Group 2 Leibniz Utilization of Plastic Cellophane and Paper Scraps in Making Recycled Paper June 7 2023

Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City
Utilization of Single-Use Plastic Cellophanes and Paper Scraps
in Making Recycled Paper
A Science Investigatory Project Submitted

To the Faculty of Surigao del Norte National High School
Senior High School
Cyrille C. Guevarra
Elsa Jane B. Panisal
Gabrielle T. Villamer
Ian Jay Cayasa
Mary Rose E. Litang
Rhee Ryan Nicholas L. Baga
Rowland Benign B. Eludo
June 2023
ABSTRACT
Paper scraps and single-use plastics are common in populated areas such as industrial
zones, school zones or cities in general. These voluminous wastes have been damaging the
environment since their first production and these problems still continue today. This study
focused on the utilization of paper scraps and single-use plastic in making a recycled paper.
The collected paper scraps were soaked until it turned into pulp and single-use
plastics were cut into little strips. The processed materials were then molded into one paper
plastic and coated with another layer of paper pulp until it dries. Several test were done to
ensure the recycled paper’s quality. These include folding endurance test, water resistance
test, paper tensile test and surface texture test. The test revealed that the recycled product is
not applicable for folding and resisting water. The tensile test showed that it can withstand a
weight of 3kg and the surface of the paper is more compatible with a paint brush. In
conclusion, the utilization of single-use plastic cellophane and paper scraps in making a
recycled paper proved to be beneficial to the environment and to the art enthusiast because of
its compatibility to basic art tools.
Key Terms: Single-use plastic, Paper scraps, Utilization, Recycled
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APPROVAL SHEET
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we would like to thank God for inspiring us and helping us in
making this research project. Without His inspiration and help, we wouldn’t be able to
complete this research project.
We would also like to thank our respectable, Mr Eric John A. Gillo who has been
instrumental in guiding us through this research project successfully. With his wisdom and
knowledge, we were able to complete this research project with ease under his supervision
which was a very enriching experience for all of us!
Lastly, we, the researchers, are grateful on the Eludo Family for letting us make our
research project in their residence. With their support, we were able to make our product and
was able to make our research project into a success.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE …………………………………………. i
APROVAL SHEET …………………………………………. ii
ABSTRACT …………………………………………. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………. v
LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………. vi
LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………. vii
Chapter 1-THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction …………………………………………. 1
Conceptual Framework ………………………………………… 2
Statement of the Problem …………………………………… 3
Objectives of the Study ………………………………………… 3
Hypothesis ……………………………..…………………………. 3
Significance of the Study ………………………..… 4
Scope and Limitations ………..……………………….… 5
Definition of Terms ……………………………… 6
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Chapter 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE …….………..… 8
Chapter 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design …………………..…………..…. 19
Research Locale ………………………………………… 19
Materials and Procedure …………………………………... 20
Chapter 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results and Discussions ………………………………... 32
Chapter 5 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary ………………………………………… 39
Conclusions ………………………………………… 40
Recommendations ……………………………... 41
REFERENCES .……………………………………...... 36
APPENDICES ………………………………………. 38
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Distribution of Population and Respondent…………… 26
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Location Map of the Study ……….………. 8
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Paper is a material or product of many uses. Usually, it is used in writing, reproducing
magazines or newspapers, in wrapping and many more. The raw materials necessary for
producing paper is called cellulose pulp which is a renewable raw material. This makes the
paper a sustainable product.
Paper scraps are all-over the environment specially in schools and offices. Despite its
flexibility, some people still haven't tried recycling paper which caused paper scraps to
continue being a problem environmentally. A reason for this might be because it’s tiring to
recycle, not just paper but also all other recyclable materials.
Paper is casually replacing plastic products with new inventions. However, plastic
still has features that can’t be copied by paper. By that, plastic was still being mass produced
by industries such as military facilities, consumer industry, and etc. which was dependent on
the strength and characteristics of plastic. The most used factor of plastic would be its ability
to absorb impact and its ability to not corrode. This outstanding product is a by-product of
natural gas and crude oil.
Plastics were highly beneficial to people especially for household and commercial
use. However, it also heavily affects the environment as it’s mostly thrown away due to its
quality because it can be torn easily.
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Thus, this study utilized both single use plastics waste and paper scraps to make a
recycled paper and hopefully help the environmental problems.
Conceptual Framework
Single-use
Plastic Paper Scraps
Cellophane
Independent Independent
Variable Variable
Recycled Paper
Dependent Variable
Statement of the problem
This study was conducted for the purpose of utilizing single-used plastic cellophanes
and paper scraps in making recycled paper:
1. What are the materials used in making the recycled paper?
2. How durable is the recycled paper in terms of:
a. Folding endurance
b. Water resistance
c. Tensile Test
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3. How compatible is the surface texture of the recycled paper in terms of
writing/painting with:
a. Ballpen
b. Pencil
c. Paint Brush
Objectives of the study
The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of utilization of paper scraps and
plastic into a recyclable paper. Specifically, this study sought to attain the following
objectives:
1. To know how durable the recycled paper in terms of:
a. Folding endurance
b. Water Resistance
c. Tensile Test
2. To know how compatible the recycled paper in terms of writing/painting with:
a. Ballpen
b. Pencil
c. Paint Brush
Hypothesis
Based on the foregoing research problems, the researchers formulated the following
hypothesis:
Ho1: The recycled paper is not a good alternative for art paper canvas.
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Significance of the Study
Recycling is important to society. Society is currently suffering from the pollution of
plastics that most of the companies have been producing. Thus, some people made
organizations to lessen the pollution of plastics. One of them are Recycling Organizations and
Institutions, this research shows a new way of recycling. Thus, making it significant to
Recycling Organizations and Institutions.
Fixing visible problems in the environment is not the only thing this research is trying
to do; it also aims to find a way for arts and design enthusiasts to further explore their
creativity. The arts and design enthusiasts will find this research interesting because it gives
them a new general idea of how unusable paper scraps and single-use plastics will be formed
into something artistic. It will also be a fun activity for the arts and design enthusiasts as they
were used to recycling and making things rather than buying a product, which is much more
expensive. The process of recycling mostly doesn't cost you anything and if you follow this
research, it will only require your hard work.
Plastic waste is a big problem for the residents of San Juan P-1-A, as a lake of trash
can be seen in the inner part of the barangay. This place used to be a muddy place where
thrown plastic could just be washed away by the tide. However, as time passes, the plastic
waste has blocked the passage of the current, causing it to surround the houses with plastic.
Using this plastic waste as part of the materials for this research, the researchers could mass
produce the product that the researchers are trying to create. With the right word and good
intentions, the researchers could convince the residence of San Juan P-1-A to start a
movement to collect plastic waste and recycle it to create a product that can be reused.
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And lastly, this study is also significant for the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR). Since this study is focused on reducing single-use plastics by
recycling them, it will surely help the environment develop into a clear and neat place.
Tourism industries were an example of its beneficial factor, specifically on beaches where all
sorts of plastic are present. This study is well suited for recycling those components into
something people can use.
Scope and limitations
This study focused on the utilization of paper scraps and single use plastic, in making
