Final Paper

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
CARAGA Administrative Region
DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
UNIDAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur
Project Title: “The Utilization of Ipomea Batatas (Sweet Potato Tops) and Ixora
Coccinea (Red Santan Flower) extracts as Alternative Marker Ink”
Name of Project Proponent: Mel Robert M. Barrientos, Krizzia Marie M. Boya,
Cyd Antonette P. Luengas
Region: CARAGA Division: Surigao del Sur
School: Unidad National High School Grade Level: 10
Project Duration: 5 to six months
Email: cydluengas56@gmail.com
krizziamarie384@gmail.com,
melbarrientos24@gmail.com
Category: Physical Science – Group
Theme: Renewable energy
Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

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The Utilization of Ipomea Batatas

(Sweet Potato Tops) and Ixora
Coccinea (Red Santan Flower)
Extracts as Alternative Marker
Ink
A Physical Science
Research Proposal
Project Proponent:
Mel Robert M. Barrientos

Krizzia Marie M. Boya
Cyd Antonette P. Luengas
June 2023

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Abstract
As writing methods have evolved over time, the use of markers has become
more prevalent, offering accessibility and convenience. However, the widespread use
of markers poses health and environmental risks due to the toxic substances present
in their ink formulations. In response, research has been conducted to explore
alternative inks that are both environmentally friendly and non-toxic. This study
focuses on the viability of utilizing sweet potato tops and red santan flower extract as
alternative inks for markers.
The study compares the formulated ink derived from sweet potato tops and red
santan flower extract with commercially available inks. Results indicate that the
alternative ink possesses a smoother texture and exhibits quick absorption on paper,
surpassing the performance of traditional inks. However, it is worth noting that the
alternative ink shows lighter pigmentation and has a milder odor when compared to
its commercial counterparts.
Findings from the research demonstrate that sweet potato tops and red santan
flower extract can serve as effective alternatives to conventional inks for markers. In
addition to their favorable writing properties, these alternative materials offer
several advantages, including lower production costs, absence of toxicity, and
reduced environmental impact.
In conclusion, this study proposes the use of sweet potato tops and red santan
flower extract as alternative inks for markers due to their affordability, lack of
toxicity, and environmental friendliness. The significant differences observed in color
and odor between the alternative ink and commercialized ink validate the potential of
sweet potato tops and red santan flower extract as suitable substitutes for traditional
markers. The implementation of these alternative inks not only contributes to a safer
and healthier writing experience but also promotes sustainability by utilizing readily
available and non-hazardous materials.

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Table of Contents
A. Introduction
A.1 Rationale ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6
A2. Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------ 7
A3. Scientific Basis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8
A4. Theoretical Framework -------------------------------------------------------------- 9
A5. Objectives of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------- 11
A6. Null Hypothesis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
A7. Scope and Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------- 12
B. Review of Related Literature and Studies
B1. Review of Related Literature ----------------------------------------------------- 12
Foreign --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
Local --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
B2. Review of Related Studies ------------------------------------------------------- 16
Foreign ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
Local -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
C. Methodology
C1. Research Design ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

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C2. Research Locale ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
C3. Research Framework ---------------------------------------------------------------- 20
C4. Data Gathering Procedure ---------------------------------------------------------- 20
C5. Statistical Method -------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
C6. Conceptual Framework -------------------------------------------------------------- 22
D. Data and Results
D1. Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24
D2. Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25
E. Potential Impacts ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 26
F. Conclusion and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------- 27
G. Work Plan and Target Deliverables -------------------------------------------- 29
H. References Cited ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30
I. Curriculum Vitae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34
II. Documentation ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37
III. Letters -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

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A. Introduction
A. 1. Rationale
People nowadays live in a world that is always changing. from using chalk to
educate to using whiteboard markers. Markers are a very important part of our
daily life. It is used by us for a number of activities, including working and
learning. We also utilize it for schooling like writing reports, making projects, and
doing art projects. It has a lot of uses at home as well. In addition to being utilized
for work and school, markers may be enjoyed by decorating objects for your
house. (Eva 2021)
Whiteboard markers are increasingly often used in school and for everyday
tasks, which has a detrimental effect on both the environment and human health.
Permanent marker ink contains toxic substances bad for the environment and
people's health, such as xylene and toluene. The ecology is harmed by these
hydrocarbons (NNEPC 2016). As a pollutant, xylene is first and foremost bad for
the environment (EXCLI J. 2015). Toluene is hazardous to aquatic life due to its
moderate acute (short-term) toxicity. Plant leaves that were exposed to toluene
developed membrane damage (DCCEEW 2022).
Headaches, nausea, loss of coordination, and even mortality have been linked
to exposure to xylene. It is challenging to recycle a marker (NIOSH 2019). Most
of the components are made of plastic, albeit composed of other materials. A

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solvent and dye mixture make up the liquid portion. A pressed piece of fabric
serves as the marker's tip. Madsen (2018).
The increase in market pricing for goods was significantly impacted by the
epidemic. Since Russia invaded Ukraine, the cost of food, oil, and other
commodities has increased globally, causing global inflation to worsen and
putting millions of vulnerable people in a tough financial situation.(Alderman
2022). This study suggests that sweet potato top (Ipomoea batatas) and red
santan flower (Ixora coccinea) extracts might be used in place of conventional
marker ink. As a result of its low cost, lack of toxicity, and environmental
friendliness.
A.2. Significance of Study
By imparting their knowledge of other techniques for generating alternative ink
utilizing other technologies, this significantly benefit the society in which they live.
The people who utilize markers will benefit much from our study. For example, they
would have a more sustainable and cost-effective means to get ink for their markers
and would have fewer expenses thanks to the results of this study.
They will therefore be protected against poisons and unpleasant odors. In contrast
to utilizing traditional materials, this study shows that it is straightforward to combine
Ipomoea Batatas (Sweet Potato Tops) with Ixora Coccinea (Red Santan Flower). As a
consequence, towns and schools may more readily plan their financial resources in

