18/03/2024

Meridian Convergence Correction

 The Grid North has its direction of the central

meridian, but elsewhere, a meridian does not align
with Grid North.
 Thus, in general, the grid (projected) azimuth of a
line will not equal the true (geodetic/astronomic)

Physical Geodesy
azimuth of that line.
 To convert from grid to true azimuth, a convergence
factor must be applied.
MERIDIAN CONVERGENCE

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Meridian Convergence Correction Meridian Convergence Correction

Meridian Convergence Formula

∆𝜶 = 𝝀 − 𝝀𝑪𝑴 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓 (if only one point is given)

where: Φ and λ are the latitude and longitude of the point;

λCM is the longitude of the central meridian;
(λ-λCM) is the difference of longitudes; and
∆𝜶 is the convergency correction.

The correction ∆𝜶 is added to the computed grid azimuth algebraically:

True Azimuth = Grid Azimuth + ∆𝜶

Meridian Convergence Correction Meridian Convergence Correction

Error in Grid Azimuth Computation (referred to a central meridian) Error in Grid Azimuth Computation (referred to a base meridian)

1. Compute the convergency correction using the longitude at the
central meridian.
2. Compute the corrected grid azimuth using the astronomical azimuth
and the angle of convergency.
3. Compute the error by subtracting the measured grid azimuth from the
corrected grid azimuth.
1. Compute the convergency correction using the longitude of the
base meridian.
2. Compute the corrected grid azimuth using the astronomical
azimuth and the angle of convergency.
3. Compute the error by subtracting the measured grid azimuth from
the corrected grid azimuth.

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 18/03/2024

Meridian Convergence Correction Meridian Convergence Correction

Other problem Variation: Meridian Convergence Formula

∆𝜶 = ∆𝝀 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝓ave (if two points forming a line are given)
Referred to a base meridian (stations have different latitudes)

Use the middle latitude (between stations) for the computation of
convergency.
Ɵ” = difference in longitude x sin middle latitude
Given the departure distance from base meridian to the point of
observation
Ɵ” = 32.38 tan latitude (for every km of departure)
where: Φ and λ are the latitude and longitude of the end points of the line;
∆λ is the difference between the longitudes of the endpoints of the line;
𝝓ave is the average of the latitudes of two given points; and
∆𝜶 is the convergency correction.
The correction ∆𝜶 is added to the computed grid azimuth
algebraically: True Azimuth = Grid Azimuth + ∆𝜶

Meridian Convergence Correction Meridian Convergence Correction

True Azimuth = Grid Azimuth + Δ𝜶

True Azimuth = Grid Azimuth + Δ𝜶

Meridian Convergence Correction Meridian Convergence Correction

∆𝜶" = (𝑿𝑽)𝒒 − (𝑿𝑽𝑰)𝒒𝟑 Sample Problem:

q = 0.000001( E-500,000) Compute for the meridian convergence (Δ𝛼) of line AB located in
Zone III given the geographic coordinates of point A: 14⁰00’00.00”N,
𝜶 = 𝑻 + ∆𝜶 121⁰25’42.90” E.

T = t – (t-T)
(t-T) = -0.068755(XVIII)(N2-N1)(2q1+q2)
Scale Factor: K = 0.99995 [ 1+ (XVIII)q2 + 0.000026q4

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Meridian Convergence Correction Meridian Convergence Correction

Sample Problem: Sample Problem

The following PRS92 geographic and grid coordinates of stations MMA-
1 and MMA-6 are provided as reference stations:
A line has an astronomic azimuth of 45d00’00”. If the measured grid
azimuth was 45d11’25” and the convergency correction equals
+01’35”, compute the correct grid azimuth of the line. What is the error
in the carried azimuth?

Determine:
A. the Grid Azimuth from Station MMA-1 to station MMA-6.
B. the Meridian Convergence in seconds.
C. the Geodetic Azimuth from station MMA-1 to station MMA-6 if the
arc-to-chord correction is negligible.

Meridian Convergence Correction Meridian Convergence Correction

Sample Problem Sample Problem

Find the error in the carried grid azimuth from STA ALPHA to STA DELTA if
the measured azimuth from that line is 201d15’16”. An astronomic
observation was done to obtain the astronomic azimuth for the given
line and found out to be 201d01’00”. Coordinates of STA ALPHA:
14d00’12”N, 120d22’17”E
Given the following data:
Corrected Grid Azimuth from P-15 to P-16: 122d25’10.02”
Azimuth of P-15 to P-16 from solar observation (assumed to have no error):
122d28’26.18”
Average convergency correction on the place of observation: 5.59” / km
of departure from CM.

Solve for the departure distance of P-15 from the central meridian.
Compute the difference in longitude from the central meridian to P-15.
What is the latitude of P-15 with respect to the central meridian?

Meridian Convergence Correction

Sample Problem

The carried azimuth of a line from STA 1 to STA 2 is 170d12’10”. An

astronomic observation was done at the same line and the computed
astronomic azimuth equals 170d10’34”. STA 1 is located at 12d32’18” N.
121d43’23” E

If there were no errors in astronomical observation and computation,

compute for the deflection of the grid north from the true north and solve
for the error in the carried grid azimuth from STA 1 to STA 2.