the recycled paper. The type of paper scrap that was needed were sheets of paper, bond paper,
manila paper and folders. Meanwhile, the type of single-use plastic being collected was
limited only to plastic bags for popcorn, ice water etc. and biscuit wrappers. For these reasons
the researchers chose a school zone as the main location where the specified single-use
plastic and paper scraps are most common. With this study we could use these wasted
materials and turn them into a new paper product capable of doing what an average paper
could do. As we stated earlier collecting the needed materials won’t be difficult and we
suspect that gaining support from locals will also be easy. With the help of the researchers
participating in creating this research the manpower we have was sufficient enough in
creating a few samples to show results.
The material collection and process might be easy and simple but the researchers still
have hindrances on how this study was conducted. One of the limitations faced by the
researchers was the need of better and other equipment which would have made the product
easier to produce. The weather was also an issue for being unpredictable specially if it
suddenly rains, which would make the recycled paper dry slower due to the lack of heat from
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the sunlight. Other concerns the researchers considered was the number of days this study
was conducted.
Definition of Terms
1. Biodegradable – capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms.
2. Cellophane - a thin film of regenerated cellulose, usually transparent, employed
primarily as a packaging material.
3. Environmental - relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its
condition.
4. Inexpensive - not costing a great deal.
5. Paper - material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous
substances, used for writing, drawing, or printing on, or as wrapping material.
6. Plastic - a synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers such as
polyethylene, PVC, nylon, etc., that can be molded into shape while soft and then set
into a rigid or slightly elastic form.
7. Paper Scraps - paper that is partly used or is of poor quality but that you can use for
unimportant things.
8. Pollution - the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing
that has harmful or poisonous effects.
9. Recycle - convert (waste) into reusable material.
10. Recycled paper – a paper that is reconstituted into paper again.
11. Renewable - (of a natural resource or source of energy) not depleted when used.
12. Scrap - a small piece or amount of something, especially one that is left over after the
greater part has been used.
13. Single-use - designed to be used once and then disposed of or destroyed.
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14. Sewer - an underground conduit for carrying off drainage water and waste matter.
15. Soaking - an act of wetting something thoroughly.
16. Utilization - the action of making practical and effective use of something.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature
Single-Use Plastics
Lindwall (2020) noted that “Single-use plastics are goods that are made primarily
from fossil fuel–based chemicals (petrochemicals) and are meant to be disposed of right after
use—often, in mere minutes. Single-use plastics are most commonly used for packaging and
service ware, such as bottles, wrappers, straws, and bags.” (p. 1)
Although plastic—basically a chain of synthetic polymers—was created in the middle
of the 19th century, its acceptance didn't really take off until the 1970s. Plastic jugs started to
take the place of traditional milk jars with paper or glass staples because they are lighter,
more inexpensive, and more durable. Half of the 8.3 billion metric tons of plastics created
since the 1950s have been manufactured in the last 15 years alone.
Plastic can be used for a variety of justifiable and significant purposes, such as
surgical gloves and straws for the disabled. Yet just a small portion of single-use plastic is
represented by these cases. A 2017 study found that plastic packaging alone accounts for
more than half of non-fiber plastic, which excludes synthetic textiles like polyester and nylon,
which is for single use plastics.
Plastic Cellophane
Jain (2021) stated that “These plastics eventually end up in the oceans or the landfills.
Mistaking them for food, the marine life ingested them. These are then transferred to animal
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tissues and then make an entry in the human food chain and turn it into toxic chemicals.” (p.
2)
Plastic cellophane, commonly used for packaging purposes, has become a prevalent
material in various industries. However, its widespread usage has raised concerns about its
environmental implications. This review aims to consolidate the existing literature to provide
a comprehensive overview of the environmental impact of plastic cellophane. Additionally, it
explores potential alternatives that can help reduce the ecological footprint associated with
this material.
A systematic search was conducted across scientific databases to identify relevant
scholarly articles, research papers, and reports addressing the environmental impact of plastic
cellophane. Selected studies were critically evaluated for their methodology, findings, and
implications, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Plastic cellophane has significant environmental consequences throughout its
lifecycle. Its production involves the extraction of fossil fuels and energy-intensive
manufacturing processes, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion.
The disposal of plastic cellophane poses challenges as it is non-biodegradable and often ends
up in landfills or as litter, leading to visual pollution and harm to wildlife.
Furthermore, potential alternatives to plastic cellophane, such as compostable films,
bio-based materials, and reusable packaging options, offer more sustainable choices. These
substitutes reduce reliance on non-renewable resources and minimize waste generation.
However, factors like cost, scalability, and market availability need to be addressed for
widespread adoption of these alternatives.
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The environmental impact of plastic cellophane necessitates urgent action to address
its detrimental effects. This review highlights the importance of transitioning to sustainable
alternatives and adopting eco-friendly packaging solutions. Collaborative efforts among
policymakers, industries, and consumers are crucial in promoting the use of environmentally
friendly materials and implementing effective waste management practices. Future research
should focus on developing innovative packaging technologies and raising awareness about
the ecological consequences of plastic cellophane.
The Future of plastics if not treated
Thompson et al. (2009) stated that “Plastics have transformed everyday life; usage is
increasing and annual production is likely to exceed 300 million tons by 2010. In this
concluding paper to the Theme Issue on Plastics, the Environment and Human Health, we
synthesize current understanding of the benefits and concerns surrounding the use of plastics
and look to future priorities, challenges and opportunities.” (para 1).
It is evident that plastics have various societal benefits and potential for future
technological and medical advancements. However, there are several concerns regarding their
usage and disposal. These include the accumulation of waste in landfills and natural habitats,
harm to wildlife through ingestion or entanglement in plastic, chemical leaching from plastic
products, and the potential transfer of chemicals to both humans and wildlife. The
overarching problem is the unsustainability of our current plastic usage, as highlighted
throughout this discussion.
Approximately 4% of global oil production is used as a raw material for
manufacturing plastics, with a similar percentage utilized for energy. Despite this, packaging
alone accounts for over one-third of current production and is quickly discarded. This linear
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approach to hydrocarbon utilization through packaging and other short-term uses is
unsustainable considering our diminishing fossil fuel resources and limited landfill capacity.
Solutions to address these challenges include adopting green chemistry, conducting
life-cycle assessments, employing modified risk assessment methods, reducing material
usage, designing for recyclability at the end of the product's life, expanding recycling
capabilities, developing bio-based materials, and implementing measures to prevent littering.
The most effective policies will require collaboration between the public, businesses,
scientists, and lawmakers.
There is a sense of urgency as the amount of plastics produced in the first decade of
this century is expected to be nearly equivalent to the total amount produced in the entire
previous century.
Plastic Pollution
Parker (2020) professed that “The global campaign to gain control of plastic waste is
one of the fastest-growing environmental causes ever mounted. Yet it hasn’t been enough to
make a dent in the growing tonnage of discarded plastic that ends up in the seas.” (p. 2)
Waste that enters streams and eventually reaches the oceans is projected to increase to
