Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Phonetics Structure I
Phonetics Structure I
Modes of phonation
1. Phonetics – definition Sound formation pattern
2. Branches of Phonetics 1. Initiation – Source of air: pulmonic, vocal &
atmosphere
- Auditory 2. Phonation – Voice ----- /s, z/
- Acoustics 3. Articulation --- sound production
- Articulation
1. Organs of speech
2 Places of Articulation
3 Manner of Articulation
IPA Table
Phonetic transcription
English Vowels
1
ᴐ--- cought , stalk, core, saw, ball, awe
aj----bite, sight
Unit Two
Phonology:
- Is the language –specific selection and organization of sounds to signal meanings.
- Is the sound patterns of particular languages.
- Focuses on sound grammar that speakers need to know.
- “fnil” and “snil” English speakers could agree that both words nonexistent but “snil” is
possible word.
- “fnil”- is systematic gap Kn
- “snil” is an accidental gap jat lat , dat,
A single system for English would be too abstract and would conceal many meaningful differences.
- A speaker- by-speaker account of description is too detailed, and neglect what unifies speakers as
users of the same system.
Standard British English, Scottish English, Us English, New Zealand English, … are all abstractions.
These can provide a level of accuracy which a monolithic ‘English’ system could not.
IPA. Is highly important for phonetic dealings and phonological abstractions in that the orthographic
system creates confusion by allowing many sounds to one spelling and many spellings to one sound.
Example: plough, cough, through, dough and
one sound- many spelling see, sea, people, amoeba, field (i:)
2
The difference between phonetics and phonology
Phonetics Phonology
- Universal - Selective
- All physical sounds - Significant sounds
- Individual sounds - sound grammar
- Production of sounds - abstract sound
- All languages - a single language
Sound distribution:
1. Complementary 2. Contrastive 3. free variation
1. Their distribution must be predictable. We can be clear where can appear and the
other not. Then they are in complementary distribution.
2. If exceptionally substituted with one another there will be no change in meaning.
ᵑ only at the end of a word not on set, but h- appears only at the beginning of syllable. They don’t have
minimal pairs. However they are not allophones because they do not share any phonetic feature.
2. Minimal pairs
3
3. Free Variation
- There is more than one possible pronunciation in the same word or context- this is free
variation. Example:: butter /t/ʔ/d/ economic Ɛ/ i either/ neither i/ ai
This may be because of dialect. Are there similar free variations in Amharic?
Natural Class
The major class features identify several categories of sounds. Features notation can also show why
certain sounds behave similarly in similar contexts.
Example: p, t, k /p t k/ /f ϴ s/
-nasal - Plosive
- Continuant - nasal
/P/ /M/
-Voice + voice
-Nasal - continuant
+ labial + nasal
-Alveolar + anterior
+Stop - coronal
-Fricative + consonantal
-Approximant - strident
+ central + syllabic
4
Activity
Produce feature matrices for all the following English sounds. Example: /b/ is /- syllabic, + consonantal,-
sonar ant,- continent, + voice,- lateral, – nasal, anterior , -Coronal, strident,
( l, r, d, s , ϴ, , n, w)
UNIT THREE
English Suprasegmental (prosodic) features:
Pitch (frequency)
Stress Fixed
free
Produce, convert, export, invent The first syllable stress indicates noun and 2nd syllable
stress is a verb indicator.
UNIT FOUR
English phonotactics
Nucleus coda ᴂ n
5
[smaIl] [smajə l] [k Ɛc ʌp] [k Ɛ cʌp]
#P ---yes p # --- yes #sp --- yes # ps ---no. only this is wrong in Eng.
- If the on-set contains two consonants all plosive and fricative sounds occur before (ɹ).Example:
through, crime etc.
- approximants: /j/ humid, furious, humid, coupon, …, /w/ Quick, twice, …..
4 Coda:
5. Phonological Processes:
- Fast and causal speech or connected speech is a reason for the process to happen. These are:
a. Assimilation: odd message ------- (ob message), sit close------ (sik close) ---k k.
b. Reduction /deletion: laboratory—labratory, February---[f Ɛb ɹi], veterinary—[vƐʔnɹi], connect
----- [knƐkt].
c. Insertion: something--- sompthing,
d. Metathesis: asks------ aks, spaghetti-------pasketti