Digital Logic Design(DLD)

CS130

Assignment-01

Student Name Muhammad Asim Hanif

ID F23608048
Semester 2nd
Batch Fall 2023
Instructor Yosha Jawad
Department Software Engineering
Date 23-03-2024
Question:01
Provide a detailed description of the operations that can be performed
with Oscilloscope. Explain the common Oscilloscope controls.
Identify amplitude, period, and frequency of a pulse waveform with
an oscilloscope.

Answer:

The oscilloscope is a versatile instrument used for analyzing and measuring

electrical signals. It provides a graphical representation of a signal's behavior
over time.
Operations with an Oscilloscope:
1. Signal Display: The primary function of an oscilloscope is to display
electrical signals graphically. It represents voltage variations on the
vertical axis and time on the horizontal axis.
2. Signal Measurement: Oscilloscopes allow users to measure various
parameters of the signal, including voltage (amplitude), time (period),
frequency, pulse width, duty cycle, rise time, and fall time.
3. Signal Analysis: Users can analyze signal characteristics such as
waveform shape, distortion, noise, and signal integrity issues like ringing
or overshoot.
4. Signal Comparison: Oscilloscopes can display multiple signals
simultaneously, enabling users to compare different waveforms or
observe the relationship between signals.
5. Triggering: Triggering is a crucial function that stabilizes the displayed
waveform by initiating the sweep at a specific point in the signal. It helps
capture repetitive signals consistently and allows observation of transient
events.
6. Signal Capture: Oscilloscopes can capture and store waveform data for
further analysis, enabling users to review signals after acquisition or
perform offline analysis.
Common Oscilloscope Controls:
1. Vertical Controls:
 Position: Adjusts the vertical position of the waveform on the
screen.
 Volts/Division (Volts/Div): Sets the vertical scale, determining the
number of volts represented by each vertical division.
 Coupling Modes: Selects between AC, DC, or ground coupling to
include or exclude DC offset from the displayed waveform.
 Probe Adjust: Compensates for the input capacitance of the
oscilloscope probe.
 2. Horizontal Controls:
 Position: Adjusts the horizontal position of the waveform on the
screen.
 Sec/Division (Sec/Div): Sets the horizontal scale, determining the
time represented by each horizontal division.
 Trigger Level: Sets the threshold voltage for triggering.
 Trigger Mode: Selects triggering mode (e.g., edge, slope).
3. Trigger Controls:
 Level: Determines the voltage level at which triggering occurs.
 Mode: Selects trigger mode (e.g., edge, pulse, video).
 Source: Specifies the input channel or signal used for triggering.
 External Trigger Input: Allows an external signal to trigger the
oscilloscope.
Identifying Amplitude, Period, and Frequency:
1. Amplitude: Measure the vertical distance between the maximum and
minimum points of the waveform. Each vertical division represents a
specific voltage value (Volts/Div).
2. Period: Measure the horizontal distance between two consecutive points
of the waveform corresponding to the same phase (e.g., peak to peak,
trough to trough). Each horizontal division represents a specific time
value (Sec/Div).
3. Frequency: Calculate the reciprocal of the period. Frequency (f) equals 1
divided by the period (T): f=1/T.

Question:02
1. Convert the binary number 110101 to:
 Octal
 Decimal
 Hexadecimal

Answer:
Octal:
1. make: 110 101.
1. Convert to octal: 1102=4×1+2×1+1×0=68, 1012
=4×1+2×0+1×1=58.
2. Result: 1101012=658
Decimal:
1. Calculate: 1×25+1×24+0×23+1×22+0×21+1×20.
2. Sum: 32+16+4+1=5332+16+4+1=53.
3. Result: 1101012=53.
 Hexadecimal:
1. Make a pair of 4: 0011 0101.
2. Convert to hexadecimal: 00112=0×23+0×22+1×21+1×20 =316 ,
01012=0×23+1×22+0×21+1×20=516.
3. Result: 1101012=3516

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2. Convert the octal number 547 to:

 Binary
 Decimal
 Hexadecimal

Answer:
Binary
Convert each octal digit to a 3-digit binary number.
5 in binary is 101.
4 in binary is 100.
7 in binary is 111.
547 in octal is 101 100 111 in binary.
Decimal
Calculate 5×82+4×81+7×80.
320 + 32 + 7 = 359.
547 in octal is 359 in decimal.
Hexadecimal
Convert 547 from octal to binary to hexadecimal (101 100 111).
Group the binary into pairs of four (from the right): 1 0110 0111.
Convert binary to hexadecimal: 1=1, 0110=6, 0111=7.
547 in octal is 167 in hexadecimal.

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3. Convert the decimal number 253 to:

 Binary
 Octal
 Hexadecimal
Answer:

Binary
 253÷2=126, remainder 1
 126÷2=63, remainder 0
 63÷2=31, remainder 1
 31÷2=15, remainder 1
 15÷2=7, remainder 1
 7÷2=3, remainder 1
 3÷2=1, remainder 1
 1÷2=0, remainder 1
 we get 11111101 in binary.

Octal
253÷8=31, remainder 5
31÷8=3, remainder 7
3÷8=0, remainder 3
 253 in decimal is 375 in octal.

Hexadecimal
253÷16=15, remainder 13(D in hexadecimal)
15÷16=0, remainder 15(F in hexadecimal)
 253 in decimal is FD in hexadecimal.

