debate.
ESTILO
- Makikita rito ang husay ng debater sa pagsasalita, at sa kaangkupan sa debate. Papasok dito
ang linaw at lakas o taginting ng boses, tindig, kumpiyansa sa sarili, atbp.
ESTRATEHIYA
- Dito nakapaloob ang husay ng debater sa pagsalo o pagsagot sa mga argumento, at kung
paano maitatawag pansin ang proposisyon.
URI NG DEBATE
1. OXFORD – ang bawat kalahok ay magsasalita lamang ng minsan, maliban sa unang
tagapagsalita. Ang bawat kalahok ay dapat patotoo at pagpapabulaan.
2. CAMBRIDGE – ang bawat kalahok ay dalawang beses titindig upang magsalita. Una – patotoo,
at Ikalawa – Pagpapabulaan
3. MOCK TRIAL – uri ng debate kung saan ang kalahok ay nagpapanggap bilang attoryney sa isang
paglilitis.
4. IMPROMPTU – uri ng debate masasabing mas impormal kumapra sa ibang klase ng debate.
Binigbyan ng 15 minuto bago magsimula ang debate.
5. TURNCOAT – Ito ay ginagawa ng isang tao lamang. Dalawang tao ang maglaban at dalawang
minuto lamang bawat tao.
PAGSANG-AYON AT PANALUNGAT
SALITANG SUMANG-AYON
- Naghuhudyat ng pagpapanig sa punto. Oo, Opo, Totoo, Tunay, Talaga, Tama, atbp
SALITANG SUMALUNGAT
- Naghuhudyat ng di pagpanig o di pagsangayon. Ngunit, datapwat, subalit, bagamat, hindi,
atbp.
BALAGTASAN
Isang masining na pagtatalo; Kinapapalooban ng nga pangangatwiran sa anyong patula.

FILIPINO
SY 2023-2024
ITINURING NA SINING Dahil:
• Dahil sa masining na paraan ng pagbigkas
• Kumpas ng kamay at ekspresyon ng mukha
• Paraang nagpapalitan ng tuwid
PINAGMULAN
Galing ito sa orihinal na apilyedo ni Francisco Baltazar, ang Balagtas. Nabuo ito sa panahong
ipinagdiriwang ang anibersaryo ng kaniyang kapanganakan.
MAIKLING KASAYSAYAN
ABRIL 6, 1924 – apat na araw pagkatapos ipagdiwang ang araw ni balagtas, at ginanap ang unang
balagtasan. Ito’y isang pagtatalong may iskrip at nasa paraang patula.
Sina Jose Corazon de Jesus (Huseng Batute) (Hari ng Balagtasan) at Florentino Collanted (Kuntil-
Butil) ang kauna-unahang mambibigkas. Naganap ang unang balagtasan noon Oktubre 18, 1925 sa
Olympic Stadium sa Manila.
BALAGTASAN SA IBA PANG WIKA SA PILIPINAS
Bukanegan – Ilokano, apilyedo ni Pedro Bukaneg.
Crisotan – Pampango, Juan Crisostomo Soto.
Batutian – Hango kay Huseng Batute; nagtataglay ng pagpapaigting ng tudyuhan at pagmamayabang
ng nagtatalong makata.
LAYUNIN NG BALAGTASAN
• Makapagbahagi ng kaisipan
• Magbigay-aliw sa tagapakinig
• Malinang ang kahusayan
• Mapatalas ang kanilang diwa sa maagap na pagtugon sa paraang patula.
PAMAMARAAN NG PAGTATANGHAL NG BALAGTASAN
• Ang takbo ng tula ang magiging labanan ng opinion ng bawat panig
• May hurado na nagsisiyasat kung sino ang may mas makabuluhang pangangatwiran.
KATUNGKULAN NG MAMBABALAGTAS
LAKANDIWA – tagapamagitan sa dalawang magtatalo.
1. Magsasalita at babati sa tagapakinig at tagapanood.
2. Pormal na pagbubukas
3. Pagpapakilala sa dalawang magtatalo
4. Magbibigay desisyon ng magwawagi
5. Magpipinid ng balagtasan.
MGA POPULAR NA BABASAHIN
Ang pagbasa ay ang siyang libangan ng mga Pilipino hanggang ngayon.

Makatutulong ito para lalo pang matuto sa pagbabasa.
Nagpapatuloy ang tradisyonal na panitikan sa kabila ng modernisasyon.
Nagkakaroon ng bagong mukha, naiiba lamang sa estilo, pamamaraan at kalaamang teknikal.
PAHAYAGAN
Uri ng print media na kailanma’y ‘di namamatay na bahagi ng ating kultura. Ito’y sumasalamin sa
pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay ng Pilipino. Nagsisilbi rin itong mata upang maulat ang mga
napapanahong panguayayari.
KOMIKS