22 million tons, and possibly even 58 million tons, annually over the next ten years. The
positive aspect is that this estimate takes into account numerous bold commitments made by
businesses and governments to reduce plastic pollution. Without these commitments, the
situation would be nearly twice as severe. If we don't improve waste management beyond the
current measures in place today, an alarming 99 million tons of uncontrolled plastic waste
would end up in the environment by 2030.
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These scenarios differ greatly from the original global estimate published in 2015,
which predicted an average of 8.8 million tons of plastic flowing into the oceans each year.
The recent study conducted by an international team of scientists produced these new figures,
which startled the world and triggered a movement against plastic waste.
Jenna Jambeck, an engineering professor at the University of Georgia and a member
of the group responsible for the new calculations, used a striking analogy to illustrate the
significance of that figure. The amount of plastic that would be dumped into the ocean is
equivalent to a dump truck emptying its load into the water every minute for a year.
However, finding a similar comparison for 22 to 58 million tons was challenging.
Like climate change, the response of global society in the coming decades will play a
crucial role. While plastic waste and climate change share similarities—both derived from oil
used in plastic production—they differ in one important aspect: plastic is persistent. While
there is a slim possibility that technology and the restoration of natural ecosystems could
reduce atmospheric CO2, there is no equivalent solution for plastic. Plastics are virtually
indestructible and do not disappear.
Eco-Impact of Paper and Plastic Bags
Hu et al., (2009) wrote that there are varieties of comments prevailing among people
who use Plastic and Paper bags for their shopping needs. A few people support Plastic bags
with their own justifications and others support Paper bags. This is a hot topic of today and
arguments are going up and down to deduce which one is better in terms of environmental
impact, but some people abstain from this issue by choosing the other option of going with
reusable bags. (p. 1)
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This exploratory study aims to determine whether these bags raise any environmental
issues. In this study, the two widely used supermarket bags of today—paper and plastic bags
—are compared. The data for Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) is comprised of two essential
metrics: the total amount of energy utilized to make a bag and the quantity of pollutants
released during that process. A life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) study was completed in
order to reach a conclusive state on the environmental impact generated by these two bags.
The core of this study is the evolution of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study from the
data available in this context. These two shopping bags' environmental impact is evaluated
using SIMAPRO 7.1's Eco-indicator 99, damage orientated approach for LCIA. The Eco-
indicator 99's single score values are used as a guide to compare the environmental impact
that each of these has, and this paper also provides a thorough explanation of the findings. A
plastic bag simply outperforms a paper bag in terms of the Life cycle energy analysis and
amount of pollutants produced from these two bags. The findings of the impact evaluation are
also consistent with favoring plastic bags over paper bags. However, this conclusion was
reached using the secondary data selected for LCI as well as the software's outputs, which
also included some hypotheses and assumptions.
Recycling of Paper and Plastic on Brazil
Rutkowski and Rutkowski (2017) said that “Waste recycling is considered a big
source of energy saving and a promoter of CO2 recovery. Besides that, it generates jobs and
changes markets worldwide.” (p. 1)
Although recycling is a fundamental aspect of a circular economy, there is limited
understanding of its processes. Recycling waste not only contributes to energy savings and
CO2 recovery but also generates employment opportunities and transforms markets globally.
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In Brazil, Waste Pickers are recognized as key social actors in the recycling process, playing
a significant role in making Brazil one of the top ten paper-recycling countries worldwide.
This study examines the paper and plastic recycling systems in Brazil and identifies the
primary barriers to expanding recycling efforts for municipal solid waste. Primary and
secondary sources were used to gather research data on the recycling supply chain for paper,
as well as for specific types of plastics: High Density Polyethylene (HDPE), Low Density
Polyethylene (LDPE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and
Polystyrene (PS). Field visits were conducted in all five geographical regions of Brazil,
involving businesses of various sizes, including both formal and informal establishments, as
well as Waste Pickers associations and cooperatives during the years 2013 and 2014. A
systematic nomenclature was established to categorize the different businesses participating
in the Brazilian recycling chain, and the nodes of the paper and plastic recycling processes
were thoroughly explained. The main challenge faced in these recycling chains is the lack of
ongoing selective collection programs combined with environmental education initiatives
across the 5,570 municipalities in Brazil. Enhancing waste recycling practices can contribute
to improving the efficiency of sorting processes and overall productivity.
Plastic debris in rivers
Emmerik and Schwarz (2019) found that “Plastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems is
an emerging environmental risk, as it may negatively impacts ecology, endangers aquatic
species, and causes economic damage.” (p. 1)
Rivers play a crucial role in transporting plastic waste from land to the oceans, but
they are also directly impacted by plastic pollution. To effectively reduce sources and risks of
global plastic pollution, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of the origin,
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transport, fate, and effects of plastic debris in river ecosystems. In this comprehensive paper,
we provide an overview of the current scientific knowledge regarding plastic debris in rivers
and assess the existing gaps in understanding. We discuss the background of plastics, the
types of polymers commonly found in rivers, and the potential risks they pose to aquatic
ecosystems. Furthermore, we explore the origins and fate of plastic in rivers, including the
processes and factors that influence the transport of plastic debris and its spatial and temporal
variations. We also review the monitoring and modeling approaches used to study riverine
plastic transport, offering examples of typical findings from different regions of the world.
Finally, we provide an outlook on future research directions in the field of riverine plastic
pollution. Our aim with this paper is to present a comprehensive and inclusive overview of
the current state of research on riverine plastic debris and propose potential avenues for future
investigations.
Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made
Geyer (2017) indicated that “Plastics have outgrown most man-made materials and
have long been under environmental scrutiny. However, robust global information,
particularly about their end-of-life fate, is lacking.” (p. 1)
Through the compilation and synthesis of scattered data concerning the production,
usage, and disposal of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we have conducted the
first-ever comprehensive global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured.
Our findings indicate that approximately 8,300 million metric tons (Mt) of virgin plastics
have been produced thus far. In 2015, approximately 6,300 million metric tons (Mt) of plastic
waste were produced, and out of this total, approximately 9% underwent recycling, 12% was
subjected to incineration, and the remaining 79% was deposited in landfills or released into
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the natural environment. If current patterns of production and waste management persist, it is
projected that approximately 12,000 Mt of plastic waste will be present in landfills or the
natural environment by the year 2050.
Lifecycle Impacts of Plastics and Impact on Planet
Geneva (2022) said that “Plastics are embedded in global and complex value chains.
Each stage of the life cycle bears consequences for people and the environment. Although
most public attention has been drawn to plastic waste and action to prevent leakage of
microplastics and chemicals into the environment from inadequate disposal, addressing the
end-of-life of plastic products will not be enough to solve this global crisis.” (p. 1)
Efforts must be directed towards addressing the broad-ranging impacts of plastics and
chemical additives at every stage of their lifecycle, including extraction, manufacturing,
usage, and disposal. Plastic pollution encompasses more than just the physical presence of
plastic particles; it also involves the detrimental chemicals incorporated into plastics, many of
which pose risks to both human well-being and the environment. When evaluating the effects