4. Convert the hexadecimal number AB2 to:

 Binary
 Octal
 Decimal

Answer:

Binary:
To convert from hexadecimal to binary, we convert each hexadecimal
digit to its 4-bit binary representation.
 A in hexadecimal = 1010 in binary
 B in hexadecimal = 1011 in binary
 2 in hexadecimal = 0010 in binary
we get 101010110010 in binary.
Octal:
 The binary representation of AB2 is 101010110010.
Splitting into groups of 3 from the right: 1 010 101 100 10
Converting each group to octal:
 1 = 1 in octal
 010 (binary) = 2 in octal
 101 (binary) = 5 in octal
 100 (binary) = 4 in octal
 10 (binary) = 2 in octal
we get 12542 in octal.

Decimal:

AB216= (A×162) + (B×161) + (2×160)

= (10×162) + (11×161) + (2×160)
= (10×256) + (11×16) + (2×1)
=2560+176+2
=2738

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5. Convert the binary number 10111010 to:

 Octal
 Decimal
 Hexadecimal

Answer:
Octal:
Make pair of three: 101 110 10.
Convert to octal:
1012=4×1+2×0+1×1=58,
1102=4×1+2×1+1×0=68
102=4×0+2×1+1×0=28
Result: 10111010=5628
Decimal
Calculate: =1×27+0×26+1×25+1×24+1×23+0×22 +1×21 +0×20.
=128+0+32+16+8+0+2+0
=186
Result: 10111010=186.
Hexadecimal
 Make a pair of 4: 1011 1010.
Convert to hexadecimal: 1011=1×23+0×22+1×21+1×20 =1116 =B,
10102=1×23+0×22+1×21+0×20=1016 = A.
Result: 1011 10102=AB16

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6. Convert the octal number 675 to:

- Binary
- Decimal
- Hexadecimal

Answer:
Binary
 6 in octal = 110 in binary
 7 in octal = 111 in binary
 5 in octal = 101 in binary
 we get 110111101 in binary.
Decimal
6758= (6×82) + (7×81) + (5×80)
= (6×64) + (7×8) + (5×1)
= (6×64) + (7×8) + (5×1)
=384+56+5
=445
So, 675 in octal is 445 in decimal.

Hexadecimal
We split the binary number into groups of 4 bits from right to left:
110 111 101.
Now, let's convert each group to its hexadecimal equivalent:
110 in binary is 6 in hexadecimal.
111 in binary is 7 in hexadecimal.
101 in binary is 5 in hexadecimal.
So, the hexadecimal representation is 675.

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 7. Convert the decimal number 589 to:
Binary
Octal
Hexadecimal

Answer:
Binary
589÷2=294, remainder 1 294÷2=147, remainder 0
294÷2=147, remainder 0 147÷2=73, remainder 1 147÷2=73, remainder 1
73÷2=36, remainder 1 73÷2=36, remainder 1
36÷2=18, remainder 036÷2=18, remainder 0 18÷2=9, remainder 0
9÷2=4, remainder 1
4÷2=2, remainder 0
2÷2=1, remainder 0
1÷2=0, remainder 1
we get 1001001101 in binary.

Octal
589÷8=73, remainder 5
73÷8=9, remainder 1
9÷8=1, remainder 1
1÷8=0, remainder 1
we get 1125 in octal.

Hexadecimal
589÷16=36, remainder 13(D in hexadecimal) 36÷16=2, remainder 4
2÷16=0, remainder 2
we get 24D in hexadecimal.

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8. Convert the hexadecimal number 2F8 to:

 Binary
 Octal
 Decimal
Answer:
Binary:
2 in hexadecimal = 0010 in binary
F in hexadecimal = 1111 in binary
 8 in hexadecimal = 1000 in binary
we get 001011111000 in binary.
Octal:
The binary representation of 2F8 is 001011111000.
Splitting into groups of 3 from the right: 001 011 111 000
Converting each group to octal:
001 in binary = 1 in octal
011 in binary = 3 in octal
111 in binary = 7 in octal
000 in binary = 0 in octal
we get 1370 in octal.

Decimal:

2F816= (2×162) + (F×161) + (8×160)

= (2×256) + (15×16) +(8×1)
=512+240+8
=760
So, 2F8 in hexadecimal is 760 in decimal.

9. Convert the binary number 11100101 to:

 Octal
 Decimal
 Hexadecimal
Answer:
Octal:
The binary number 11100101 can be grouped as 111 001 01.
Converting each group to octal:
111 in binary = 7 in octal
001 in binary = 1 in octal
01 in binary = 1 in octal
we get 711 in octal.

Decimal:
111001012=(1×27)+(1×26)+(1×25)+(0×24)+(0×23)+(1×22)+(0×21)+(1×2
0
)
=128+64+32+0+0+4+0+1
=229
11100101 in binary is 229 in decimal.
Hexadecimal:
 The binary number 11100101 can be grouped as 1110 0101.
Converting each group to hexadecimal:
1110 in binary = E in hexadecimal
0101 in binary = 5 in hexadecimal
we get E5 in hexadecimal.

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10.Convert the octal number 777 to:

 Binary
 Decimal
 Hexadecimal
Answer:
Binary:
7 in octal = 111 in binary
we get 111111111 in binary.
Decimal:
7778= (7×82) + (7×81) + (7×80)
= (7×64) + (7×8) + (7×1)
=448+56+7
=511
So, 777 in octal is 511 in decimal.

Hexadecimal:
From the first step, we have the binary as 111111111.
Now, convert binary to hexadecimal:
Split into 4-bit groups from right to left: 111 111 111
Convert each group to its hexadecimal equivalent:
111 (binary) = 7 (hexadecimal)
So, the hexadecimal representation is 777.