FILIPINO
SY 2023-2024
Grapikong midyum kung saan ang mga salita at larawan ay ginagamit upang maghatid ng kwento.
Isang makulay at popular, at ang layunin ay ang magbigay-aliw sa mga mambabasa, magsulong ng
kulturang Pilipino. Ito rin ay naglalaman ng kaunting dayalogo. (PAGONG AT MATSING, JOSE RIZAL)
Si Carlo J. Caparas ang nagtangkang buhain ang sinaunang komiks sa paggawa ng komiks caravan.
MAGASIN
Ito’y naglalaman ng maraming artikulo na maaring pumaksa sa iba’t iba. Kalimitang pinopondohan ito
ng mga patalastas, at mas Malaki kaysa aklat ngunit mas maliit kaysa sa pahayagan.
FHM
Tumatayo bilang mapapagkatiwalaang instrument para mapagusapan ng mga kalalakihan ang mga
iba’t ibang bagay gaya ng buhay, pag-ibig, kalusugan, atbp.
COSMOPOLITAN
Ang mga artikulo ay nagsisilbing gabay upang maliwanagan ang kababaihan sa mga isyung pampag-
ibig, kalusugan, kagandahan, awrahan, kultura at aliwan.
GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
Magasin para sa mga abalang ina. Ang magasing ito ay tumutulong at gumagabay sa mga ina na
maging responsible at magampaning ina.
YES!
Tungkol ito sa mga artista. Ang laman ay palaging bago, nakaw- atensyon at naglalaman ng detalye ng
mahahalagang poangyayari sa buhay ng mga sikat na artista
METRO
Tungkol ito sa shopping, fashion, at kagandahan.
CANDY
Magasing nagbibigay pansin sa kagustuhan at suliranin ng mga kabataan. Ito ay gawa ng mfga
kabtaang manunulat na mas nakaiintindi sa mga kabataan.
T3
Ipianpakita ang pinakahuli at mga pagbabagong mayroon ang teknolohiya. Naglalaman din ng mga
gabay paano alagaan ang mga gadgets
ENTREP MAGAZINE
Para sa mga taong may negosyo at mga taong gustong magkanegosyo.
KOMENTARYONG PANRADYO
BROADCAST MEDIA
- Impormasyon, audio, o Biswal sa pamamagitan ng midyang pangmasa sa tulong ng network.
- Pang-araw-araw na buhay ng mga Pilipino dahil dito umiikot ang hanapbuhay at pinagkukunan
ng mga impormasyon
o Komentaryong Panradyo
o Dokumentaryong Pampelikula
o Dokumentaryong Pantelebisyon
RADYO
- Midyum ng komunikasyon na naglalayong magbahagi ng mga kaganapan ng mundo sa mas
malawak na sakop nito.
- Pangunahing kuhanan ng impormasyon ang radio.
o Musika
o Napapanahong Balita
o Talakayan/Pulso ng Bayan

FILIPINO
SY 2023-2024
o Opinyon
o Panawagan
KOMENTARYONG PANRADYO/RADIO BROADCASTING
ELENA BOKTIN – Levy, ZUMIX
Radio; Pagbibigay
oportunidad sa Kabataan
upang maipahayag ang
saloobin.
KASAYSAYAN
AMERIKANO
Pagsilang ng radyo. Noong
Hunyo 1922, si Henry
Hermann ang 50-watts na
istasyon sa Pasay at Maynila.
Noong 1924, ang KZ ay
nagtakda sa lahat ng istasyon
ng radyo sa Pilipinas.
Kaakibat nito ang batas ng Estados Unidos.
Pagbabago. Ang dating 50 watts ay 100-watts na ngayon, nagngangalang “KZKZ”. Noong 1929, ang
KZRC – RADIO ay nagbukas sa cebuat ipinakilala ang Radio Broadcasting sa probinsiya.
Commonwealth Act 3840. Ang Radio Control Law ay naisabatas at noong 1931, nabuo ang Radio
Control Division sa ilaim ng pamamahala ng Kalihim ng Komersyo at Industriya. Tinawag itong Radio
Control Office na nagtagal hanggang 1972 nung pinirmahan ni Marcos ang Proclamation 1081,
“paglagay ng buong Pilipinas sa batas militaryo.” Naitatag rin ang KAPISANAN NG MGA
BROADCASTER SA PILIPINAS (KBP).
HAPON
Anim. Bagong himpilan ng radyo, KZ- (EG, IB, RF, RH, RM). KZRM lamang ang nagtagal sa
himpapawid noong 1927. Tatlong lingo matapos salakayin ang Pearl Harbor, nagtalaga ng shortwave
relay sa Pilipinas. Tumagal ito ng anim na araw.
Homma. Si Heneral Masaharu Homma, Japanese CIC, ay nagdeklara ng katapusan ng Martial Law.
Nagtatag sila ng Japanese Military Administration. Bilang alternatibo, nagkaroon muli ng shortwave
relay station.
Pagsuko. Nang sumuko ang mga sundalo, lahat ng istasyon maliban sa KZRH ay nasira. Binuhay muli
ang tatlong istasyon sa Manila, KZRH, KZRM, KZRF. Dito sa tatlo, dalawa ay bantog sa US bilang bibig
sa bansa. Sa pamamahala ng Hapones, ang dalawang letra na PI ay nagging Philippines Islands.
Noong Pebrero 6, 1942, nanawagan ang KZRH sa mga Hapones na sila ay sumuko dahil sa lakas nila.
BATAS MILITAR