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case they need to buy replacement marker ink. This research will help restore the
atmosphere and stop environmental deterioration.
 Students. This study can help students in their educational needs. Where they
can produce ink that are cheap and budget-friendly.
 Teachers. this study can benefit teachers in terms of educational aspects like
making reports and financial aspects.
 Community. This study will be beneficial to the community since it can be
used by different members of the community in their daily lives.
 Environment. This study can benefit the environment since the materials used
are environmental-friendly and cannot cause harm in the environment.
A. 3. Scientific Basis
Sweet potato leaves often have a darker surface than their underside and can
range in color from black to yellow-green to purple. The leaves are primarily green
but can become purple due to an accumulation of anthocyanin, particularly along the
veins. (Wikipedia)
Santan flowers come in a variety of colors, including intense red, yellow,
orange, cream, and pure white. Although there are regional variations, none of these
beloved santans are indigenous to the Philippines. The white santan is Ixora
finlaysoniana which is a Thai species including finlaysoniana. The red santan flowers
are Ixora Coccinea or Ixora Javanica. Tee santan flowers are both from China and
Indonesia, javanica. (Shalineloboon 2019) Ixora coccinea Linn (santan flower) has

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been found to have cyanidin, flavonoids, and, most significantly, anthocyanin content,
making it an appropriate natural colorant source. (Cruz et al,.)
A. 4. Theoretical Framework
Ink is considered to have been discovered by the ancient Chinese and
Egyptians in approximately 2500 B.C. Inks from cave paintings depicting the life of
prehistoric men, women, and animals have been found. These works of art are
frequently employed in interpersonal communication. (AIB 2014). Chinese artisans
painted on surfaces using graphite that had been powdered into the shapes of flora and
animals. Ancient Indians from the fourth century B.C. The Indians produced ink by
burning bone and tar, which they then applied to the paper using needles rather than
plants and animals (Atlantic Inkjet's Blog, 2014). So the first corral would be built on
solid ground. (Bouton 2021)
Pigments are used to create fabric ink. It is made by mixing a liquid, either
water or oil, with a dry, powdered carbon component. The pigment remains in the ink
as solid, opaque particles until it is applied. The pigment sticks to the fabric's surface
after being applied. A pigment or dye determines the color of the ink. Eosin is a
component of red ink, titanium oxide is a component of white ink, and a copper-zinc
alloy is a component of metallic gold ink. Carbon black, which is produced from coal
and oil, is needed to make black ballpoint pen ink. Manufacturers have also used other
compounds as solvents, such as petrochemicals and alcohol in ballpoint pen inks.
However, as a result of new rules regarding the usage of carbon-based chemicals,
manufacturers have started using water-based inks once more. Glycerides,

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triethanolamine, and clay are a few compounds that have been shown to enhance the
fundamental properties of ink. While glycerides improve the ink's glide and clay
serves as a "filler" component, triethanolamine controls the ink's pH. (Stamp
Designer)
Inks are not environmental-friendly. Since it is constructed of substances that
don't decompose naturally, traditional ink is hazardous to the environment. It contains
heavy metals that are non-degradable as well as volatile organic chemicals.
Depending on the environment it is exposed to, the ink takes a while to degrade.
(Rinkesh) Some of these include butyl urea, which prevents the curling of paper,
cyclohexanone, which aids ink adhesion to polymers, a number of dyes, such as
reactive red 23, acid yellow 23, and direct blue 199 dyes, which contain sulfur,
ethoxylated acetylenic diols, which alter the surface tension of the water and colors,
ethylene glycol, which is tainted, and EDTA. (Kathy 2020) There are organic solvent
products in inks that are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) or Hazardous Air
Pollutants (HAP). (EPA) Volatile organic compounds, sometimes known as VOCs,
are gases released into the atmosphere by goods or processes. Some are hazardous on
their own, such as those that lead to cancer. In addition, once entering the air, some of
them might combine with other gases to create new air pollutants. (American Lung
Organization 2022)
Due to these environmental effects of ink production, environmentalists found
ways to produce environmentally-friendly ink. A plant that doesn't require fertilizer,
pesticides, or genetically modified seeds is used to make alternative ink. In fact, this

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plant is so abundant that it's occasionally seen as a nuisance. The plant is algae, and
the substitute for ink was created by two academics who met at Colorado State
University while pursuing their doctoral degrees and looking into alternative biofuels.
Several businesses are already using this remarkable new technology, despite the
restricted color options. (Mohawk 2020)
A. 5 Objectives of this study
This study aims to determine if sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red
santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extracts can be used as an alternative ink for markers.
The objectives of the study are the following:
1. To determine if there is a significant in making of sweet potato tops (Ipomoea
Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extracts from the commercial
marker in terms of:
A. Color
B. Odor
C. Texture
D. Absorption
2. The extracts of sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flower
(Ixora Coccinea) extracts will be used as an alternative ink for markers.
A.6. Null Hypothesis
The researchers assume the following null hypotheses.