of plastics, it is crucial to consider not only plastic debris, microplastics, and nanoplastics, but
also the chemical additives utilized.
Plastic pollution serves as a global issue that clearly demonstrates how the
interconnected challenges of pollution, biodiversity loss, and climate change are interrelated.
The impacts of plastics throughout their lifecycle span multiple sectors, affecting both people
and the environment in numerous ways. Consequently, addressing the plastic crisis can yield
environmental, social, and economic benefits, exemplifying the interconnectedness of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
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Due to the persistent nature and toxic properties of plastic, plastic pollution poses a
significant threat to biodiversity. It endangers ecosystems, animal and plant species,
hindering their capacity to provide essential services to humanity. While the leakage of
plastics into the ocean and its subsequent impact on marine life has received considerable
attention, it is important to acknowledge that plastic pollution also affects freshwater and
terrestrial ecosystems. Plastic and chemical leakage into the environment can occur at various
stages of the plastic life cycle, and the resulting pollutants are transported globally through air
and ocean currents.
Environmental degradation originates in the upstream phase, as the extraction,
fracking, production of plastics, and chemical additives release substantial amounts of toxic
substances into the air, contaminating the local environment. Disposal of plastic waste poses
further challenges: incineration releases toxic chemicals and micro- and nanoplastics into the
air, while landfills contaminate soil and water. All these elements collectively impact
biodiversity on both local and global scales.
Related Studies
Plastic Recycling
Shen and Ernst. (2014) discussed that “Plastics are synthetic organic polymers,
mainly made from petrochemical feedstocks.” Since the inception of the first plastic material
in the early 1900s, there has been a significant surge in both the production and usage of
plastics. This rise in plastic consumption has consequently led to an escalating global concern
regarding plastic waste management. Presently, approximately 280 million metric tons of
plastics are manufactured annually. However, when compared to other commonly used
materials, the rate of plastic recycling remains relatively low. The European Union, for
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instance, currently achieves a recycling rate of approximately 25% for plastics. Nevertheless,
many countries worldwide are witnessing an upward trend in the recovery and recycling rates
of plastics, and an international market for recycled plastics is emerging. To further enhance
the recycling rate, the industry must overcome various challenges, with the primary obstacle
being the quality of the retrieved and recycled materials.
Pulp and paper production
Adnan et al. (2021) stated that “The processing of paper is effectively a two-step
process where the fibrous raw material is first extracted into a pulp and then the pulp is
converted into paper. Pulp production can be accomplished through mechanical or chemical
process. Depending on the type and grade of paper required for processing, the pulp is then
retouched and thus further processed.” (p. 1)
Pulp is created by breaking down wood or other lignocellulosic materials through
mechanical or chemical means. In mechanical pulping, fiber bonds are broken using
mechanical energy, typically powered by electricity. The goal is to retain the essential
characteristics of lignin, ensuring that the resulting pulp possesses the desired strength and
brightness properties. On the other hand, chemical pulping involves the use of chemicals,
heat, and pressure to break down the wood pulp. This process dissolves lignin and other
components of the inter-fiber matrix, as well as lignin present in the fiber walls. As a result,
the fibers can bond together during the papermaking process through hydrogen bonds formed
between their cellulose surfaces. Chemical pulps are commonly produced using methods such
as kraft and sulphite, which involve the cooking of raw materials.
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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter talks about the Research design, Research environment, Instrument used
in Gathering Data, and Gathering Procedures. The uniqueness of this study is that it utilizes
single-use plastic and paper scraps to make a recycled paper. The components and materials
are affordable and accessible for it focuses on paper scraps and single-use plastic in which
you can find it almost everywhere in the city.
Research Design
The researchers used the experimental research design for this study. Such research
design was done through three main procedures. This includes formulation of the processes
and preparation of the instruments used, performing of the experimentation, and the
evaluation of the findings and results.
Research Locale
The environment of the proponents collected their needed materials are the
following locations:
A. Barangay San Juan Purok 2-A, Surigao City (This is the exact location where the
proponents collected used plastics).
B. Surigao Del Norte national Highschool, Peñaranda St., Surigao City (This is the
location where the researchers attained paper scraps)
C. One of the researcher’s residence (This is where the proponents will collect Water,
Blender, Bucket, and mold and deckle).
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Research Instruments
Materials:
 Used paper (1kg)
 Water (3 gallons)
 Plastic Cellophane (20g)
Equipment:
 Mold and deckle (297 x 210mm)
 Bucket (150cm in diameter and 50 cm in length)
 Blender
 Bucket (400cm in diameter and 50cm in length)
 Sponge
 Strainer
 Tile
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Procedures
1. Shredding of the Plastics
Single-use plastics cellophane was used in the study. 20 grams of plastic were collected
from the polluted areas on Purok 2-A. It was then washed with soap and water to clean and
sanitize the plastics. Then proceeded to cut it into plastic strips. After that, it was gathered
and placed on a sealed container. (As shown in Figure 1).
Figure 1
2. Soaking of the Paper Pulp
Used papers were also used in the study where it was ripped into pieces (about 1
kilogram of used paper) and soaked it in a basin for at least 5 hours so that it can easily turn
it into pulp (As shown in Figure 2).
Figure 2
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3. Blending of the Paper Pulp
More than five hours passed, the researchers then added 10 cups of soaked paper.
The substance was then blended with a blender on the highest speed for about 5 minutes
(stopping it every 5 seconds to avoid overheating) (As shown in Figure 3).
Figure 3
4. Straining of the excess water on the Paper Pulp
The paper pulp was then taken out from the blender and removed excess water by
straining it (As shown in Figure 4).
Figure 4
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5. Transferring of the Paper Pulp into a Bucket
It was then transferred on two buckets bigger than the mould and deckle (As shown
on Figure 5).
Figure 5
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6. Mixing the Paper Pulp and Plastic with Water
The mould and deckle was about 200mm × 120mm long. The steps were then
repeated until all of the soaked used paper ran out. After the soaked used paper ran out, half
a gallon of water was poured in the two buckets full of blended used paper (the other bucket
will be used for the second layer). After that, plastics was then added to the prepared
blended used paper. The mixture was then stirred in the bucket to mix the large chunks of
paper until it was dissolved (As shown in Figure 6).
Figure 6
24
7. Moulding of the Paper Pulp
It was then dipped into the mould and deckle in the bucket to mould the paper (As
shown in Figure 7).
Figure 7
8. Drying of the Paper Pulp
A laid-out tile which was 300 cm × 300 cm long was placed and transferred out the
paper that the researchers molded from the mould and deckle. A sponge was then used to
absorb the excess water in the paper which helped it to transfer the paper to the tile easily.
The product was then dried out under the sun and took it back in as soon as the paper dried
out (As shown in Figure 8 and 9).
Figure 8 Figure 9
25
9. Coating of the Recycled Paper
A new recycled paper was then made similar to the hybrid paper but with no plastic
added (same procedures and thus why the researchers had two buckets earlier). The new
paper covered the finished paper-plastic recycled paper with a wet recycled paper with no
plastic to strengthen the paper and to avoid the plastics from coming off from the recycled
paper (As shown in Figure 10).
Figure 10
10. Drying of the Coated Paper Pulp
The Coated Paper Pulp was then dried out under the sun and took it back in as soon
as the paper dried out (As shown if Figure 11).
Figure 11
26
Durability Test
Table 3.1. Components found in the Paper
Components
Paper Pulp Water Plastic
Paper 1 1000g 3790ml 20g
Paper 2 600g 3790ml 20g
Paper 3 300g 3790ml 20g
Fold Endurance Test
To measure the folding endurance of the product, the researchers folded the paper into
its limit (As shown on Figure 12, Figure 13, Figure 14, Figure 15, and Figure 16).
Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14