FILIPINO
SY 2023-2024
PAGKABUHAY. Binuhay muli ang media ngunit nasa ilalim ng pamahalaan. Sinabing ito rin ang
panahon ng Puppet Media. Ang Radyo Veritas na nagpatakbo ng Simbahang Katoliko ang nag-ulat sa
pagpatay kay Aquino. Ginamit ang radyo bilang midyum, nanawagan si Jaime Cardinal Sin na
magtipon-tipon ang lahat upang magprotesta sa Marcos. Pinatugtog nila ang Ang Bayan Ko, Tie a
Yellow, at Ribbon at Mambo Magsaysay.
TUNTUNIN SA PAGSULAT
1. Magsaliksik ng impormasyon
2. Banggitin ang mga personalidad sa mga detalye upang ipakita ang kredibilidad ng pagsulat.
3. Magkaroon ng malinaw na pagpapasiya sa paksa.
Ang Taguri sa manuskrito ng isang audio-visual material na ginamit sa broadcasting. Ito ay ang
nakatitik na bersiyon ang bigkasin.
Ito ay napakahalaga sapagkat ito ang nagsilbing gabay sa tagaganap, director, taga-ayos ng musika,
editor, at technician.
FORMAT PAKSA
1. Maliliit na titik ang dayalogo 1. Pulitika
2. Malalaking titik ang musika, reaksiyon. 2. Pangyayari
3. Guhitan ng SFX at MSC 3. Pagdiriwang
4. Ipakita kung paano gamitin ang No. 3 4. Ekonomiya
5. Dalawang espasyo/double space sa 5. Interes at Makabuluhang Bagay
bawat linya
DOKUMENTARYONG PANTELEBISYON
✓ Isa pang mahalagang midyum sa larangan ng Broadcast Media at hindi maikakailang bahagi ng
buhay ng bawat Pilipino ang telebisyon.
✓ Ang Telebisyon ay hindi lamang tumutukoy sa isang appliance unit na karaniwang natatagpuan
sa mga kabahayan.
✓ Ang Telebisyon ay tumutukoy sa isang sistemang nagpapadala at tumatanggap ng mga
elektrikong imahe gamit ang Radio Waves.
✓ Saglit mang nahinto ang pamamayagpag ng telebisyon noong panahon ng Martial Law, sumibol
naman ang mas matapang na anyo ng balita at talakayan sa mas makabuluhang gampanin ng
telebisyon sa mamamayan.
✓ Dito kinilala ang mga batikang mamamahayag na sina CheChe Lazaro, Abner Mercado, Jessica
Soho, Howie Severino, Sandra Aguinaldo, Jay Taruc at Kara David.
KASAYSAYAN
Ang pag-imbento ng telebisyon ay isang mahabang proseso na nilahukan ng maraming siyentipiko
at imbentor na nag-ambag ng kanilang kaalaman at natuklasan hanggang sa nabuo ang sistema
noong dekada 40.
JAMES CLERK MAXWELL – Scottish, electromagnetic waves noong 1873.

WILLOUGHBY SMITH – pagsasalin ng imahe upang maging elektroniong signal ay nag-umpisa noong
1873
PAUL GOTTLIEB NIPKOW – mekanikal na paraan upang isalin ang imahe na maging elektrikong signal.
PHILO FARNSWORTH – 1927, image dissector na pumalit sa mekaninal na scanning disk ni Nipkow.

FILIPINO
SY 2023-2024
Ang malawakang industriya ng pantelebisyon broadcast ay nagsimula muli pagkatapos ng Digmaan.
Noong panahon na ang mga palabas ay black and white.
DEKADA 50 – sinimulan ang dekolor na telebisyon at ang unang home made receiving set ay
matagumpay na inilusad ng propesor sa UST noong 1950.
FEATI UNIVERSITY – 1952, experimental station
DZAQ-TV CHANNEL 3 – 1953 kauna-unahang komersyal
DEKADA 60-70 – negosyong broadcasting
ABSCBN – 11 landing na de-kolor
KAHALAGAHAN
Mga palabas na naglalayong maghatid ng komprehensibo at estratehikong proyekto na sumasalamin
sa katotohanan ng buhay at tumatalakay sa kultura at pamumuhay sa isang lipunan.
Gaya ng pelikula ang mga programang pantelebisyon ay maituturing ding isang uri ng sining na
nagsisilbing libangan at gumigising sa isip at damdamin ng isang tao.
Nagkakaroon ng sariling pagpapasiya at pagsusuri ang isang manonood.
TANDAANAN SA PAKIKIPANAYAM
PAGHAHANDA PARA SA PANAYAM