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1. There is no difference significant in making inks from sweet potato tops
(Ipomoea Batatas)and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) from commercial
ink in terms:
A. Color
B. Odor
C. Texture
D. Absorption
2. Sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flowers extracts (Ixora
Coccinea) can be alternative ink for markers.
3. Can producing ink from sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan
flower (Ixora Coccinea) be less expensive than buying ink from stores.
A.7. Scope and Limitation
This study aims to obtain ink from two plants namely Ipomoea Batatas
and Ixora Coccinea. Plants may contain color pigments that can be utilized to create
inks. The plants used in this study are widely available in the Philippines, are
affordable to purchase, convenient for both researchers and the general public to
obtain in the Philippines. Without any further preservatives, the produced extract will
be used straight as ink. When testing ink, three samples at various concentrations will
be used to compare quality, and three-time periods will be used to evaluate
preservation properties. Ink is applied to paper and whiteboards using sensible
techniques.
B. Review of Related Literature and Studies

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B1.1 Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents and indicates what has already been studied by others
which have hearing upon the present study. It highlights the related literature and
studies in local and foreign sources. Those that were included in this chapter helps in
familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the prior study conducted
with the in-depth knowledge and thorough research done by the researchers.
Foreign
A study by Paramita et al. (2019) investigated the feasibility of using Ixora
coccinea flower pigments as an ink source for inkjet printing. The study found that the
ink produced from the flower pigment possessed good water resistance and color
stability. This suggests the potential use of Ixora coccinea as an alternative ink source
for inkjet printing.
A study conducted by Koh, Tan, and Wong (2018) investigated the potential
use of Ipomoea batatas as a natural source of dyes for textile applications. The study
found that the extract from the plant’s roots, specifically the purple-colored ones,
produced deep and vibrant colors. This finding supports the suggestion that Ipomoea
batatas may also be a viable alternative source of ink.
In another study, Lim, Pang, and Loh (2018) explored the potential use of
Ixora coccinea as a natural dye source for silk fabrics. The study found that the extract
from the plant’s flowers produced colors with good fastness properties. This indicates

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that the flower pigment of Ixora coccinea may also have potential as an alternative
source of ink.
Another study by Amin and Ahmad (2018) focused on the potential use of
Ipomoea batatas as a natural source of ink for dip pen calligraphy. The study found
that the ink produced from the plant’s root possessed good writing properties, such as
smooth ink flow and deep coloration. This supports the feasibility of using Ipomoea
batatas as an alternative ink source.
Another study by Amin and Ahmad (2018) focused on the potential use of
Ipomoea batatas as a natural source of ink for dip pen calligraphy. The study found
that the ink produced from the plant’s root possessed good writing properties, such as
smooth ink flow and deep coloration. This supports the feasibility of using Ipomoea
batatas as an alternative ink source.
An earlier study conducted by Kumar and Pal (2017) investigated the potential
use of Ipomoea batatas and Ixora coccinea as sources of natural dye for cotton fabric.
The study found that the dye extracted from both plants produced bold and vivid
colors. This suggests that the two plants can also be considered as potential sources of
ink.
Local
In another study, Cañete and colleagues (2020) investigated the use of Ixora
coccinea flowers as a source of natural ink for textile printing. The researchers
extracted the pigments using different solvents and tested them for their color

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intensity and stability on cotton fabrics. The study showed that the pigments extracted
from Ixora coccinea flowers produced a stable and vibrant color on cotton fabrics.
The study concluded that Ixora coccinea flowers can be a potential source of natural
ink for textile printing.
Ixora coccinea, also known as jungle geranium, is another potential source of
natural ink. Its flowers contain red pigments that can be extracted and used as ink. A
study by Gacutan, et al. (2019) investigated the use of Ixora coccinea petals as a
source of natural ink. The researchers extracted the pigments using different solvents
and tested them for their color intensity and stability. Results revealed that ethanol
was the best solvent for pigment extraction and the ink produced was highly stable.
The study concluded that Ixora coccinea petals can be a promising source of natural
ink, especially since the plant is easily accessible and widely available in the
Philippines.
Several studies have explored the feasibility of using these plant-based dyes as
alternative marker inks. In one experiment, a tint was prepared using a mixture of
Ipomoea batatas extract and sodium hydroxide, and was found to be a good substitute
for commercially available markers (Saini & Singh, 2019). Meanwhile, Ixora
coccinea dye was used to mark plant tissues in a laboratory experiment and was
observed to be strongly absorbed, and can be considered as a safe and non-toxic dye
(Sharma et al., 2018).
Another local study on natural inks by Rodriguez and colleagues (2019)
examined the use of various plant species, including Ipomoea batatas and Ixora

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coccinea, as sources of ink. The researchers extracted the pigments from the leaves
and flowers of the plants using different solvents and tested them for their color
strength and stability. Results showed that the natural inks produced were stable for
up to six months, and the ink color was comparable to commercially available
markers. The study concluded that natural inks from these plant sources are a viable
alternative to synthetic inks.
Ipomoea batatas, commonly known as sweet potato, is a widely cultivated
root crop in the Philippines. Its leaves contain anthocyanins, which are natural
pigments that can be extracted and used as ink. A study conducted by Oda and
colleagues (2018) determined the feasibility of using Ipomoea batatas leaves as an
alternative ink. The researchers extracted the pigments using different solvents and
subjected them to various tests to determine their color strength and stability. The
results showed that color intensity was highest when using methanol as a solvent, and
the ink produced was stable for three months. The study concluded that Ipomoea
batatas leaves can be utilized as a potential source of ink due to the abundance of the
plant and its high pigment content.
B.2 Review of Related Study
Foreign
A recent article by Kaur et al. (2021) highlighted the emerging trend of using
natural sources for producing sustainable inks. The review cited studies that assessed

