HORMONAL

COORDINATION
THE CHEMICAL MEDIATORS
• HORMONES ARE SECRETIONS OF ENDOCRINE OR DUCTLESS GLANDS

• HORMONES ARE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES SECRETED BY A LOCALISED GROUP

OF SPECIALISED CELLS, POURED INTO THE BLOOD STREAM AND HAVE A
DISTANT SITE OF ACTIVITY
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HORMONES(S2OIL2ED)
1. THEY ARE REQUIRED IN SMALL QUANTITIES
2. THEY ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER
3. THEY ENHANCE THE ACTION OF OTHER HORMONES AND
ENZYMES
4. THEY ARE NON ANTIGENIC, THEREFORE DO NOT INITIATE AN
IMMUNE RESPONSE
5. THEY HAVE LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT THEREFORE CAN BE EASILY
CARRIED BY BLOOD.
6. THEY HAVE LOW DENSITY
7. THEIR EFFECT LASTS FOR LONG DURATION.
8. THEY ARE DESTROYED, DEGENERATED OR EXCRETED
IMMEDIATELY AFTER USE.
CHEMICAL NATURE OF HORMONES

CHEMICALLY, HORMONES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:

• GLYCOPROTEINS: FSH, LH, ICSH, TSH

• AMINO ACIDS DERIVATIVES: T3, T4

• POLYPEPTIDES/ PROTEIN: GH, PROLACTIN, ACTH, INSULIN, GLUCAGON,

VASOPRESSIN, OXYTOCIN, ETC

• STEROIDS: PROGESTERONE, OESTROGEN, TESTOSTERONE,

ALDOSTERONE

• FATTY ACIDS: PROSTAGLANDINS

• CATECHOLAMINES: ADRENALINE, NORADRENALINE

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ORGANS

• HYPOTHALAMUS
• PITUITARY GLAND
• THYMUS
• THYROID GLAND
• PARATHYROID GLAND
• PANCREAS
• KIDNEYS
• ADRENAL GLAND
• TESTES
• OVARIES
HYPOTHALAMUS:
• IT FORMS THE FLOOR OF THE THIRD VENTRICLE
• IT IS A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE CNS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• IT CONSISTS OF THE NEUROSECRETORY CELLS; NEURONS WHICH
SECRETE HORMONES
• THESE CELLS ARE LOCATED IN TWO CENTRES;
• SUPRA- OPTIC NUCLEUS
• PARA- VENTRICULAR NUCLEUS

• HORMONES SECRETED BY HYPOTHALAMUS ARE;

• RELEASING FACTORS/HORMONES
• INHIBITING FACTORS/HORMONES
• OXYTOCIN/ PITOCIN
• VASOPRESSIN/ADH/ PITRESSIN
PITUITARY GLAND
• A SMALL PEA SHAPED GLAND SITUATED AT THE BASE OF
HYPOTHALAMUS
• 0.6 gms IN WEIGHT
• 0.6 cm IN DIAMETER
• PREVIOUSLY CALLED MASTER GLAND AS IT WAS BELIEVED TO
CONTROL THE ENTIRE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• IT IS CALLED THE EX- OFFICIO TO THE HYPOTHALAMUS
• STRUCTURALLY IT IS DIVIDED AS:
GROWTH HORMONE:
• ALSO CALLED SOMATOTROPIN OR SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE
• GH IS A HORMONE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY SOMATOTROPHS OF ACIDOPHILS OF THE CHROMOPHILS OF
THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY GHRF AND GHIF FROM HYPOTHALAMUS

• FUNCTIONS:
• IT FAVOURS GROWTH
• IT ENHANCES THE ACTIVITY OF OTHER HORMONES AND ENZYMES
• IT PROMOTES CELL DIVISION
• IT FAVOURS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY INCREASING THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS
• IT OPPOSES THE ACTION OF INSULIN
• IT FAVOURS LIPOLYSIS
• IT STIMULATES LIVER TO SECRETE SOMATOMEDIN, WHICH FAVOURS GROWTH.
PROLACTIN :
• ALSO CALLED MAMMOTROPIN OR LACTOTROPHIC HORMONE OR
LUTEOTROPHIC HORMONE
• PROLACTIN IS A HORMONE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY MAMMOTROPHS OF ACIDOPHILS OF THE
CHROMOPHILS OF THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF
THE PITUITARY GLAND
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY PRF AND PIF FROM HYPOTHALAMUS