✓ Magpaalam sa taong gustong kapanayamin
✓ Kilalanin ang taong kakapanayamin
PAKIKIPANAYAM
✓ Maging magalang
✓ Magtanong nang maayos.
✓ Itanong ang lahat na ibig malalam kaugnay ng paksa.
✓ Makinig nang mabuti sa sagot ng kinakapanayam.
PAGKATAPOS NG PANAYAM
✓ Magpasalamat.
✓ Iulat nang maayos ang nakuhang impormasyon sa panayam

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
PIYUDALISMO, MANORYALISMO, AT BOURGEOISIE
Pre-history Evolution of Men
Ancient Civilization
Classical Rome & Greece
Medieval Bubonic Plage, War of Roses, 100 years’ war
PIYUDALISMO
• Political system
• Nakapokus sa LUPAIN
• Trust and Loyalty
a. FEUDAL LORD
• Namumuno sa lupain na binigay ng King.
b. VASSALS
• Kailangan ang vassals (sundalo) upang maging protektado ang feudal lord. Ang sweldo ng
vassals ay Fief (Lupa).
c. SERF
• Katuwang ng vassals, sinusuweldohan ito ng Feudal Lord ng: Pagkain, Tirahan, Damit
MANORYALISMO
• Agricultural System
• Nagsasariling-estado
• Pakikipagkalakalan
3-Field System
PORK BEEF CHICKEN
Sa isang nahating lupain, kapag natapos na ang pag-aani, hindi ito maaring gamitin sa susunod na mga
taon upang maiwasan ang pag-abuso sa lupa.
KRUSADA
Namatay ang Lords, Serfs, at Feudal Lord at dito na natuklasan ang kalakalan. Umusbong ang bayan at
lungsod kung kaya’t naglayas ang ibang serfs sa kanilang vassals upang magtrabaho na lamang sa
bayan at lungsod.
SISTEMANG GUILD
Ito ay Samahan (union) ng mga mangangalakal kung kaya’t mas madaming produkto ang nagagawa.
1. More Products, and;
2. Honed Skills
Merchant Nagbebenta ng mga gawa ng Craft Guild
Guild
Craft Guild Gumagawa ng produkto
1. Apprentice – observer
2. Journeyman – taga-gawa
3. Master Craftsmen – Producer
BOURGEOISIE

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
Merkantilismo
Pagbabanko, Kapitalismo, Pakikipagkalakalan
• Mas madaming ginto at pilak, mas mayabong
REBOLUSYONG KOMERSYAL
1. Mainam ang pagluluwas ng produkto
2. Nakasalalay sa ginto’t pilak
3. Gobyerno ay mainam sa Apag-unlad ng bansa
RENNAISSANCE
rebirth – muling pagkabuhay ng aarkitektura, pilosopiya, agham, at sining. Nagsimula ito sa ITALY
pagkamulat sa kultural at klasikal na kaalaman ng Greece at Rome
MEDICI FAMILY
LORENZO DE MEDICI
- Isang maimpluwensiyang tao sa Florence
- Kolektor ng sining at sumusuporta sa mga alagad ng sining at kultura
HUMANISMO
Isang kilusang kultural na tinatawag na humanism. Isinulong ito sa pagpaparangal sa kagalingan ng
tao at pagpapahalaga ng klasikal na kaalamang Greek at Roman.
FRANCESCO PETRARCH Ama ng Humanismo; Songbook (Canzoniere) para kay Laura

GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO Manunulat ng Decameron; Koleksyon ng mga kwento (100)
BALDASSARE CASTIGLIONE Manunulat ng The Courtier; Tamang asal ng isang courtier
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI Manunulat ng The Prince; “…it is better to be feared than to be
loved…”
DESIDERIUS ERASMUS Manunulat ng The Praise of Folly; Ipinappakita ang maling
Gawain ng mangangalakal at pari.

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
MIGUEL DE CERVANTES Manunulat ng Don Quixote de la Mancha; Tanggapin ang

modernong panahon kahit nan ais mabuhay sa nakaraan
THOMAS MORE Manunulat ng Utopia (Perpektong Lipunan)
DANTE ALIGHIERI Manunulat ng The Divine Comedy
FRANCOIS RABELAIS Gargantua et Pantagruel; Pinagtawanan ang mga taong di
naniniwala sa humanista
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE Manunulat ng Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, etc.
JOHANNES GUTENBURG Movable Printing Press
RAPHAEL SANZIO Sistine Madonna; School of Athens
MICHAELANGELO BUONARROTI Sistine Chapel; David
LEONARDO DA VINCI Vitruvian Man; Pintor ng Mona Lisa
KRISTIYANISMO: ANG REPORMASYON SA SIMBAHANG KATOLIKO
Repormasyon – kilusan na ibinunsod ng malaking pagbabago ng tao tungkol sa may layuning baguhin.
REPORMISTA ang tawag sa repormasyon.
1. JOHN WYCLIFFE
- Iskolar sa Oxford University
- Isinalin ang bible (Latin) sa Ingles na walang pahintulot
- Tinawag na “erehe”
- Lollard ang tao na naniniwala sa turo o doktrina ni Wycliffe.
2. JOHN HUSS
- Binatikos dahil isinalin ang bible sa Czech.
- Sinunog siyang buhay sa harap ng mga tao.
3. MARTIN LUTHER
- Anak ni Hans at Margarette Luther, isang magsasaka. Humiling siya kay St. Anne na siya ay
maging pari sa susunod na reincarnation niya.
- Nagturo siya sa University of Wittenberg.
- Gumawa si Luther ng 95 Theses (The Disputation on the Power of Indulgence) at ipinaskil sa
University of Wittenburg.
o Si Johann Tedzel ang gumawa ng Indulhensiya para mapaayos ang St Peter’s
Basilica.
o Nangyari ang: Pabili ng Indulhensiya, Pagkukumpisal sa Pari, Paggamit ng Latin, at
Awtoridad ng Santo Papa
ANG NANGYARI:
Pupal Ball – isang mensahe na ibinigay ni Pope Leo X kay Luther, ngunit sinunog niya ito. Nagkaroon ng
ex-communication sa dalawa.
ASEMBLEYA – Nagpatawag si Emperor Charles V (Diet of Worms) upang depensahan ni Luther ang
kaniyang sarili, ngunit ‘di siya sumipot.
PEACE OF AUSBERG – ang pari ay mamimili ng kaniyang relihiyon.
4. ULRICH ZWINGLI