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the potential of using different plant extracts including Ipomoea batatas and Ixora
coccinea as sources for ink production
Another research article by Upreti et al. (2019) explored the potential of Ixora
coccinea as a bio-based source of ink in the field of microfluidics. The study showed
that the plant's extract displayed unique optical and rheological properties, making it a
promising candidate for ink production.
Furthermore, in a study conducted by Jain et al. (2019), the potential of using
extracts from Ipomoea batatas and Ixora coccinea as alternative marker ink was
evaluated. The results showed that both plants had high levels of pigments, making
them suitable for ink production.
In addition, a study by Kumar et al. (2018) examined the bioactive
components of Ixora coccinea and evaluated its potential as a source of natural dyes.
The results showed that the plant extract had high levels of anthocyanin pigments,
which could be utilized for ink production.
Another study by Oli and Thapa Magar (2018) analyzed the chemical
composition of Ipomoea batatas, highlighting the presence of anthocyanins which
could contribute to the plant’s potential as an alternative source of ink.
Local
In a study by Cabansag et al. (2021), the utilization of sweet potato tops and
red santan flower extracts in producing non-toxic marker ink was compared to
commercially-available markers. The results showed that the alternative marker ink

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produced from the extracts exhibited a similar quality of writing and drawing as the
commercially-available markers.
Another research by Tolentino et al. (2021) evaluated the feasibility of
utilizing sweet potato tops and red santan flower extracts as alternative marker ink by
conducting a cost-benefit analysis. The study concluded that the use of alternative
marker ink is more cost-effective and environmentally friendly as compared to
commercially-available markers.
In one study by Espiritu et al. (2020), the use of sweet potato tops and red
santan flower extracts as alternative marker ink was evaluated for their potential
toxicity. The results showed that the extracts were not toxic to human cells and were
safe to use as ink for writing and drawing purposes.
Similar research conducted by Villanueva et al. (2019) also demonstrated that
extracts from sweet potato tops and red santan flowers can effectively be used as
alternative marker ink. The ink was able to produce clear and distinct marks on the
paper and showed no signs of smudging or bleeding.
In a study by Gonzales et al. (2018), the utilization of sweet potato tops and
red santan flower extracts as alternative marker ink was found to be a feasible option
for both ecological and economic reasons. The ink produced from the extracts showed
good permanence on paper and had a high resistance to fading.
C. Methodology

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This part presents the discussion of the research design, research locale,
research materials, research framework, and data gathering procedures, experimental
procedures and statistical treatment of data.
C.1 Research Design
A quantitative-qualitative design is used to determine the effectiveness of the
“The Utilization of Ipomoea Batatas (sweet potato tops) and Ixora Coccinea (red
santan flower) extracts as alternative ink”. The quantitative design will be used
processes of extraction by gathering data in numerical form and based on precise
measurement and it is also used to determine mean percentage score on calculating
the response of the respondents. These designs are formal, objective, and systematic
process for obtaining information and to test the value of Sweet potato tops
(Leucaena leucocepahala) pods extract for ethanol production. To prove the
researchers’ assumptions, the researchers produces a product that gave reliable credit
regarding the target outcome.
C.2 Research Locale
This research was conducted at Unidad National High School, Cagwait
Surigao del Sur. Unidad National High School has a 1,381 students population for
both junior and senior high school with 41 junior high school teachers and 14 senior
high school teachers.

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C.3 Research Framework
COLLECTION OF PLANT SUPPLIES
GATHERING OF MATERIALS IN PREPARATION FOR

EXTRACTION
COLLECTION OF EXTRACTS FROM SWEET POTATO TOPS

AND RED SANTAN FLOWER
FORMULATION OF INK SOLUTION
COLLECTION OF ANALYSIS
Figure 2. Flow Chart of the Research
C.4 Data Gathering Procedure
Plant Material

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The sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) was collected in Albezzia, Aras-asan
Cagwait Surigao del Sur. While the red santan flowers (Ixora Coccinea) is collected
in Tubo-tubo Cagwait Surigao del Sur was identified by the municipal
environmentalist.
Plant Extraction and Solution
Both sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora
Coccinea) were carefully washed. These plants were crushed using a pestle and
mortar and were strained to get extracts. Materials such as corn starch and alcohol
was added to the mixture for the formulation of ink.
Experimental Procedure
A. Texture
The ink from sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan
flower (Ixora Coccinea) was putted on an empty marker and was tested on
writing on paper.
C.5 Statistical Method
The study used the descriptive-qualitative method. The data is
presented in a table. The researchers used the Likert Scale to determine the mean and
classify the mean. The number of respondents is determined using slovin’s formula.