• FUNCTIONS:
• STIMULATES THE MAMMARY GLANDS TO PRODUCE MILK
• ALSO HELPS IN DEVELOPMENT OF MAMMARY GLANDS DURING
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION
• IT ALSO HELPS IN MAINTAINING CORPUS LUTEUM IN ABSENCE OF LH.
TSH(THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE) :
• ALSO CALLED THYROTROPIN OR THYROTROPHIC HORMONE
• TSH IS A HORMONE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY THYROTROPHS OF BASOPHILS OF THE
CHROMOPHILS OF THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE ADENOPHYSIS OF
THE PITUITARY GLAND
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY TSHRF AND TSHIF FROM HYPOTHALAMUS

• FUNCTIONS:
• STIMULATES THE THYROID GLAND TO SECRETE THYROXIN
• FAVOURS THE UPTAKE OF THYROXIN BY MUSCLES
ACTH(ADRENO CORTICO TROPHIC HORMONE) :
• ALSO CALLED CORTICOTROPIN
• ACTH IS A HORMONE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY CORTICOTROPHS OF BASOPHILS OF THE CHROMOPHILS OF
THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY CRF AND CIF FROM HYPOTHALAMUS

• FUNCTIONS:
• STIMULATES ADRENAL CORTEX TO RELEASE GLUCOCORTICOIDS AND
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
• (corticoids– steroids, steroids are cholesterol derivatives)
• GLUCOCORTICOIDS STIMULATE THE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE
• MINERALOCORTICOIDS STIMULATE THE UPTAKE AND METABOLISM OF
MINERALS
FSH(FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE) :
• FSH IS A HORMONE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY GONADOTROPHS OF BASOPHILS OF
THE CHROMOPHILS OF THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY GnRF(GONADOTROPIN RELEASING
FACTOR) AND GnIF(GONADOTROPIN INHIBITING
FACTOR) FROM HYPOTHALAMUS
• FUNCTIONS:
• SECRETED ON THE 6TH DAY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• IT STIMULATES THE OVARIAN CORTEX TO RELEASE ABOUT 10-20
PRIMARY FOLLICLES
• IT ALSO STIMULATES THE FOLLICULAR CELLS TO RELEASE
OESTROGEN
• UNDER THE ACTION OF OESTROGEN, PRIMARY FOLLICLES GET
CONVERTED TO SECONDARY AND THEREBY GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE
• OESTROGEN ALSO GIVES THE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS
IN FEMALES.
• IN MALES, IT STIMULATES THE GERMINAL CELLS IN SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES IN TESTIS TO FORM SPERMS (SPERMATOGENESIS)
LH(LUTEINISING HORMONE) :
• LH IS A HORMONE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY GONADOTROPHS OF BASOPHILS OF
THE CHROMOPHILS OF THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY GnRF AND GnIF FROM
HYPOTHALAMUS
• FUNCTIONS:
• SECRETED ON THE 14TH DAY OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• IT RUPTURES THE GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE TO RELEASE OVUM, A
PROCESS CALLED OVULATION
• IT DEPOSITS A YELLOW COLOURED PROTEIN CALLED LUTEIN IN THE
RUPTURED GRAFFIAN FOLLICLE(CORPUS HAEMORRHAGICUM)
AND CONVERT IT INTO CORPUS LUTEUM
• IT ALSO STIMULATES THE FOLLICULAR CELLS OF CORPUS LUTEUM
TO RELEASE PROGESTERONE
• PROGESTERONE IS A HORMONE WHICH PREPARES AND
MAINTAINS THE UTERINE ENDOMETRIUM FOR IMPLANTATION
THEREFORE IT IS CALLED THE PREGNANCY HORMONE
ICSH(INTERSTITIAL CELL STIMULATING HORMONE) :
LH IN MALES
• ICSH IS A HORMONE OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY GONADOTROPHS OF BASOPHILS OF THE
CHROMOPHILS OF THE PARS DISTALIS OF THE ADENOPHYSIS OF THE
PITUITARY GLAND
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A GLYCOPROTEIN HORMONE
• IT IS CONTROLLED BY GnRF AND GnIF FROM HYPOTHALAMUS