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
- Nagsulat ng 67 Articles, naniniwala sa pananaw ni Luther
5. JOHN CALVIN
- Isinulat ang librong ICR (Institutes on the Christian Religion) na ang laman ay predestinasyon.
o Ang kaluluwa ay ililigtas batay sa pagpapasiya ng Diyos at may mga taong nakatakda
sa langit at impiyerno.
Ang repormasyon sa England
KING HENRY VII
- Humiling sa simbahang katoliko na mapasawalang-bisa ang kasal nila nina Catherine of
Aragon ngunit hindi siya pinayagan.
- ACT OF SUPREMACY: Binawasan ang impluwensiya ng Santo Papa sa England at ginawang
pinuno si Henry VII ng simbahan.
- ANGLICANISM: tawag sa protestante ng simbahan sa England.
Ano na ang nangyari matapos mamatay ni King Henry VIII?
- Sumunod si King Edward Vi na anak ni Jane Seymour ngunit siya ay namatay.
- Ang humalili sa trono ay si Mary I. Bumalik ang katolisismo at pinapatay lahat ng Protestante
kung kaya’t Tinawag siyang Bloody Mary.
THE FIVE SOLAS
SOLA SCRIPTURA (BANAL NA KASULATAN LAMANG) – Ang bibliya laang ang nag-iisang awtoridad
para sa lahat ng bagay ng pananampalataya, buhay, at doktrina.
SOLA FIDE (PANANAMPALATAYA LAMANG) – Ang kaligtasan ay sa pananampalataya kay Hesu Kristo
lamang.
SOLA GRATIA (BIYAYA LAMANG) – Ang kaligtasan ay sa pamamagitan ng biyaya ng Diyos lamang.
SOLO CHRISTO (SI KRISTO LAMANG) – Ang kaligtasan ay matatagpuan lamang kay Hesu Kristo dahil
sa kaniyang having pagbayad-sala.
SOLI DEO GLORIA (KALUWALHATIAN) – Ang kaligtasan ay nagawa ng Diyos lamang at para lamang sa
kaniyang kaluwalhatian.
Pinuno Santo Papa Walang eksakto

Sentro ng Simbahan Vatican, Rome Wala
Sekta Wala Lutheran, Calvinism, etc.
Paniniwala Bibliya at tradisyon Bibliya
Pangungumpisal Diyos
PANAHON NG PAGGALUGAD
3 G’s: God, Gold, Glory (+ Spices, Technology)
MGA BANSANG NAGGALUGAD
Prince Henry The Navigator Mithiing hanapin ang daan papuntang India at magalugad ang
Africa; Napadpad sa Cape of storms
Vasco Da Gama Calicut, India
Bartholomeu Dias Pinalitan bilang Cape of Good Hope si King John II
Pedro Cabral Brazil at Goa, India
Christopher Columbus Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria; Bahamas at New World

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
Amerigo Vespucci New World ni Columbus ay hindi Asya
Vasco de Balboa Permanenting tahanan sa Panama; Tinahak ang Isthmus ng panama
Ponce de Leon “Fountain of Youth”
Magellan Spice Island (Moluccas)
Francisco Pizarro Nagalugad ang imperyo ng Inca sa Peru
Hermando de Soto Europeo na nakarating sa Mississippi River
Francisco de Coronado Nagalugad ang US
Jacques Cartier Canada sa pamamagitan ng Ilog St. Lawrence
Samuel de Champlain Ama ng New France
Robert de La Salle Kabuuang lambak ng Mississippi ay inangkin para sa France
John Cabot Narating ang Newfoundland
Henry Hudson Pinangalanan ang Hudson Bay
REBOLUSYONG SIYENTIPIKO
Nagbigay daan sa alawakang pagbabago sa kaalaman na nagbunsod sa pag-unlad ng agham o siyensa.
Geocentric Ptolemy
Heliocentric Copernicus – “On the Revoultions of Heavenly Spheres”
Scientist Ambag sa larangan