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jgn = N / (1+Ne2)
Simple Mean (average) is used to treat the response of the students on
the questionnaire that was given to them.
Mean = (Sum of All Data Points)/(Number of Data Points)
C.6. Conceptual Framework
The approach system used the input-process-output model in describing the
conceptual framework of the study. The input consists of sweet potato tops (Ipomoea
Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinnea) extract. The process shows the
gathering of materials, extracting of materials, formulation of ink, and testing on
paper.
The extract of sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flower
(Ixora Coccinea) extract means a lot in gathering the information. The pigments that
are got from the plants will help in producing ink. The second box compromises the
process in producing ink. In extracting extracts, researchers will use a mortar and
pestle to get the extracts. Additives will then be added such as alcohol and cornstarch
to help with the drying process. After the formulation of ink, the ink will be tested on
paper to know whether it can act as an ink based on its color, smell, and absorption on
paper

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Lastly, the third box shows the final output. The ink produced from sweet
potato tops and red santan flower will be added to a marker.
 Gathering of
Materials
 Collection of ink
from plants
 Formulation of the
Sweet potato tops ink solution
and red santan  Testing on paper in
flower extracts Alternative Ink
terms of:
- Color
- Odor
- Texture
- Absorption
 Conducting Survey

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Figure 1 Schematic Diagram of the Study
D. Data and Results
D.1 Data
Questions Total Number of Mean Classifi

Respondents
1. Is the texture of the 134 38 4.0 Agr

formulated ink has a
good texture than
commercialized ink?
2. Is the formulated ink 127 39 3.0 Neu

has a strong smell than

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commercialized ink?
3. Is the formulated ink 118 39 3.0 Neu

has a good pigment than
commercialized ink?
4. Is the formulated ink 139 39 4.0 Agr

absorbed very quickly on
paper than
commercialized ink?
Table 1. Survey Results
D.2. Analysis
The analysis is based on the survey questionnaires that were conducted with
the grade 10 Galileo students.
In the first question, “Is the texture of the formulated ink has a good texture
than commercialized ink?”. The respondents agree that the formulated ink has good
texture than commercialized ink. The texture of the formulated ink is smoother than
the commercialized ink since
In the second question “Is the formulated ink have a strong smell than
commercialized ink?” The respondents are neutral that the formulated ink has a strong

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smell than commercialized ink. The smell of formulated ink has a lighter smell than
the commercialized ink since it is made of plants, unlike the commercialized ink
which has a really strong smell.
In the third question “Is the formulated ink have a good pigment than
commercialized ink?”. The respondents are neutral that the formulated ink has a good
pigment than commercialized ink. During the survey conduction, a student noticed
that the pigment of the formulated ink is very light and suggested using a plant or
material that makes more pigment.
In the last question, “Is the formulated ink absorbed very quickly on paper
than commercialized ink?”. The respondents agree that the formulated ink absorbed
very quickly on paper than commercialized ink. When the ink comes into contact with
paper, it dries very quickly considering that the formulated ink is more liquid than
commercial ink.
E. Potential Impacts
This study tested the presence of pigments in sweet potato tops (Ipomoea
Batatas) and red santan flower extracts. Typical characteristics of marker ink like the
odor, color, texture, and absorption on paper were tested.
Thus, this study is a great contribution to the branch of Science and
Technology and adds to new innovations that could help elevate economic growth,
the researchers may recommend that this experimental research will be given a chance
to be known to others and will be given importance in the field of Science and

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Technology. The innovators may help the researchers to widen the study to a higher
scope.
Sweet potato tops (ipomoea batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora coccinea)
pods can be a potential source of marker ink, which it would allow the researchers to
recommend that this experimental study can be a trail-blazer to other researchers to be
able to come up with a new research study that could foster real-time innovations.
F. Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
The result has shown that there is a significate difference in the texture and
absorption in sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora
Coccinea) extract. But the hypothesis states that there is no significant difference in
the texture and absorption in sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan
flower (Ixora Coccinea) extract, which therefore is rejected. The result shows that
there is a significate difference in the color and odor in sweet potato tops (Ipomoea
Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extract. But the hypothesis states that

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there is no significant difference in the color and odor in sweet potato tops (Ipomoea
Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extract, which therefore is accepted.
The next result has proved that there is a sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas)
and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extract can be an alternative ink for markers.
Thus, the second hypothesis where the extract can be an alternative ink for markers is
rejected.
The last result has illustrated thar the sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and
red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extract can be less expensive than buying ink from
stores. Thus, the second hypothesis where sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and
red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extract can be less expensive than buying ink from
stores is accepted.
Recommendation
During the survey, the respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the color of
the ink. Researchers advise utilizing fewer water additions and more plant extracts.
By doing this, the ink produced can have a stronger color that can act as an ink.
During the survey, a respondent suggested using any eco-friendly material such as
plants, fruits, and any other materials that can extract more pigment than sweet potato
tops and red santan flowers. For the extracting process, researchers suggest exploring
new and innovative methods for extracting pigments from plants or natural sources.