(1st Fold) (2nd Fold) (2rd Fold)
Figure 15 Figure 16
(4th Fold) (5th Fold)
27
Table 3.2. Fold Endurance Data
Number of Folds
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Paper 1
Paper 2
Paper 3
Water Resistance Test
To measure the products resistance to water, the researchers tested how many droplets
of water a 9cm×6.5cm paper can absorb (As shown in Figure 17 and Figure 18).
Figure 17 Figure 18
Table 3.3. Water Resistance Data
Number of drops
Trial 1 (0.30ml Trial 2 (0.60ml Trial 3
per drop) per drop) (1ml per drop)
Paper 1
Paper 2
Paper 3
Average
28
Paper Tensile Test

To test the tear resistance of the paper, the researchers tested the tear resistance of the
paper using weight to see how durable the paper is (as shown on Figure 21, 22, and 23).
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
29
Table 3.4. Tensile Test Data
Number of kg
Trial 1 (1kg) Trial 2 (2kg) Trial 3 (3 kg
Paper 1
Paper 2
Paper 3
Surface Texture Test
To know the compatibility of this product to basic art tools, the researchers tested
writing on the paper with a ballpen, pencil and paint brush (As shown in Figure 19 and Figure
20).
Figure 22 Figure 23
(Writing with pen) (Painting with Poster Color)
Table 3.5. Surface Texture Test (Number of Strokes)
Number of Strokes
Paper 1
Paper 2
Paper 3
30
Table 3.6. Surface Texture Test (Number of Smudges)
Number of Smudges
Paper 1
Paper 2
Paper 3
Methodology Flowchart
Shredding of the Soaking of the Paper Blending of the