Tyco Brahe Dalawang scientist na magkatuwang na inobserbahan ang galaw ng
Johannes Kepler mga planeta sa kalawakan. Natuklasan ni Kepler na ang paggalaw
ay eleptikal kontraryo sa ideyang sirkular.
Galileo Galilei “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World System” – Ipinagtanggol
ni Galileo ang kanyang sarili sa harap ng awtoridad ng simbahan
Isaac Newton Ama ng Modernong Pisika; Royal Society of London; Batas ng
Gravity at Inertia
Francis Bacon “Novum Organum” Ang isang mananaliksik ay unang nagtitipon at
pinag-aaralan ang tiyak na impormasyon
Rene Descartes “Discourse on Method” – I think therefore I am
Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek Ama ng Microbiology
Carolus Linnaeus Ama ng Modern Taxonomy
Evangelista Torricelli Pag-imbento ng barometer na sumusukat ng pressure sa
atmospera
Anders Celsius Nag-imbento ng isang eskalang pantemperatura na ginagamit s
amga termometro.
Louis Pasteur Pasteurization
Antoine Lavoisier Oxygen, Hydrogen, Sulfur
Andreas Vesalius On the Fabric of the Human Body
William Harvey Nag-aral sa sirkulasyon ng dugo
Alessandro Volta Elektrikong baterya at methane
Benjamin Franklin Saranggola
PANAHON NG KALIWANAGAN SA EUROPE (Age of Enlightenment)

Ano ang Panahon ng Kaliwanagan?

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
- Ito ay isang kilusang pilosopikal at intelektwal noong 18th na siglo sa Europe na nakapokus
sa pangangatwiran o pagrason ng mga ideya bilang paraan ng pagkamit ng katotohanan at
maiwaksi sa mga maling paniniwalang nakasanayan, bulag sa pananampalataya, at mga
paniniwalang superstitious.
MGA MAHAHALAGANG KAISIPAN SA PANAHON NG KALIWANAGAN
Dalawang kaisipan tungkol sa Gobyerno ng England

Ang Kaliwanagan sa England ay pinasimulan ng dalawang politikal na intelektwal na sina Hobbes at
Locke. Ang dalawang intelektwal na nabanggit ay may malaking ginampanan at ambag sa
pagpapalaganap ng Kaliwanagan sa Europe. Gayunpaman, magkaiba ang kanilang kaisipan at
konklusiyon pagdating sa usaping pamahalaan at likas na katauhan ng mga tao.
THOMAS HOBBES
- Inihayag ni Hobbes ang kanyang kaisipan sa kanyang librong Leviathan. Ang pangyayaring
Digmaang Sibil na nangyari sa England ang nagkumbinsi sa kanyang konklusiyon na ang mga
tao ay natural na makasarili at masama.
- Ayon sa kanyang akda, ang mga tao ay pantay-pantay ngunit dahil sa kagustuhang makuha ang
mga bagay-bagay na inaasam ay nagdudulot ito ng kompetisyon at kawalan ng tiwala sa isa’t
isa. Ang ganitong pangyayari ay nagdulot ng pagiging dominado ng iba at maaari nilang
makontrol ang mas mababa sa kanila. Bukod pa rito nasambit niya sa kanyang libro na kung
walang pamahalaan na magmamando ng kaayusan, tiyak na magkakaroon ng awayan o
digmaan sa pagitan ng bawat tao. Naniniwala si Hobbes na kumikilos ang tao dahil sa
pansariling interes. Gusto ng tao na magkaroon ng kapangyarihan, pag-aari, at maraming
kakilala.
Ano ang solusyong naisip ni Hobbes upang magkaroon ng kaayusan sa lipunan?

- Ayon sa kanya, upang maiwasan ang nasabing karahasan at matamo ang kaayusan dapat daw
magkaroon ng Social Contract o kasunduang panlipunan. Ang social contract na tinutukoy
ni Hobbes ay kinakailangang isuko ng tao ang kanilang karapatan sa isang malakas na
pinuno bilang kapalit nito ang kaayusan at seguridad sa lipunan. Dahil sa ugaling
makasarili ng mga tao ay kinakailangang magkaroon ng buong kapangyarihan na
panghawakan ng pinuno ang kanyang mga nasasakupang mamamayan.
Anong sistema ng pamamahala ang ninanais ni Hobbes ayon sa kanyang akdang Leviathan?
- Hindi direktang sinabi ni Hobbes ang sitemang Absolute Monarchy ngunit ito ay isang
halimbawa na kanyang tinukoy. Sa pagkakaroon ng absolute monarchy, ang hari ay
magkakaroon ng ganap o buong karapatang kontrolin ang kanyang nasasakupan upang
magpataw ng kaayusan at pagsunod.
LEVIATHAN
Alam mo ba na ang pangalang Leviathan na pamagat ng libro ni Thomas Hobbes ay nakuha sa Bibliya
ng isang sea monster. Ngunit ayon kay Hobbes, makikita sa larawan na ang Leviathan ay isang