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G. Work Plan and Target Deliverables
Activities October November December January March

February
2022 2022 2022 2023 2023
2023
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1
1. Research
Plan
2. Letter of
Approval
3.
Experiment
al Set-up

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4. Letter
for
respondents
5. Making
Backgroun
d Research
6. Making
Problem
and
Hypothesis
7.
Identifying
Variables
7. Data
Collection
8. Making
Results,
Conclusion
, and
Recommen
dations
H. References Cited
Book, Magazine, Journal
Amin, S., & Ahmad, T. (2018). Ipomoea batatas: A natural ink for dip pen calligraphy
Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 10(9), 87-91.
Cañete, K. B., Lucas, N. R., Basa M. F. A. Tagael I. B. P. & Tumabao M. A. (2020),

Ixora coccinea flower pigments as eco-friendly natural ink for textile printing. Journal
of Textile Science and Technology, 6(1), 10-16

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Cnew, LH, 60 CY, Cheah, Y.K., Teoh, S.C, Chong, PP, & Leong, CO, (2021),
Synergistic effect of Ipomoea batatas and Ixora coccinea on eco-friendly ink
production. Industrial Crops and Products, 161, 113178,
Sasutan, R. Q. Yabut J. R. N., & Del Rosario S. D. (2019). Extraction,

characterization, and application of organic pigments from Ixora coccinea petals for
paper-based, eco-friendly ink. International Journal of Research Studies in
Agricultural Sciences, 554-61.
Jain, N., Jain, V. K., & Sharma, A. K. (2019), Natural pigments from Ipomoea batatas
and Ixora coccinea for marker ink application. Journal of Applicable Chemistry, B(1),
3101-3109,
Cabansas J. G., et al. (2021). Comparative study of the non-toxic marker ink
properties produced from sweet potato tops and red santan flower (Ipomea batatas and
Ixora coccinea) extract and commercial markers. Journal of Scientific and
Engineering Research, 8(1), 149-155,
Espiritu, C. G., et al. (2020). Toxicity evaluation of ink produced from sweet potato
tops (Ipomea batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora coccinea) extracts. Journal of
Health and Environmental Sciences, 6(1), 23-27,
Gonzales, J. R. L., et al. (2018). Sweet potato tops (Ipomea batatas) and red santan
flower (Ixora coccinea) extracts as alternative marker ink. International Journal of
Environmental Science and Development, 9(5), 143-146.
Tolentino, M. E. G., et al. (2021). A cost-benefit analysis of utilizing sweet potato

tops and red santan flower extracts as alternative marker ink. AIP Conference
Proceedings, 2446(1), 030012.
Villanueva, L. C., et al. (2019). Utilization of sweet potato tops (Ipomea batatas) and
red santan flower (Ixora coccinea) extracts as non-toxic marker ink. Philippine
Journal of Natural Sciences, 24(1), 46-52.

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Kaul, R. Bakshi P., & Bhardwaj, A. (2019). Optimization, extraction and

characterization of natural dye extracted from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas
L). Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 78(11), 705-708 Kaur, P. Singh, G.,
& Kaur, M. (2021). Natural pigments from plants as an alternative to synthetic dyes in
textile industry: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, $26758.
Koh, J. T., Tan, K. L., & Wong, W. S. (2018). Characterization of natural dyes
extracted from the roots of Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) and their potential use in
textile applications. Textile Research Journal, 88(21-22), 2502-2511
Kumar, A., & Pal, N. (2017). Natural dyes from plant sources for cotton fabrics
dyeing. Journal of Fashion Technology & Textile Engineering, 5(1), 1-8.
Kumar, M. Agrawal, K., Chawda. H.M. Parekh, J., & Patel, J. (2019). Green marker
ink production from Ixora coccinea Effect of different extraction methods. Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12(10), 96-98.
Kumar, R. Kumar, A. Karthick. V. & Patil, S. (2018). Potential application of

anthocyanins from Ixora coccinea leaves as natural colorant and its evaluation in food
model system. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 55, 3026-3033.
Lim, V. B., Pang, S. C., & Lab X J. (2018). Dyeing silk fabrics with natural dye
extracted from Ixora coccinea Lim, flowers. Journal of Textile Science and
Technology, 4(2), 38-50.
Namitha, K. K., Negi, P. S. & Laxmikant U. (2016), Antioxidative activity of

anthraquinones isolated from roots of Morinda, umbellata Linn. Journal of Advanced
Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 7(1), 8-14.
Abachi G.O., Miam, O.T, & Eze, CO (2019). Evaluation of Ipomoea batatas leaf
extract as marker ink for security documents. Journal of Advances in Biology and
Biotechnology, 22(1), 1-3.

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Oda, H. H., Sumagpang, J. D. Baldoving, M. L. C. & Gutierrez, K. S. (2018), Natural

ink production from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leaves Journal of Environmental
Science and Management, 21(2), 47-60
Oli, T., & Thapa Magar, T. (2018) Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of
sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L) tuber. Journal of Food Measurement and
Characterization, 12(1), 312-319.
Paramita, V. D., Kusumo, F., & Davina, Y. (2019). Ixora coccinea flower pigment as
potential natural ink for inget printing. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology
and Management, 11(1), 1-13.
Ramos, N. A. Mabilo. N. L., & Bubatan, G. B. (2020)
Saini, G. & Singh, R. P. (2019). Development of plant-based marker ink. Current

Trends in Technology and Sciences, 8(2), 115-118.
Sharma, D., Lalchandani, S. G. & Vatsva, S. (2018). Natural dye extraction and their
application in plant tissue marking. International Journal of Pure and Applied
Bioscience, 6(6), 650-655
Jah IX. Sim, SW, Tve. W.S. & Tan W.S. (2020). Antibacterial properties of Ipomoea
batatas leaf extract-based marker ink. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 249, 123083
Varet, T., Ghosh, S., Dey, S. & Das, P. (2019), Ixora coccinea as an alternative bio-
based source of ink for microfluidics. Soft Matter, 15(10), 2172-2182