• FUNCTIONS:
• STIMULATES THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF LEYDIG TO SECRETE
TESTOSTERONE
• TESTOSTERONE GIVES SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERS IN MALES
• TESTOSTERONE ALSO HELPS IN MATURATION OF SPERMS
MALES
PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARATER(FSH)
SPERMATOGENESIS
SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERS(TESTOSTERONE)
• DEVELOPMENT OF BEARD AND
MOUSTACHE
• DEV. OF ADAMS APPLE
• HEAVIER AND STRONGER
SKELETON
• HOARSENESS OF VOICE
• STRONG MUSCULATURE
• NARROW PELVIS
• AXILLARY, TRUNCAL AND PUBIC
FEMALES
PRIMARY SEXUAL CHARATER(FSH)
OOGENESIS
SECONDARY SEXUAL
CHARACTERS(OESTROGEN)
• DEVELOPMENT OF BREASTS
• SHARPER VOICE
• VOICE HAS A HIGH PITCH
• WEAK MUSCULATURE
• BROADER PELVIS
• AXILLARY, TRUNCAL AND PUBIC HAIR
POSTERIOR
PITUITARY OR
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
• THE POSTERIOR PART OF PITUITARY GLAND
• FORMED FROM THE FLOOR OF THIRD VENTRICLE
• DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO HYPOTHALAMUS
• THEREFORE THE NAME, NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
• STRUCTURALLY DIVIDED INTO:
1. PARS NERVOSA
2. INFUNDIBULUM
3. MEDIAN EMINENCE
• INTERNALLY, IT IS MADE UP OF FLASK SHAPED CELLS CALLED PITUICYTES
• IT ALSO CONSISTS OF AXONS WHOSE CYTONS ARE PRESENT IN
HYPOTHALAMUS
• THE NERVE ENDINGS BEAR HERRING BODIES, WHICH STORE
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES LIKE ADH(VASOPRESSIN) AND OXYTOCIN.
VASOPRESSIN/ ADH(ANTI- DIURETIC HORMONE)/ PITRESSIN
• ADH IS A HORMONE OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY SUPRA- OPTIC NUCLEUS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
• IT IS STORED IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE

• FUNCTIONS:
• IT ACTS ON THE DCT AND COLLECTING TUBULE, AND FAVOURS
THE REASORPTION OF WATER
• IT MAINTAINS THE BLOOD PRESSURE
• IT MAINTAINS THE GFR BY MAINTAINING THE BLOOD PRESSURE,
THEREBY CONTROLS ULTRAFILTERATION
OXYTOCIN/ DELIVERY HORMONE/ BIRTH HORMONE/ PITOCIN
• OXYTOCIN IS A HORMONE OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY
• IT IS SECRETED BY PARA-VENTRICULAR NUCLEUS OF
HYPOTHALAMUS
• IT IS STORED IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
• CHEMICALLY IT IS A POLYPEPTIDE HORMONE

• FUNCTIONS:
• (ANYTHING THAT IS NORMALLY, NATURALLY AND FORCEFULLY
EJECTED FROM THE BODY IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF OXYTOCIN)
• IT HELPS IN DELIVERY OF THE FOETUS DURING PARTURITION
• IT ALSO HELPS IN EJECTION OF MILK DURING LACTATION
• IT ALSO CONTROLS THE EJACULATION OF SEMEN DURING
COPULATION
DISORDERS OF
ANTERIOR
PITUITARY
HORMONES
GIGANTISM DWARFISM
ACROMEGALY
Fröhlich’s syndrome, also
called Adiposogenital
Dystrophy, rare childhood
metabolic disorder
characterized by obesity,
growth retardation, and
retarded development of the
genital organs. It is usually
associated with tumours of
the hypothalamus, causing
increased appetite and
depressed secretion of
gonadotropin. The disease is
named for Alfred Fröhlich, the
Fröhlich’s syndrome, also
called Adiposogenital
Dystrophy, rare childhood
metabolic disorder
characterized by obesity,
growth retardation, and
retarded development of the
genital organs. It is usually
associated with tumours of
the hypothalamus, causing
increased appetite and
depressed secretion of
gonadotropin. The disease is
named for Alfred Fröhlich, the
DISORDERS OF
POSTERIOR
PITUITARY
HORMONES
THYROID GLAND
• LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND
• 5*3*2 CM IN DIMENSIONS
• 25 GMS IN WEIGHT
• SITUATED AT THE BASE OF NECK
• BETWEEN 2ND -5TH TRACHEAL RINGS
• BETWEEN ___ AND ____ VERTEBRAE