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
higante na ang katawan ay bibubuo ng mga tao. Ang ulo naman nito ay ang soberano o ang pinuno.
Ang hawak niyang espada ay sumisimbolo sa kapangyarihang sekular at ang bakulo (tungkod ng
obispo) ay sumisimbulo sa kapangyarihang espiritwal o pansimbahan.
JOHN LOCKE
- Si Locke ay mayroong perspektibo tungkol sa likas na katauhan ng mga tao. Naniniwala siya na
ang mga tao ay natuto sa kanyang mga karanasan at kayang mapaunlad ang kanyang sarili.
- Ayon sa kanya, ang mga tao ay ipinanganak ng maylaya at pantay-pantay na mayroong natural
rights- life, liberty, at property. Ang pagkakaroon ng pamahalaan ay mainam dahil
binibigyan nila ng proteksyon ang mga karapatang ito. Kung hindi magagawa ito ng
pamahalaan, may karapatan ang mga mamamayan na palitan at paalisin ang namamahala.
- Malaki ang impluwensya ni Locke lalo na sa kasalukuyan dahil sa kaniyang paniniwalang, ang
kapangyarihan ng pamahalaan ay galing sa pahintulot ng mamamayan naging pundasyon ito
ng modernong demokrasya sa kasalukuyan.
MGA PHILOSPHERS
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU
- Karamihan sa mga philosophes ay naniniwala na ang pangangatwiran, siyentipiko, at sining ay
nakatutulong sa pag-unlad ng pamumuhay ng mga tao. Ngunit para kay Rousseau ang
pagkabuo ng sibilisasyon ang dahilan ng pagkawala ng kabutihan sa mga tao. Nasambit niya ang
katagang, “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Sa pagpapaliwanag ni
Rousseau, noong primitibong panahon, ang mga tao ay ipinanganak na malaya at pantay.
Gayunpaman, habang unti-unting nagiging civilized ang mga tao at nabubuo ang sibilisasyon,
ang taong malakas at makapangyarihan ay may kontrol na ipilit na ipatupad ang mga hindi
makatarungang mga batas para sa ibang tao.
- Naniniwala si Rousseau na ang tanging magandang gobyerno ay malayang binubuo ng mga tao
at ang gabay nito ang tinatawag niyang “general will” o pangkalahatang interes o kagustuhan.
Sa ganitong klaseng gobyerno, kinakailangang isuko ang kanilang ibang karapatan para sa
kabutihan ng lahat. Makikita ito sa libro niyang The Social Contract. Magka-iba ang ideya ni
Rousseau at Hobbes pagdating sa konspeto ng social contract. Ayon kay Rousseau, ang social
contract ay kasunduan ng malayang indibidwal upang magkaroon ng lipunan at
pamahalaan.
BARON DE MONTESQUIEU
- Ayon sa kanyang librong The Spirit of Laws, mayroong paghihiwalay ng kapangyarihan sa
pamahalaan — ang lehislatura bilang tagagawa ng batas; ang ehekutibo na tagapagpatupad
ng mga batas; at ang hudikatura na tagapagpaliwanag ng batas at tagahusga sa mga
lumalabag. Kilala ang konseptong ito bilang separation of powers. Ang pagkakahiwalay ngunit
pagkakapantay-pantay ng mga pangkat na ito ay magbibigay ng tiyak na kalayaan at seguridad
sa isang estado.
- Ang pagkakaroon ng separation of powers ay maiiwasan ang pagkontrol ng ilang grupo ng tao sa
pamahalaan. Nabanggit ni Baron na, “power should be a check to power” na kalaunan mas
kilala na sa kasalukuyan bilang “checks and balances.”

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
CESARE BECCARIA
- Siya ay isang Italian na philosophe na nakatuon ang ideya sa sistemang panghustisya.
Naniniwala siya na ang pagkakaroon ng batas ay upang magkaroon ng lipunang kaayusan at
hindi tanda ng paghihiganti sa mga krimen.
- Sa kanyang akdang On Crimes and Punishment, inilahad niya ang pang-aabuso sa hustisya.
Ayon sa kanya, ang taong naakusahan ng krimen ay may karapatang mapabilis ang paglilitis
(speedy trial) at ang pagpapahirap (torture) ay hindi dapat gamitin bilang proseso at paraan
ng pagpapa-amin ng sala. Nasambit din niya na ang kaakibat ng parusa ay base sa kanyang
krimen na nagawa.
VOLTAIRE
- Ang totoo niyang pangalan ay Francois Marie Arouet.
- Sa kanyang mga isinulat, karamihan sa kanyang mga pinapatamaan ay ang simbahan,
aristocrat, at ang pamahalaan kung kaya’t naging mainit ang mata ng pamahalaan ng France sa
kanya.
- Naniniwala siya sa kalayaang panrelihiyon at ang paghihiwalay ng estado at ng simbahan. Kilala
siya sa kanyang sinabi na “Ecrasez l’infame” na ang ibig sabihin ay “Crush the infamous”
Tinutukoy nito ang kalaban ng mga tao ang superstition, intolerance, at prejudice.
Ang mga Kababaihan sa Panahon ng Kaliwanagan