Plastics Pulp Paper Pulp
Transferring of the Straining of the

Mixing the Paper Paper Pulp into a
Pulp and Plastic excess water on the
Bucket Paper Pulp
with Water
Moulding of the Drying of the Paper Coating of the

Paper Pulp Pulp Recycled Paper
Durability Test Drying of the Coated

Paper Pulp
31
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Durability Analysis
On the Durability Analysis, the proponents were made from different types of paper
varying the ratio of the paper pulps and water. Paper 1 consists of a ratio of 10:10:2 in
which paper pulp consists of 1000ml of paper pulp and 1 gallon of water. Paper 2 consists
of a ratio of 6:10 in which paper pulp consists of 600ml of paper pulp and 1 gallon of water.
Paper 3 consists of a ratio of 3:10 in which paper pulp consists of 300ml of paper pulp and
1 gallon of water.
Fold Endurance Test
The test that the proponents did in this experiment was based on this study (The
Folding Endurance of Paper: What You Need to Know | Pulp Paper Mill, 2022) by Shameem
Ahmed.
Table 4.1. Fold Endurance Data
Number of Folds
Paper 1 4 4 4
Paper 2 5 4 5
Paper 3 5 5 5
32
Table 4.2. Folding Endurance Data (One-way ANOVA)
Groups Count Sum Average Variance

Paper 1 3 12 4 0
Paper 2 3 13 4.333333 0.333333
Paper 3 3 15 5 0
Table 4.1 and 4.2 shows the data for folding. Based on the results on Table 4.1, the
results of the fold endurance test showed that, Paper 1 can only be folded 4 times with the
average of 4 folds within three trials as shown in Table 4.2. As for Paper 2, it has different
results shown within the three trials which concluded an average of 4.3 folds. While in Paper
3, which endured more folds of 5 without tearing than the other two papers since it is thinner.
The data obtained on the table means that the thicker the paper the easier the paper
gets torn. This proved that by paper 1 being the thickest variant and can only be folded 4
times and paper 3 is the thinnest variant and can be folded up to 5 times. Despite paper 3
being more flexible than paper 1 the product still cannot compete with a commercially
produced paper which can fold up to 7 times. This revealed that all three papers are not
suitable for paper folding arts such as origami
Water Resistance Test
The test that the proponents did in this experiment was based on this study (Water
Absorbency | Water Absorption Testing | Paper Testing | Smithers).
Table 4.3. Water Resistance Data
33
Number of drops
Trial 1 (0.30ml Trial 2 (0.60ml Trial 3
per drop) per drop) (1ml per drop)
Paper 1 30 drops 15 drops 7 drops
Average 24 drops 12 drops 5 drops
The Water Resistance test displayed that Paper 1, which is the thickest, successfully
withstood 30 drops of 0.30ml water on the first trial. However, its performance decreased in
the following trials, where it could only withstand 15 drops of 0.60ml water in the second
trial and 7 drops of 1ml water in the third trial. This indicates that Paper 1's water resistance
gradually decreases as the volume of water increased. On the other hand, Paper 3, which is
the thinnest, revealed the lowest water resistance among the three setups. In the first trial, it
only managed to withstand 20 drops of 0.30ml water. Its performance further diminished in
the following trials, with 10 drops of 0.60ml water in the second trial and only 3 drops of 1ml
water in the third trial.
These results indicated that Paper 1 has the highest water resistance, followed by
Paper 2, while Paper 3 had the lowest resistance. This suggested that Paper 1 is suitable for
uses that required moderate water resistance. Paper 2 could be considered for applications
where lower water resistance is acceptable. While Paper 3, with its lower water resistance,
may not be suitable for applications where exposure to water is expected.
34
Paper Tensile Test
The test that the researchers did in this experiment was based on a study made by
(Labs Pvt. Limited, India).
Table 4.4. Paper Tensile Data
Number of kg
Trial 3
Trial 1 (1kg) Trial 2 (2kg)
(3kg)
Paper 1 1kg 2kg 3kg
Paper 2 1kg 2kg 3kg
Paper 3 1kg 2kg 0kg
Average 1kg 2kg 2kg
The paper tensile test displayed that, in Trial 1, all three papers, were able to
withstand the 1kg weight, indicating a certain level of tensile strength. Moving on to Trial 2,
both Paper 1, Paper 2 and paper 3 continued to demonstrate sufficient tensile strength as they
successfully carried the increased 2kg weight. In Trial 3, both Paper 1 and Paper 2 were able
to withstand this increased weight, suggesting a consistent tensile strength across all trials.
On the other hand, Paper 3 failed to endure the 3kg weight, indicating a limited tensile
strength and possible weaknesses in its structure.
The result of the tensile test provides valuable insights into the performance of the
recycled papers. Paper 1 and paper 2 displayed consistent tensile strength throughout the
trials, successfully withstanding increasing weights up to 3kg. This consistent performance
suggests that both Paper 1 and Paper 2 can be considered a reliable option for applications
35
requiring higher tensile strength. On the other hand, Paper 3 showed a relatively weaker
tensile strength as it failed to carry the 3kg weight in Trial 3. This indicates a potential
limitation in the structure of Paper 3.
Surface Texture Test
Figure 24 Figure 25
Table 4.5. Surface Texture Data (Number of Strokes)
Number of Strokes
Paper 1 38 6 8
Paper 2 26 42 55
Paper 3 44 58 72
Table 4.6. Surface Texture Data (Number of Smudges)
Number of Smudges
Paper 1 2 12 4
Paper 2 32 17 26
Paper 3 48 47 53
Table 4.7. Surface Texture Data (Number of Strokes) (One-way ANOVA)
36