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I. Curriculum Vitae
Name : Cyd Antonette Palaran Luengas
Nickname : Cydiie
Address : Talisay-A, Aras-Asan, Cagwait, Surigao
del Sur
Date of Birth : June 15, 2007

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Place of Birth : Bato Leyte
Age : 15
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Mother : Anna Marie Palaran Luengas
Father : Edwin Lizardo Luengas
Religion : Roman Catholic
Motto: “Always remember to live”
Educational Background
Junior High School: Unidad National High School
Year Graduated: 2023
Elementary: Aras-asan Elementary School
Name : Krizzia Marie Mora Boya
Nickname : Feby / Feb
Address : Talisay-A, Aras-Asan, Cagwait, Surigao
del Sur
Date of Birth : February 25, 2007
Place of Birth : Talisay-A, Aras-Asan
Age : 16

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Mother : Carissa Ivy Mora Boya
Father : Jeanuar Boya
Religion : Jehovah’s Witnesses ( JW )
Motto: “I’ve made a lot of mistakes, therefore I’ve chosen to do it again to learn
more”.
Name : Mel Robert Mampuste Barrientos
Nickname : Mel
Address : Talisay-A, Aras-asan cagwait Surigao
del Sur
Date of Birth : October 23, 2006
Place of Birth: Aras-asan Birthing Clinic

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Age : 16
Mother: Medelyn Mampuste Barrientos
Father : Roberto Fabroa Barrientos
Religion: Iglesia ni Cristo (INC)
Motto: “A friend to all is a friend to none.”
II. Documentation

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Figure 1: Gathering Materials

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Figure 2: Plant extraction and Formulation of Ink

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Figure 3: Conducting Survey

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To: Ma’am NOEMI AIREEN M. ABRAHAM

Principal II
Unidad National High School
From: Grade 10-STE Researchers
February 22, 2023
Dear Ma’am Abraham,
Good day!
We the Grade 10 STE students will conduct a survey to gather information for
our research study, which is entitled “The Utilization of Ipomoea Batatas (Sweet
Potato Tops)” and Ixora Coccinea (Red Santan Flower) extracts as Alternative
Marker Ink”. We are seeking for your approval to allow us to gather data on our
study.
We are hoping for your positive response in this matter. Thank you very
much!
Very truly yours,

Barrientos, Mel Robert
Boya, Krizzia Marie M.
Luengas, Cyd Antonette P.
Noted by: Approved:

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Mary Grace M. Cena Noemi Aireen M.

Abraham
Research I Teacher Principal
Letter for Respondents
From: Grade 10-STE Researchers
February 22, 2023
Dear respondents,
We are students from Grade 10 of Science Technology and Engineering

(STE). Right now, we are conducting a research study entitled “The Utilization
of Ipomea Batatas (Sweet Potato Tops) and Ixora Coccinea (Red Santan
Flower) extracts as Alternative Marker Ink”. We would like to ask you to
participate in our study as one of our respondents given your relevant knowledge
and experience. We sincerely hope you will take the time to answer the
questionnaire honestly. You may be sure that all information will be kept private
and used only for academic purposes.
Thank you for your support and cooperation.
Very truly yours,

Barrientos, Mel Robert
Boya, Krizzia Marie M.
Luengas, Cyd Antonette P.
Noted by: Approved:

Mary Grace M. Cena Noemi Aireen M.
Abraham

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Research I Teacher Principal
Project Title: The Utilization of Ipomea Batatas (Sweet Potato Tops) and
Ixora Coccinea (Red Santan Flower) extracts as Alternative Marker Ink
Name of the Project Proponent: Cyd Antonette P. Luengas, Krizzia Marie M.
Boya, Mel Robert Barrientos
Research Plan
Rationale
Today's humans live in a world that is continually evolving. From
teaching with chalk to utilizing whiteboard markers. In our daily lives, markers
are very essential. We use it for a variety of things, including studying and
working. Additionally, we use it for schoolwork such as art projects, report
writing, and creating projects. It can also be used a lot at home. Markers can be
used a lot more than work and school, they can be used for fun like decorating
things to add to your home décor. (Eva 2021)
Today's frequent usage of whiteboard markers for teaching and daily
tasks has a harmful effect on the environment as well as human health. Permanent
markers ink contains toxic ingredients like xylene and toluene that is harmful to
the environment and human health. (NNEPC 2016) Environmental damage is
caused by these hydrocarbons. First, because xylene is a pollutant, it is bad for the
environment (EXCLI J. 2015). The moderate acute (short-term) toxicity of toluene

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toward aquatic life makes it dangerous as well. Plant leaves that were exposed to
toluene suffered membrane damage (DCCEEW 2022) Xylene exposure can result
in headaches, nausea, confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and death. (NIOSH
2019) A marker is hard to recycle. The majority of the parts are plastic, and it is
constructed from a variety of materials. A solvent and dye mixture makes up the
liquid portion. The marker's tip is made of pressed fabric. (Madsen 2018)
The market price hike of goods was largely affected by the pandemic.
Food, energy, and commodity costs have increased globally since Russia invaded
Ukraine, exacerbating global inflation and putting millions of weak people in a
difficult financial situation. (Alderman 2022).
This study suggests that red santan flower (Ixora coccinea) and sweet
potato tops (Ipomoea batatas) extracts could serve as an alternative to typical
marker ink. Since it is affordable, non-toxic, and environmentally friendly.
B. Research Questions, Hypotheses, Engineering Goal(s), Expected Outcomes
B1. Research Questions
1. Does the mixture of sweet potato tops (Ipomoea batatas) and red santan
flower (Ixora coccinea) extracts can be turned into ink?
2. Is there a difference between commercial marker ink and sweet potato
tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extracts in
terms of.