• STRUCTURE
• H-SHAPED/ BOW-TIE SHAPED/ BUTTERFLY SHAPED
• IT HAS TWO LATERAL LOBES, ONE ON EITHER SIDES OF TRACHEA
• LATERAL LOBES ARE CONNECTED TO EACH OTHER BY A
HORIZONTAL LOBE CALLED ISTHMUS(3rd lobe)
• (ON THE ISTHMUS, IS A SMALL LOBE CALLED RYDERS LOBE OR
PYRAMIDAL LOBE)
INTERNAL STRUCTURE
• EXTERNALLY, THYROID GLAND IS COVERED BY A FIBRO-ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
TISSUE CAPSULE.
• THE CAPSULE EXTENDS MANY SEPTA INTO THE THYROID GLAND.
• THESE SEPTA DIVIDE THE THYROID INTO MANY SMALLER COMPARTMENTS
CALLED LOBULES.
• INTERNALLY, THESE LOBULES CONTAINS CLUSTERS OF CUBOIDAL CELLS
CALLED THYROID FOLLICLES.
• EACH FOLLICLE IS LINED BY A SINGLE LAYER OF CUBOIDAL CELLS.
• THE FOLLICLE HAS A CENTRAL LUMEN, WHICH CONTAINS A JELLY LIKE
SUBSTANCE CALLED COLLOID.
• COLLOID STORES THYROID HORMONES IN THE FORM OF THYROGLOBULIN.
• WHENEVER REQUIRED, THYROGLOBULIN IS HYDROLYSED TO RELEASE
THYROXINE INTO THE BLOOD STREAM.
• BETWEEN THE FOLLICLES, ARE PRESENT PARA FOLLICULAR CELLS WHICH
SECRETE THYROCALCITONIN.
FORMATION OF THYROID HORMONES
• CUBOIDAL CELLS SECRETE AN AMINO ACID CALLED TYROSINE.
• TYROSINE COMBINES WITH IODINE FROM BLOOD TO FORM MONO- IODO THYRONINE(MIT)

• MIT+ MIT DIT(DI IODO THYRONINE)

• DIT+ MIT TRI IODO THYRONINE(T3)

• T3+ MIT TETRA IODO THYRONINE(T4)

• DIT+DIT TETRA IODO THYRONINE(T4)
COLLOID

T4+ GLOBULIN

THYROGLOBULIN

WHENEVER REQUIRED, THYROGLOBULIN IS HYDROLYSED TO

RELEASE THYROXINE INTO THE BLOOD STREAM
HORMONES OF THYROID GLAND

• TRI- IODO THYRONINE- T3

• TETRA IODO THYRONINE OR THYROXINE- T4

• FUNCTIONS

1. FAVOURS GROWTH, BOTH PHYSICAL AND MENTAL

2. MAINTAINS THE BMR(BASAL METABOLIC RATE)

3. REGULATES THE FUNCTIONS OF RENAL TUBULE

DISORDERS OF
THYROID
HORMONES
HYPERTHYROIDISM/ EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE/ GRAVES DISEASE/
BASEDOWS DISEASE

• SWOLLEN NECK
• EXOPHTHALMOS, BULGING EYES
• HOT SKIN
• SENSITIVITY TO HEAT
• PHYSICAL AND MENTAL RESTLESSNESS
• IRRITABILITY
• EXHAUSTION
SIMPLE GOITRE

IODINE DEFICIENCY GOITRE/ ENDEMIC GOITRE

• DEFICIENCY OF IODINE LEADS TO INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF THE
FOLLICLES AND THEREBY THYROID GLAND
• IT IS CALLED ENDEMIC AS IT IS COMMONLY FOUND IN THE
HIMALAYAN REGION RANGING FROM KASHMIR TO ARUNACHAL
PRADESH
• CAN BE CORRECTED BY SUPPLY OF IODINE
• IODISED SALT IS TO TACKLE ENDEMIC GOITRE

• SIMPLE GOITRE LEADS TO HYPOTHYROIDISM

PARAFOLLICULAR
CELLS AND
PARATHYROID
GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND OR SUPRARENAL GLAND
• A PAIR OF GLANDS SITUATED ON THE DORSOMEDIAL ASPECT OF
KIDNEYS
• INTERNALLY DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS:
• A) ADRENAL CORTEX AND
• B) ADRENAL MEDULLA
• THE CORTEX SECRETES HORMONES CALLED CORTICOSTEROIDS,
• CORTEX IS FURTHER DIVIDED INTO
• A. AN OUTER ZONA GLOMERULOSA- SECRETES
MINERALOCORTICOIDS
• B. MIDDLE ZONA FASCICULATA- SECRETES
GLUCOCORTICOIDS
• C. INNER ZONA RETICULARIS
• CORTICOSTEROIDS ARE FURTHER CLASSIFIED INTO:
• A) GLUCOCORTICOIDS
• B) MINERALOCORTICOIDS
• MEDULLA SECRETES
• ADRENALINE
• NOR- ADRENALINE
• SEX STEROIDS

DISORDERS

• CUSHING SYNDROME
• ADDISONS DISEASE

• CONN’S DISEASE(FIND.. HW)