Paper 1 3 18 6 28
Paper 2 3 96 32 225
Paper 3 3 83 27.66667 602.3333
Table 4.8. Surface Texture Data (Number of Smudges) (One-way ANOVA)

Paper 1 3 52 17.33333 321.3333
Paper 2 3 126 42 256
Paper 3 3 135 45 1099
Based on Tables 4.5 and 4.7, the result of the number of strokes are shown. In Paper
1, it shows that it has the least number of strokes which has an average of 6 before visible tear
on the paper. As for Paper 2, it has an average of strokes of 32, which concludes that Paper 2
has the best surface texture compatibility.
As for the number of smudges, based on Tables 4.6 and 4.8, Paper 1 also has the least
number of smudges and an average of 17.3 displayed. While in the contrary, Paper 3 has
shown more smudges compared to the other 2 papers which has an average of 45 smudges. In
conclusion, among the 3 papers, Paper 1 has the least potential as an art material.
The result of the surface texture test provided insights about how rough or smooth is
the recycled paper. Which shows that Paper 1 is not advisable to use for sketching and other
form of art since the component of the paper made it too thick for use and has a very rough
texture. As for Paper 2, it is advantageous in terms in strokes yet not in terms of smudging.
And in Paper 3, it has more potential since it has a smooth surface in smudging but not in
strokes for it is too thin. In spite of that, both Paper 2 and Paper 3 are applicable in doing art
and as an art material.
37
38
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Single use plastics and paper scraps are all over environment which makes it a good
and ideal material for recycling. The commodity of plastic waste and its effect on pollution
and such is one of the main motives on why this research was conducted. Paper scraps and
commercially made paper is not just harmful for the environment due to it being mass
produced but it is also has a big wasted potential for being a material that flexible can be
recycled in many different ways. Utilizing these two wasted materials and turning them into
one product would seem like a very ambitious project but this research makes a simple yet
effective product by using the simplest methods that you can read and watched on the
internet. With the combined ideas the researchers had thought of, a product for art enthusiast
and creativity and also being easy to produce comes to mind. Despite having limitations, a
prototype has still been created with the combined efforts of the researchers. The steps of
creating the product are almost the same as how you would recycle a paper specifically for
writing but with extra steps. The required materials are first collected at the selected location
then the recycling begins. The methods done are the soaking and turning of paper scraps into
pulp, the cutting of single use plastic into strips, blending the soaked paper into a paper pulp,
mixing and molding the processed materials, the paper plastic is then coated by another paper
pulp and dried to finish the product.
There are 3 experimental products produced which have different ratio of paper pulp
and single-use plastic strips but have the same exact amount of water. These products are all
tested and analyzed to find out how much the three can withstand and if its worthy enough to
be an alternative. The fold endurance test showed that the three product is too thick to be
39
folded more than 5 times which means it is not appropriate to paper folding arts. The second
is test is the water resistance test, here it is revealed that it showed the same result of how a
normal paper would react to the test. The next one is the paper tensile test, we found out that
the three products have the strength to carry 3 kilograms weight which makes it stronger than
some commercially produced paper. The final and most important one is the surface texture
test, the researchers have observed that it is capable and compatible with a ballpen and a
pencil but is more suitable for a paint brush. These tests showed that the produced product is
capable and worthy as an alternative for a commercially produced paper.
Conclusion
Based on the preceding tests and experiments, the researchers concluded the following:
 The product is not good in paper folding arts such as origami since the results showed
that it can be easily torn apart after 4-5 folds.
 The water resistance test conducted on three different setups of recycled paper.
Revealed varying levels of water resistance. Paper 1 displayed the highest water
resistance, while paper 3 demonstrated the lowest resistance.
 The tensile test results revealed that Paper 1 and Paper 2 demonstrated consistent
tensile strength across all trials. This indicates their reliability and potential use in
applications that require higher tensile strength. Whereas Paper 3 revealed limitations
in its tensile strength. These findings contribute to our understanding of the properties
of recycled papers.
 The analysis of the three papers provides a complete understanding of their suitability
to art materials. Paper 1 emerges as the least favorable option due to its rough texture
and limited stroke capacity, making it unsuitable for many art styles. Paper 2 excels in
40
stroke compatibility but may pose challenges with smudging. Paper 3 offers a smooth
surface texture but lacks durability in terms of strokes. Ultimately Both Paper 2 and
Paper 3 are applicable in doing art and as an art material.
Recommendations
To produce a better recycled product, the researchers recommend the following:
 Better equipment would significantly improve the product quality and production
time, instruments like a larger and rectangular container, a strainer that is big enough
to hold more paper pulp, a machine that helps grind plastic, and a device that can dry
paper faster
 Enlarging the product to 18 x 24 inches(large) or making into more sizes smaller or
bigger would make the recycled paper more appealing and it also gives a bigger space
for an artist to write/draw art at
 More diverse and different equipment for analyzing products and testing them for a
more accurate result on the experiments such as a digital weight scale, proper objects
that is flat for the paper tensile test and a paper caliper for a better understanding of
the water resistance test
 Conduct new research about adding or finding another suitable material for the
recycled paper to be more flexible because the produced paper is more brittle and can
tear of easily that a normal paper
 Adding an extra step on the methodology about using a compressing machine on the
recycled product to give it a more flat and smooth texture to make it more
comfortable for people or artist to write or draw on
41
References
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review. ResearchGate | Find and share research.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348779030_Pulp_and_paper_production_A
_review
Ahmed, S. The Folding Endurance of Paper: What You Need to Know | pulp paper mill.
(2022, August 19). Pulp Paper Mill | Pulp Paper Mill Provides Information on Pulp
Mill and Paper Mill Chemical and Paper Machine.
https://www.pulppapermill.com/the-folding-endurance-of-paper/
Emmerik, T. V., & Schwarz, A. (2019, November 29). Plastic debris in rivers. WIREs
WATER.
https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/wat2.1398
Geneva. (2023, February 15). Plastics and the environment. Geneva Environment Network.
https://www.genevaenvironmentnetwork.org/resources/updates/plastics-and-the-
environment/
Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017, July 19). Production, use, and fate of all
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https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
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https://doi.org/10.35248/2375-4397.21.9.286
Labs Pvt. Limited, India, S. A. (n.d.). Definitions of Paper Tests. Definitions of Paper Tests.
https://spectro.in/Paper-Definition.html
Lindwall, C. (2020, January 9). Single-use plastics 101. NRDC.