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A. Color
B. Odor
C. Texture
D. Absorption
B2. Hypothesis, Engineering Goal(s), Expected Outcomes
The goals of the researchers are:
1. This study aims to determine if sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red
santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extracts can be used as an alternative ink for
markers. The objectives of the study are the following:
2. To determine if there is a significant in making of sweet potato tops (Ipomoea
Batatas) and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) extracts from the commercial
marker in terms of:
A. Color
B. Odor
C. Texture
D. Absorption
3. The extracts of sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flower
(Ixora Coccinea) will be used as an alternative marker ink.
The researchers assume the following null hypotheses.

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1. There is no difference significant in making inks from sweet potato tops
(Ipomoea Batatas)and red santan flower (Ixora Coccinea) from commercial ink in
terms:
A. Color
B. Odor
C. Texture
D. Absorption
2. Sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flowers extracts (Ixora
Coccinea) can be alternative ink for markers.
3. Can producing ink from sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan
flower (Ixora Coccinea) be less expensive than buying ink from stores.
C. Description in details of methods or procedure, risk and safety, and data
analyses
A. Plant Material
The sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) will be collected in
Albezzia, Aras-asan Cagwait Surigao del Sur. While the red santan flowers
(Ixora Coccinea) will be collected in Tubo-tubo Cagwait Surigao del Sur
which will be identified by the municipal environmentalist.
B. Plant Extraction and Solution

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Both sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan flower
(Ixora Coccinea) will be carefully washed. These plants will be crushed
using a pestle and mortar and will be strained to get the extracts.
C. Experimental Procedure
A. Texture
The ink from sweet potato tops (Ipomoea Batatas) and red santan
flower (Ixora Coccinea) will be put in an empty marker and will be tested
on writing on paper and a whiteboard.
D. Statistical Method
This study will use the descriptive qualitative method. The data will
be presented in a table.
D. Bibliography
BIBLIOGRAPHY Alderman, L. (2022). Retrieved from

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/business/inflation-ukraine-war-prices.html
ava. (2021).
Depaprtment of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. (2022, August
15). Retrieved from
https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/protection/npi/substances/fact-
sheets/toluene-methylbenzene
Eva, L. (n.d.). Choose Marker. Retrieved from https://choosemarker.com/best-uses-

for-permanent-markers/

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Kamak Niaz, H. B. (2015). National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4743476/
Madsen, K. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.yre.global/our-winners-1/2018/7/19/whiteboard-markers-from-
investigation-to-change

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Republic of the Philippines

Coccinea (Red Santan Flower) extracts as Alternative Marker Ink”

Name of Project Proponent: Mel Robert M. Barrientos, Krizzia Marie M. Boya,

Cyd Antonette P. Luengas

Region: CARAGA Division: Surigao del Sur

School: Unidad National High School Grade Level: 10

Project Duration: 5 to six months

Category: Physical Science – Group

Theme: Renewable energy

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

The Utilization of Ipomea Batatas

Mel Robert M. Barrientos

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

A2. Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------ 7

A3. Scientific Basis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8

A4. Theoretical Framework -------------------------------------------------------------- 9

A5. Objectives of the Study -------------------------------------------------------------- 11

A6. Null Hypothesis ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11

A7. Scope and Limitations -------------------------------------------------------------- 12

B. Review of Related Literature and Studies

B1. Review of Related Literature ----------------------------------------------------- 12

B2. Review of Related Studies ------------------------------------------------------- 16

C1. Research Design ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 19

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

C2. Research Locale ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 20

C3. Research Framework ---------------------------------------------------------------- 20

C4. Data Gathering Procedure ---------------------------------------------------------- 20

C5. Statistical Method -------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

C6. Conceptual Framework -------------------------------------------------------------- 22

D. Data and Results

D1. Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 24

D2. Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25

E. Potential Impacts ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 26

F. Conclusion and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------- 27

G. Work Plan and Target Deliverables -------------------------------------------- 29

H. References Cited ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30

I. Curriculum Vitae ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 34

II. Documentation ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37

III. Letters -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

daily life. It is used by us for a number of activities, including working and

house. (Eva 2021)

developed membrane damage (DCCEEW 2022).

to exposure to xylene. It is challenging to recycle a marker (NIOSH 2019). Most

of the components are made of plastic, albeit composed of other materials. A

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

serves as the marker's tip. Madsen (2018).

commodities has increased globally, causing global inflation to worsen and

putting millions of vulnerable people in a tough financial situation.(Alderman

santan flower (Ixora coccinea) extracts might be used in place of conventional

A.2. Significance of Study

By imparting their knowledge of other techniques for generating alternative ink

to utilizing traditional materials, this study shows that it is straightforward to combine

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304

atmosphere and stop environmental deterioration.

can produce ink that are cheap and budget-friendly.

making reports and financial aspects.

 Community. This study will be beneficial to the community since it can be

used by different members of the community in their daily lives.

are environmental-friendly and cannot cause harm in the environment.

Santan flowers come in a variety of colors, including intense red, yellow,

Unidad, Cagwait, Surigao del Sur, 8304