Ang mga kababaihan ay hindi ganap na makapangyarihan sa panahong ito. Naging limitado ang
kanilang ambag sa lipunan kumpara sa kalalakihan, sila lamang ang tagasuporta ng mga gawain ng
kalalakihan sapagkat hindi naman lahat ay nabibigyan ng pagkakataong makapag-aral. Ang mga
philosophes ay kanilang inusisa ang pamahalaan ngunit ang kanilang pag-iisip tungkol sa mga
kababaihan ay tradisyunal pa rin.
KAUNTING KAALAMAN:
SALON
Ang salon ay nanggaling sa salitang French na nangangahulugang “silid ng pagtitipon.” Ang
pagtitipong ito ay isinasagawa sa isang lugar, maaaring bahay o hotel. Layunin ng salon na
madagdagan ang kaalaman ng mga kalahok sa pamamagitan ng pag-uusap habang sila ay
kumakain. Ito rin ang naging tagpuan ng mga kababaihan upang makipagtalastasan sa kanilang mga
intelektwal na bisita. Ang nasa larawan ay isang halimbawa ng salon sa bahay nila Madame Geoffrin.
Ideya o Kaisipan Philosophe o Obserbasyon at Impluwensya sa Pilipinas

Intelektwal
Natural Rights—life, Locke Makikita ang ating mga karapatan bilang mamamayang
liberty, property Pilipino sa Artikulo 3 o mas kilala sa tawag na Bill of
Rights ng ating 1987 Konstitusyon.
Separation of powers Montesquieu Ang Pilipinas ay isang republikang bansa na kung saan
ang kapangyarihan ay nahahati sa tatlong sangay ng

ARAL PAN
SY 2023-2024
pamahalaan; tagapagpaganap (executive),
tagapagbatas (legislative), at tagahukom (judiciary)
Pagsasawalang bisa Beccaria Nagkaroon ng batas na tinatawag na RA 9745 o Anti

sa torture Torture Act na ipinagbabawal ang anumang klase ng
pagpapahirap (torture).
Religious Freedom Voltaire Nakasaad sa ating 1987 Kontitusyon Artikulo 2

Seksyon 6; separation of the state and church.
Nagbibigay garantiya rin ang 1987 Kontitusyon Artikulo
3 ng pagkakaroon ng malayang paghahayag at pagpili
ng ating relihiyon.
Karapatang Voltaire Nakasaad sa ating 1987 Kontitusyon Artikulo 3

magpahayag ng Seksyon 4 na nagpapahintulot ng malayang
saloobin pagpapahayag natin ng ating saloobin.
Pagkapantay-pantay Wollstonecraft Sa kasalukuyan, patuloy pa ring isinusulong ang

ng karapatan ng mga gender equality. Gayunpaman, nagkaroon ang mga
Kababaihan kababaihan na pagkakataon na lumahok sa politika
tulad ng dalawang babae ng naging Presidente ng
Pilipinas; Cory Aquino at Gloria Macapagal. Bukod pa
rito, nagkaroon din ng mga grupo o organisasyon ang
mga kababaihan upang isulong ang kanilang mga
karapatan tulad ng grupong GABRIELA.

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BIOLOGY

LECTURE / 3RD QUARTER

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4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

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Blood Platelets (Thrombocytes)

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The pulmonary circuit, or pulmonary circulation, is responsible for

6|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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W2: PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PHASES

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INPUT/OUTPUT SYMBOL (parallelogram) – represents an instruction to an input or output device. It

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EXAMPLES ARE FOUND IN GENYO

Diamond symbol (decision symbol)

EXAMPLES ARE FOUND IN GENYO

2 Choices 1 Decision Symbol

3|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

LIFP: KNOW YOUR BIOGRRAPHICAL SOURCES!

BIOGRAPHY – anecdotes; a precious legacy, and contains information about people

1|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

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1. may, can, could

3. Must, have to, have got

3|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

4. Don’t have to, need not, must not

5. Should, should not, ought, ought not

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5|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

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1. SHOFAR/RAM’S HORN – Signal the coming of enemy forces

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5|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

PROGRAMS AND POLICIES

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2|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

3|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

4|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

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6|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

7|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

SAFETY MEASURES IN SEWING

8|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

9|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

- Ito ay isang pormal na pakikipagtalong may estruktura at sistemang sinusundan.

Isang masining na pagtatalo; Kinapapalooban ng nga pangangatwiran sa anyong patula.

1|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

Ang pagbasa ay ang siyang libangan ng mga Pilipino hanggang ngayon.

2|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

3|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

4|T R A N S C R I P T E D BY: JA N ST E V E N SAQ U I N G

JAMES CLERK MAXWELL – Scottish, electromagnetic waves noong 1873.

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Nagkakaroon ng sariling pagpapasiya at pagsusuri ang isang manonood.

PAGHAHANDA PARA SA PANAYAM