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101
Muthu, S. S., Hu, J., Li, Y., & Mok, T. P. (2009, March). An Exploratory Comparative Study
on Eco-Impact of Paper and Plastic Bags. ResearchGate | Find and share research.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Subramanian-Senthilkannan-Muthu/publication/
234028400_An_Exploratory_Comparative_Study_on_Eco-
Impact_of_Paper_and_Plastic_Bags/links/09e4150e642d81fc7d000000/An-Exploratory-
Comparative-Study-on-Eco-Impact-of-Paper-and-Plastic-Bags.pdf
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it. National Geographic.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/plastic-pollution-huge-problem-
not-too-late-to-fix-it
Rutkowski, J. E., & Rutkowski, E. W. (2017, August 29). Recycling in Brasil: Paper and
plastic supply chain. MDPI.
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https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9276/6/3/43
Shen, L., & Worrell, E. (2014, May 9). Handbook of Recycling. Science Direct.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123964595000131
Thompson, R. C., Moore, C. J., Vom Saal, F. S., & Swan, S. H. (2009, July 27). Plastics, the
environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. National Library of
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https://www.smithers.com/industries/packaging/manufacturers-and-users/packaging-
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%20absorbency%20rate&text=A%20set%20volume%20of%20water,blotter
%20papers%20in%20sorptive%20tasks
43
Appendixes
Plastic Strips (20g) Paper Pulp (3000g)
Mould and Deckle Fold Endurance Test
Paper Tensile Test Surface Texture Test
44

Group 2 Leibniz Utilization of Plastic Cellophane and Paper Scraps in Making Recycled Paper June 7 2023

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Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

Utilization of Single-Use Plastic Cellophanes and Paper Scraps

in Making Recycled Paper

A Science Investigatory Project Submitted

Elsa Jane B. Panisal

Ian Jay Cayasa

Mary Rose E. Litang

Rhee Ryan Nicholas L. Baga

Rowland Benign B. Eludo

its compatibility to basic art tools.

Key Terms: Single-use plastic, Paper scraps, Utilization, Recycled

complete this research project.

which was a very enriching experience for all of us!

was able to make our research project into a success.

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………. i

APROVAL SHEET …………………………………………. ii

ABSTRACT …………………………………………. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………. v

LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………. vi

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………. vii

Chapter 1-THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………… 2

Statement of the Problem …………………………………… 3

Objectives of the Study ………………………………………… 3

Significance of the Study ………………………..… 4

Scope and Limitations ………..……………………….… 5

Definition of Terms ……………………………… 6

Chapter 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE …….………..… 8

Chapter 3 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design …………………..…………..…. 19

Research Locale ………………………………………… 19

Materials and Procedure …………………………………... 20

Chapter 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Results and Discussions ………………………………... 32

Chapter 5 - SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Table Title Page

1 Distribution of Population and Respondent…………… 26

Figure Title Page

1 Location Map of the Study ……….………. 8

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Background of the Study

Paper is a material or product of many uses. Usually, it is used in writing, reproducing

paper a sustainable product.

natural gas and crude oil.

quality because it can be torn easily.

recycled paper and hopefully help the environmental problems.

Statement of the problem

and paper scraps in making recycled paper:

1. What are the materials used in making the recycled paper?

2. How durable is the recycled paper in terms of:

3. How compatible is the surface texture of the recycled paper in terms of

Objectives of the study

1. To know how durable the recycled paper in terms of:

2. To know how compatible the recycled paper in terms of writing/painting with:

Significance of the Study

Recycling is important to society. Society is currently suffering from the pollution of

Recycling Organizations and Institutions.

research, it will only require your hard work.

something people can use.

Scope and limitations

creating a few samples to show results.

1. Biodegradable – capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms.